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	UFO.Whipnet.org \| Creation \| History of Ancient Sumeria 1
		The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically-produced on a slow wheel, to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass-produced by specialists on a fast wheel.
		The end of the Uruk period coincided with a dry period from 3200-2900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter, warmer climate period from ca.
		Over the large period of time involved, the names inevitably became corrupted, and Berossus' Greek version of the list, ironically one of the earliest to be known to modern academics, exhibits particularly odd transcriptions of the names.
	ufo.whipnet.org /creation/ancient.sumeria (1515 words)

	Ur
		The ziggurat is a temple of Nanna and has two stages constructed from brick: in the lower stage the bricks are joined together with bitumen, in the upper stage they are joined with mortar.
		The earliest habitation at Ur was in the Ubaid period[?], the earliest stage of settlement in southern Mesopotamia.
		Excavations were also made below the royal tombs layer: a 3.5m thick layer of alluvial clay covered the remains of earlier habitation, including pottery from the Ubaid period[?], the first stage of settlement in southern Mesopotamia.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ur/Ur.html (985 words)

	The PreHistoric Ubaid Culture of Northern Mesopotamis in Iraq
		Tell (mound) of Ubaid near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the prehistoric culture which represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of south Mesopotamia.
		The Ubaid culture is characterized by large village settlements and the appearance of the first temples in Mesopotamia.
		During the Ubaid a new social order was evolving in southern Mesopotamia and the Susiana Plain (Elam) of SW Iran out of which emerged complex societies with a centralized state structure.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Ubaid_Culture.html (287 words)

	The Ubaid Period \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Characterized by a distinctive type of pottery, this culture originated on the flat alluvial plains of southern Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) around 6200 B.C. Indeed, it was during this period that the first identifiable villages developed in the region, where people farmed the land using irrigation and fished the rivers and sea (Persian Gulf).
		Ubaid pottery is also found to the south, along the west coast of the Persian Gulf, perhaps transported there by fishing expeditions.
		Ubaid Reconsidered: Proceedings from the Ubaid Symposium, Elsinore, May 30th–June 1st 1988.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm (408 words)

	Direction: The Tower of Babel: An Archaeologically Informed Reinterpretation
		In summary, during this period, civilization shifted rapidly from a primitive agrarian society to a thoroughly urban culture.
		The Early Dynastic Period was the origin of the various “empires” of the ancient Near East.
		When compared to the cultural periods defined by modern archaeological excavations, the Uruk period was certainly the period of greatest uniformity, influence, and cooperation in the history of the ancient Near East.
	www.directionjournal.org /article/?927 (3678 words)

	Notebook
		The al 'Ubaid sickles had been made of clay, fired at a very high temperature; they were effective, up to a point, but brittle, so that sites of that period are littered with an astonishing number of broken sickles.
		The Uruk period therefore saw the full development of the copper industry, and where the metal was employed for farming implements it was surely used for objects of luxury as well.
		In the Early Dynastic period the purely decorative 'Brocade' style is dropped, and the pictorial style is re-introduced, but with a restricted repertoire; two subjects are specially favoured, the ritual banquet, with seated figures drinking through tubes, and scenes of Gilgamesh, or of Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu, in combat with lions or bulls.
	www.noteaccess.com /Texts/Woolley/3.htm (2651 words)

	Sumerian History
		The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via 'Choga Mami Transitional' ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (5700-4900 BC C-14, 6640-5816 calBC) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris river and its tributaries.
		A distinctive style of painted pottery spread throughout Mesopotamia in the Ubaid period, when the ancient Sumerian cult-center of Eridu was gradually surpassed in size by the nearby city of Uruk.
		Following this period, the entire region of Mesopotamia seems to have come under the sway of a Sumerian conqueror from Adab, Lugal-anne-mundu.
	www.crystalinks.com /sumerhistory.html (2458 words)

	Ubaid period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tell (mound) of Ubaid (Arabic: عبيد‎) near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the prehistoric chalcolithic culture which represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia.
		The Ubaid culture had a long duration beginning before 5300 BC and lasting until the beginning of the Uruk period, c.
		Later or "Classic Ubaid" - In the period from 4500 - 4000 BC) saw a period of intense and rapid urbanisation with the Ubaid culture spread into northern Mesopotamia replacing (after a hiatus) the Halaf culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ubaid_period (646 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Ur
		Ur was inhabited in the earliest stage of village settlement in southern Mesopotamia, the Ubaid period.
		Scholars believe that, as the climate changed from relatively moist to drought in the early 3rd millenium BC, the small farming villages of the Ubaid culture consolidated into larger settlements out of the need for large-scale, centralized irrigation works to survive the dry spell.
		Ur became such a center, and by around 2600 BC, in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III, the city was again thriving.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Ur (1523 words)

	Historicity
		Although the Ubaid period itself was prehistoric (meaning that writing had not yet been developed), there were several significant developments during the Ubaid period that set the stage for the beginning of history.
		The final reason to consider the Ubaid period is that the Ubaid saw the appearance of non-egalitarian societies which perhaps somehow paved the way for the urban civilizations that would appear in the next period.
		The power of the Ubaid chiefs remained focused on local resources, based on ritual sanctification of authority, which avoids the tendency toward instability of classical chiefdoms, which are dependent on their ability to access exotic trade goods.
	www.historicity.org (5118 words)

	URBAN SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
		During the Early Uruk Period this changed with greatly increased populations subsisting on expanding irrigation systems and living in a hierarchical system of large cities and small satellite settlements.
		Following the Akkadian period there was a major expansion of canals in an attempt to recover land.
		In the Early Dynastic Period, the “Palace” came to share this central precinct with the temple.
	www.unm.edu /~gbawden/328-urb/328-urb.htm (1693 words)

	Finance Choices - Personal Finance Wiki
		A distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf region in the Ubaid period, when the ancient Sumerian religious center of Eridu was gradually surpassed in size by the nearby city of Uruk.
		By the time of the Uruk period (4500-3100 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large temple-centered cities where centralized administrations employed specialized workers.
		The end of the Uruk period coincided with the Priora oscillation, a dry period from c.
	www.financechoices.co.uk /personal-finance-wiki.php?title=Sumer (3879 words)

	Economy and Writing
		Thus, by the Ubaid move into the southern alluvium, the foundations of large-scale and long-distance economic interactive spheres were already laid.
		The emergence of the “Temple Economy” in the Uruk Period represented an institution that was the principal manager of the expanding economic intensification noted above.
		This private sector emerged in the earlier periods before the rise of powerful central governments and persisted in various forms throughout Sumerian history.
	www.unm.edu /~gbawden/328-econ/328-econ.htm (1540 words)

	Mesopotamia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Mesopotamia was coined in the Hellenistic period without any definite boundaries, to refer to a broad geographical area and probably used by the Seleucids.
		"Ancient Mesopotamia" is taken to include the period from the late 4th millennium BC until the rise of the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC.
		Later a Semitic language, Akkadian, came to be the dominant language, although Sumerian was retained for administrative, religious, literary, and scientific purposes.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Mesopotamia (4424 words)

	Ancient Iraq (1992)
		Although Roux is not an archaeologist, he is well respected in the fairly restrictive community of assyrologists, and his book certainly fills a regrettable gap between the highly specialized literature on the subject and the popular accounts that are usually superficial and not useful beyond introducing grammar school students to the topic.
		The features evident already during the Ubaid period --- advances in ceramics, agriculture, and religion --- have set the stage for the first known civilization and the emergence of first cities organized around shrines.
		Roux ventures a guess which amounts to an argument of ossification, charging that the Mesopotamians were shackled by their antirational epistemology which did not permit the inquisitiveness required for further advance (a problem that the Greeks, by implication did not have), which, in turn, is required for any synthesis of knowledge.
	www.gotterdammerung.org /books/reviews/a/ancient-iraq.html (1459 words)

	Where We Work ::: Iraq Heritage Program :: UR (modern name: Tell el-Muqayyar)
		The small site of Ubaid, to the west of Ur, is important for its prehistoric remains, which have given the name to the Ubaid period.
		Ur was founded in prehistoric times during the 'Ubaid period, the earliest stage of village settlement in Southern Mesopotamia.
		Ubaid is not far from Ur and could be made more understandable with some signage, plans, etc. It also deserves more excavation.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /where/ur.html (5406 words)

	PrehistoryPage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The first inhabitants of the land that was thus gradually revealed in the sixth millennium at the latest probably came from the surrounding highlands to the northwest, the north, and the east, and they were undoubtly ethnically and culturally diverse.
		The Samarra period was distinguished by its pottery, which was well fired and painted a chocolate brown color, often in striking patterns.
		During this period the tournette (a slowly rotating wheel) was introduced.
	www.plu.edu /~bargertr/Prehistory.html (366 words)

	Ur. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Ur was captured c.2340 by Sargon, and this era, called the Akkadian period, marks an important step in the blending of Sumerian and Semitic cultures.
		After this dynasty came a long period of which practically nothing is known except that a second dynasty rose and fell.
		9.7) and was at one period known to the Arabs as Tall al-Muqayyar [mound of pitch].
	www.bartleby.com /65/ur/Ur.html (447 words)

	Sumerian Influence on Egypt
		At a period approximately 3,400 years before Christ, a great change took place in Egypt, and the country passed rapidly from a tate of Neolithic culture with a complex tribal character to [one of] will-organized monarchy.
		All this was achieved within a comparatively short period of time, for there appears to be little or no background to these fundamental developments in writing and architecture.
		The civilization of the Jemdet Nasr period of Mesopotamia and the archaic period of Egypt are apparently roughly contemporary, but the interesting point is that in Mesopotamia many of the features of civilization appear to have a background, whereas in Egypt they do not.
	www.crystalinks.com /sumeregypt.html (1104 words)

	Chapter 5
		Although the three phases are recognizably distinct, it was at the same time essentially the same civilization in process of development, as seen in such already mentioned features as the type of burials and the use of palettes of stone for the grinding of eye-paint.
		This new pottery, the mark of the Ubaid period, was made on a genuine spinning potter's wheel, was often slipped and burnished, but was left unpainted.
		In the north the period approximately contemporaneous with the Uruk period.
	mysite.verizon.net /jenchelcois/id9.html (7494 words)

	A Better Model for the Stone Age - Part 2 - Journal of Creation (TJ)
		I will later attempt to show that the Al Ubaid culture is deeply associated with the name of the Chaldeans, and that the Halaf people were subjected to a northern migration and conquest as evidenced by the presence of southern names (from Southern Mesopotamia) in the north.
		She also shows Ubaid I temple VIII at Eridu to be contemporaneous with the Halaf culture of the north.
		The Ubaid culture was southern but mushroomed (via trade, migration and conquest) into the north to become dominant.
	www.creationontheweb.com /content/view/4225 (8016 words)

	The Eridu Period of the Ubaid Culture in Iraq
		By the time of its tenth rebuilding it had acquired the standard form of the Sumerian temple with tripartite plan consisting of a long central room flanked by symmetrically grouped side chambers and was built on a substantial platform.
		The settlement at Eridu can also be regarded as proto-urban from the beginning; it grew into a substantial city by the Early Dynastic Period; and two royal palaces of this period have been excavated.
		Outside the temple precinct a large cemetery of the late Ubaid Period was found; this contained perhaps 1000 graves of which circa 200 were excavated.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Eridu_Period.html (244 words)

	Arch Background
		The Ubaid Period occurred in Mesopotamia between about 6000 BC or earlier, and 3800 BC.
		The pottery of H3 resembles that of the Ubaid 2 and 3 periods and dates to the Early Ubaid 3.
		The stone tools of the Arabian Neolithic are different from the Ubaid material, tending to be made from shorter flakes which have been chipped on both sides.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /archaeology/kuwait/backgrnd.htm (1075 words)

	Welcome to The Human Past - Student Study Guide Website
		The Ubaid Period Simultaneous with Halaf development, Lower Mesopotamia was first settled, aided by 5900 BC by irrigation canals leading from the Euphrates.
		In the Late Uruk period (3500-3000 BC) shifts in the courses of the Euphrates and/or Tigris rivers may have figured in the abandonment of settlements on the northern plains and subsequent increase in settlement around Uruk, which grew to 100 ha.
		The Akkadian empire collapsed into a period of regionalization, out of which the Third Dynasty of Ur, or Ur III Empire, emerged, controlling the region from 2112 to 2004 BC, reviving Sumerian culture with a ziggurat, temples, royal tombs, and a large bureaucratic administration.
	www.thamesandhudsonusa.com /web/humanpast/summaries/ch12.html (4105 words)

	Arpachiyah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Halaf period seems to be the longest period of occupation of the site, as Mallowan shows the typical Halaf stippled design on pottery found at the site is a characteristic of the pottery from TT10 to TT6.
		The Ubaid is characterised at Arpachiyah by deterioration in buildings and artefacts, and it is suggested by Mallowan that this corresponds with the introduction of the wheel as the potter’s wheel would create a more clumsy design than by hand.
		One of the skulls uncovered also seems to be from the Halaf period which shows that the area was being used as cemetery probably since the first occupation of the site.
	www.art.man.ac.uk /ARTHIST/ay2091/sites/Arpachiyah/2/Arpachiyah.htm (2661 words)

	Sumerian Influence on Egypt
		From these, and from archaeological research, it is evident that even at this early period there were large cities with splendid temples and elaborately-planned houses.
		"At a period approximately 3,400 years before Christ, a great change took place in Egypt, and the country passed rapidly from a state of Neolithic culture with a complex tribal character to [one of] will-organized monarchy...
		period of Mesopotamia and the archaic period of Egypt are apparently roughly contemporary, but the interesting point is that in Mesopotamia many of the features of civilization appear to have a background, whereas in Egypt they do not.
	www.mystae.com /restricted/streams/scripts/influence.html (847 words)

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