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Topic: Ubykh

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	Ubykh language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ubykh may be related to Hattic, a language spoken in Anatolia before 2000 BC and written in a cuneiform script.
		Ubykh was spoken in the eastern coast of the Black Sea, around Sochi until 1864, when the Ubykhs were driven out of the region by the Russians.
		Ubykh was never written except for the few phrases Evliya Celebi transcribed in the Seyahatname, but a substantial portion of the oral literature, along with some cycles of the Nart saga, was transcribed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ubykh_language (3220 words)

	Ubykh language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Ubykh has some 17 ejective phonemes, but lacks a phonemic (A stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel) glottal stop.
		Ubykh may be related to (Click link for more info and facts about Hattic) Hattic, a language spoken in (A peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey) Anatolia before 2000 BC and written in a (An ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia) cuneiform script.
		Ubykh (A unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme) syllables have a strong tendency to be CV, although VC and CVC also exist.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/U/Ub/Ubykh_language.htm (3265 words)

	Ubykh language
		Ubykh is a language of the Northwestern Caucasian group, which was spoken by the people of the same name up until the early 1990s.
		Ubykh was spoken in the eastern coast of the Black Sea, around Sochi until 1875, when the Ubykhs were driven out of the region by the Russians.
		Huseyin çavush Kozan, Abkhazian by heritage, raised as an Ubykh in Haci Yakup köyü.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/ubykh_language (2751 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Four main dialects are recognised:,, and, as well as many minor ones (for instance, the Turkish dialect Hakuchi spoken by the last speakers of Ubykh).
		The Ubykh language is more closely related to Abkhaz and Abaza than to Adyghe and Kabardian.
		Ubykh is characterised by pharyngealised consonants and a four-way contrast between sibilants.
	hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Northwest_Caucasian_languages (987 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		The Ubykh language, now extinct, was formerly found to the north of the area where Abkhaz is spoken, in the vicinity of Tuapse, Russia.
		Ubykh occupies an intermediate position between the Abkhaz-Abaza and Adyghe-Kabardian languages.
		Along with the consonants that occur in all the Caucasian languages, the Abkhazo-Adyghian languages are characterized by different sets of labialized consonants (formed by rounding the lips), strong (hard or tense) consonants, half-hushing consonants, and velarized consonants (formed with the back of the tongue approaching the soft palate).
	kafkas.org.tr /english/kultur/diledebiyat.html (2513 words)

	ubykh.htm
		The last Ubykh speaker, Tevfik Esenc, died in Turkey at the age of 88 in 1992.
		Ubykh is one of hundreds of languages that are either dead or dying; thousands more are expected to disappear over the next century.
		For example, after Russia drove the roughly 50,000 Ubykh speakers from their homes on the Black Sea into Turkey in the 1860's, the refugees eventually decided that the dominant Turkish, Abkhaz or Circassian languages would be more useful.
	www.uwm.edu /~vaux/ubykh.htm (1615 words)

	Ubykh
		Ubykh is an ergative language, making no distinction between the subject of an intransitive sentence and the direct object of a transitive sentence.
		Ubykh was spoken in the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia until 1875, when the Russian Tsar of the time drove the Ubykhs out of Georgia.
		Ubykh eventually was spoken only in the household, then only by the elders of the people.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Ub/Ubykh.html (2769 words)

	Footnotes to History- U to Z
		Ubykhs- A small Muslim people, the Ubykh occupied land in the northern Caucasus.
		When the Russians swept through their lands in 1864, the Ubykh were driven into the Ottoman Empire.
		Determined that their people should not be discriminated against, the Ubykh elders decided to assimilate their culture completely into that of Turkey.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natuz.htm (4997 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Language (U) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Ubir is an Are language spoken in Papua New Guinea.
		Ubykh is an extinct Ubyx language formerly spoken in the Caucasus valleys east of the Black Sea.
		Uda is an Obolo language spoken in Nigeria.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /WU.HTM (963 words)

	Sample Chapter for Colarusso, J., ed. and trans.: Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, ...
		and trans.: Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs.
		The Circassians, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs bred horses, cows, oxen, sheep, pigs, and chickens, and grew abundant fruits and vegetables.
		The resistance the Circassians, Ubykhs, Abkhaz, and Abaza offered is only scantily known (Berzeg 1998; Tsutsiev and Dzugaev 1997, maps 2-6; Henze 1992), in contrast to that of the Chechens and Daghestanis (Gammer 1994; Blanch 1960; Baddeley 1969), which has become the stuff of legends.
	pup.princeton.edu /chapters/i7375.html (2982 words)

	Evertype: Tevfik Esenç
		The fate of Ubykh is particularly sad not only because of its structural peculiarities that make it so interesting for us linguists, but also because its extinction is the final result of a genocide of the Ubykh people.
		The entire Ubykh population left its homeland, and the survivors were scattered over Turkey.
		For many years Ubykh was thought to be the world record-holder of consonant inventory size.
	www.evertype.com /alphabets/tevfik.html (990 words)

	Abaza language -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Abaza is related to Abkhaz, Adyghian, Kabardian (Circassian), and Ubykh, which constitute the Abkhazo-Adyghian, or Northwest Caucasian, language group.
		It is related to the Abkhaz, Abaza, Adyghian, and Ubykh languages, which constitute the Abkhazo-Adyghian, or Northwest Caucasian, language group.
		These languages are noted for the great number of consonant distinctions and the small number of vowel distinctions in their sound...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9000477 (762 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Circassians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		The Ubykhs lived compactly around today's Russian Black Sea resort of Sochi, whilst to their south(-east) lay the ancestral homeland of the Abkhazians.
		Though contacts existed with the Graeco-Roman world and then with Genoese traders a millennium later, it was not really until an expansive Tsarist Russia started to vie with Turkey for control of the region from the late 18th century that Circassia again impinged on the European conscience.
		Ubykh died out in 1992, and the future for Circassian and Abkhaz amongst the diaspora is bleak -- in many ways the future of these two languages even in the Caucasian homeland is far from secure.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0312239947 (872 words)

	27/5/2003 -- Fading Species and Dying Tongues: When the Two Part Ways
		The often-quoted question posed by Dr. Michael Krauss, an emeritus professor of linguistics at the University of Alaska, for instance, is: "Should we mourn the loss of Eyak or Ubykh less than the loss of the panda or the California condor?"
		If the information and political will are present, Ubykh can be revived 500 years from now.
		Ubykh, a language of Turkey, is a human creation.
	forests.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=22946 (1353 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - The Abkhaz Language
		Abkhaz belongs to the small North West Caucasian language-family whose other members are Circassian, the virtually extinct Ubykh and Abaza.
		The fact that both these pioneers were southern Abkhazians helped to establish the southern dialect as the literary norm.
		Amongst living writers Bagrat' S`inkwba is universally acknowledged to be a master in both prose and poetry; his novel "The Last of the Departed", which deals with the aftermath of the migration to Turkey of the entire Ubykh nation (cousins of the Abkhazians) in 1864, is available in English.
	www.abkhazia.org /lang.html (1249 words)

	TITUS
		On the basis of this autograph, a reconsideration of the Caucasian language material, which in the case of Abkhaz, Ubykh, Circassian, and Megrelian represents the oldest cohesive material available at all, suggests itself.
		's interpretation. Next, for all languages but Ubykh, an equivalent of Evliya's entry in today's “normal” language (and orthography) as well as a phonological interpretation is proposed.
		As with Abkhaz (and Megrelian), Evliya's Ubykh numerals for 11 and 12 are arranged in reverse internal order, viz.
	titus.uni-frankfurt.de /personal/jg/html/jg1991bt.htm (11916 words)

	LINGUIST List 4.437: In Memoriam: Ubykh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Since October 7, 1992, when its last native speaker (Tevfik Esenc) died, the north-western Caucasian language Ubykh must be considered extinct.
		The most striking structural feature of Ubykh is/was its large consonant inventory, consisting of 81 segments according to John Colarusso ("How many consonants does Ubykh have?" In: Hewitt, George (ed.) Caucasian perspectives.
		Now it seems that some African languages surpass Ubykh in this respect, but still, Colarusso remarks, "any rigorous account of human phonetic percepual capacity will have to take into account this precious marvel, Ubykh".
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/4/4-437.html (315 words)

	Nart saga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		They form the basic mythology of the tribes in the area; some are simply stories, but some have value as creation myths and ancient theology.
		The Abkhaz, Circassians, Ossetians and the Ubykh all have versions of the Nart sagas.
		Satanaya (Ubykh ', Adyghe ', Ossetian satana), the mother of the Narts, a fertility figure and matriarch;
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/N/Nart-saga.htm (289 words)

	The Rosetta Project: the 1000 language archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Ubykh texts are available in the categories below.
		The numbers in parenthesis indicate how many versions of each text type are currently in the archive.
		Send a message to a language specialist or native speaker who might be able to review or contribute materials.
	rosettaproject.org /live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=UBY (99 words)

	Why Words Are Biotic
		In a similar vein, linguists remember Tefvik Esenc, the last speaker of Ubykh, a language once spoken in the northwestern Caucasus.
		He had three sons, all of them unable to understand his tongue, preferring Turkish instead.
		He was the last person able to speak the language they called Ubykh.” He died in 1992.
	www.swaraj.org /shikshantar/bioticwords.htm (3596 words)

	I'm just a private dick, but I know these things (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Five minutes ago, I was looking for a reference to a paper on the articulations of Ubykh.
		But the Ubykh sibilant series consists of twenty-seven phonemically distinct sounds, of which I'm absolutely sure I've confused fifteen, and possibly up to twenty-two.
		Anyway, I've just sent a reply, and it'd be nice to correspond with her - I've never met any Circassian or Ubykh person who wasn't charming and kind.
	www.livejournal.com /users/ubykhlives (3989 words)

	Proto-Pontic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Examples of similarities that have been noted include:
		Nasal negating particles in both families: English not (IE), French ne (IE), German nicht (IE), Russian nyet (IE); compare Ubykh m- (NWC), Abkhaz m- (NWC).
		The linguist John Colarusso wrote an article describing some of these morphological and lexical similarities in the Journal of Indo-European Studies (Library of Congress CB201.J68), 1997, volume 25, p.119.
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Proto-Pontic (193 words)

	THE CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE
		CIRCASSIAN IS ONE OF THE THREE DIVISIONS OF THE NORTH WEST GROUP OF CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES, THE OTHER TWO BEING ABKHAZ-ABAZA AND UBYKH.
		THE UBYKH USED TO INHABIT THE SOUTH MID-WESTERN SECTION OF CIRCASSIA, BETWEEN THE RIVERS KHOSTA AND SHAKHE TO THE NORTH OF ABKHAZIA.
		IT REMAINS TO BE SEEN WHETHER THE SCIONS OF THE ONCE-MIGHTY UBYKH NATION WILL REVIVE THEIR LANGUAGE OR LET IT REST IN PEACE (OR OBLIVION).
	www.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/circlang.html (487 words)

	Bibliography of the Kabardian Language
		THE LANGUAGES OF THE (NORTH-)WEST CAUCASIAN GROUP ARE ABKHAZ, CIRCASSIAN AND THE NOW EXTINCT UBYKH.
		THE UBYKH AND THE SADZIAN ABKHAZIANS EMIGRATED COMPLETELY.
		THE LEXICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ABKHAZ, CIRCASSIAN AND UBYKH ARE QUITE SUBSTANTIAL, WHICH MAKES THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-WEST CAUCASIAN A TRYING TASK.
	www.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/bibkablang.htm (4438 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		I have studied the Celtic subgroup extensively, though my main interest has moved to the North West Caucasian subgroup and specifically the Ubykh language.
		Much of my research has been independent of academic oversight.
		I also did some small food preparation and general support for the other areas of the kitchen during busy periods.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /dept/lingu/enter/rsm/r_fell.doc (322 words)

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