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	Ubykh language
		Ubykh is an ergative language, making no distinction between the subject of an intransitive sentence and the direct object of a transitive sentence.
		English verbs must agree only with the subject; Ubykh verbs, by contrast, must agree with the subject, the direct object and the indirect object, and benefactive objects must also be marked in the verb.
		Grammatically, Ubykh presents two cases (direct in zero and oblique in -n), a past-present-future distinction of verb tense (the suffixes -q'a and -aw represent past and future) and an imperfective aspect suffix (-yt' is its marker).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ub/Ubykh.html (858 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Ubykh people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Ubykh elders decided that it would be best if the Ubykh people were to assimilate into Turkish culture, since they would not be discriminated against.
		The Ubykh language was displaced by Turkish and Circassian, and the last native speaker of Ubykh, Tevfik Esenç, died in 1992.
		Ubykh society was patrilineal; many Ubykhs, even today, know five, six, or even seven generations of their agnatic ancestry.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Ubykh_people.html (435 words)

	Ubykh People
		The Ubykhs were semi- nomad ic horseback people, and the Ubykh language still contains a finely differentiated vocabulary related to horses and tack.
		The Ubykh nation ''per se'' no longer exists, although those who are of Ubykh ancestry are proud to call themselves Ubykh, and a couple of villages are still found in Turkey where the vast majority of the population is still Ubykh by descent.
		Ubykh society was patrilineal ; many Ubykhs, even today, know five, six, or even seven generations of their agnatic ancestry.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Ubykh_people (503 words)

	Footnotes to History- U to Z
		Ubykhs- A small Muslim people, the Ubykh occupied land in the northern Caucasus.
		Ukraine, People's Republic of the- Declared in January of 1918, the PRU was quickly absorbed by the Soviet Union, and the enclaves in the Ukraine it controlled became Bolshevik territory.
		West Ukraine, People's Republic of the- The PRWU was declared in November of 1918, and took control of the former Austrian province of Galicia.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natuz.htm (4997 words)

	Ubykh language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ubykh is agglutinative and polysynthetic: /ʃəkʲʼaajəfanamət/ we shall not be able to go back, /awqʼaqʼajtʼba/ if you had said it.
		Ubykh syllables have a strong tendency to be CV, although VC and CVC also exist.
		Ubykh may be related to Hattic, a language spoken in Anatolia before 2000 BC and written in a cuneiform script.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ubykh_language (2467 words)

	Ubykh language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Ubykh is a North West Caucasian language once spoken on the eastern coast of the Black Sea around Sochi, and also in Turkey.
		There has never been a standard written form of Ubykh, though there was a rich oral literature, some of which has been transcribed using a mixture of the IPA and the Latin alphabet.
		The Ubykh people themselves have shown interest in relearning their difficult language, which include more consonants then just about any other language and very few vowels.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/ubykh.htm (1237 words)

	Cultural Survival
		Where people have lost their traditional authority over their land or have been forced from it, large scale transformations of the environment have occurred, accompanied by cultural and linguistic decimation.
		The Penan people of northeast Sarawak are nowadays lucky to find a monkey to eat because the loggers have scared them away; tracks and bulldozers have muddied the waters, and poisons in the bark of fallen trees have killed the fish.
		The extinction of the Ubykh language was the final result of a genocide of the Ubykh people, who until 1864 lived along the eastern shore of the Black Sea in the area of Sachi (northwest of Abkhazia).
	www.culturalsurvival.org /publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=1296 (1915 words)

	endangered tagged map - Tagzania
		Ubykh, studied notably by the French Caucasologist Georges Dumézil (1898-1986), achieved a measure of celebrity as the poster-child of endangered languages before the demise of the last speaker in 1992.
		Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan is spoken in the villages of Nikolai, Telida, and McGrath in the Upper Kuskokwim River drainage.
		Hän is the Athabascan language spoken in Alaska at the village of Eagle and in the Yukon Territory at Dawson.
	www.tagzania.com /tag/endangered (851 words)

	ubykh.htm
		Today, if people are curious about Ubykh, they can listen to a recording instead of a handful of tumbling stones, but they can't hear it spoken in person.
		Ubykh is one of hundreds of languages that are either dead or dying; thousands more are expected to disappear over the next century.
		And over 200 people are now fluent in Cornish although the last mother-tongue speaker died at the end of the 18th century.
	www.uwm.edu /~vaux/ubykh.htm (1615 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Faced with the threat of subjugation by the Russian army, the Ubykh people, as well as other Muslim peoples of Caucasus, left their homeland en masse beginning on the 6th of March, 1864.
		The Ubykh nation per se no longer exists, although those who are of Ubykh ancestry are proud to call themselves Ubykh, and a couple of villages are still found in Turkey where the vast majority of the population is Ubykh by descent.
		Ubykh society was patrilineal; many Ubykh descendants today know five, six, or even seven generations of their agnatic ancestry.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ubykh_people (393 words)

	Sample Chapter for Colarusso, J., ed. and trans.: Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, ...
		These people were warlike, and their society was highly structured to enforce a discipline and order that served them on the battlefield.
		The Circassians, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs bred horses, cows, oxen, sheep, pigs, and chickens, and grew abundant fruits and vegetables.
		The peoples were highly variable in appearance, some being dark and others light, with light eyes and blond or red hair.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/i7375.html (2982 words)

	Colarusso, John Notes of Folklore 1983 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Two tales, one from the Ubykh of the Caucasus, the other from the Bella Coola of British Columbia, are briefly examined for both fact-like and fantastical elements regarding hominoid creatures.
		In certain cases, as with "primitive" peoples, demons, ogres, etc. may actually exist as perceptual categories into which certain peoples are placed, but such existence is of interest to the student of culture, not to the student of relict hominoids.
		The Ubykh are a people, now living in Turkey, who formerly lived on the east coast of the Black Sea, up against the Caucasus Mountains, with their kinsmen the Abkhazian people to the south and the Circassians to the north.
	www.bigfootencounters.com /biology/colarusso.htm (3251 words)

	WCB- Welcome to WORLDWIDE CIRCASSIAN BROTHERHOOD-News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Esenç was raised by his Ubykh-speaking grandparents for a time in the village of Haci Osman in Turkey, and he served a term as the muhtar (mayor) of that village, before receiving a post in the civil service of Istanbul.
		Blessed with an excellent memory, and understanding quickly the goals of Dumézil and the other linguists who came to visit him, he was the primary source of not only the Ubykh language, but also of the mythology, culture and customs of the Ubykh people.
		He was a purist, and his idiolect of Ubykh is considered by some as the closest thing to a standard "literary" Ubykh language that existed.
	www.adygaunion.com /en/news-tevfik.php (1171 words)

	davidberreby.com - Can a language be ``endangered''?
		Ubykh, a language of Turkey, is a human creation.
		But there is no danger of that, because the reserve of language, unlike the gas tank, is refueled every day, as ordinary people engage in the creative and ingenious act of talking.
		This is certainly true; many of the dying languages were systematically attacked by missionaries and governments in cruel, despicable ways.
	www.davidberreby.com /work6.htm (1344 words)

	AskOxford: Where Have All the Languages Gone?
		A community of people can exist only where there is a viable environment for them to live in, and a means of making a living.
		The greatest linguistic diversity is found in some of the ecosystems richest in biodiversity inhabited by indigenous peoples, who represent around 4% of the world's population, but speak at least 60% of its languages.
		Because a large part of any language is culture-specific, people feel that an important part of their traditional culture and identity is lost too when their language disappears.
	www.askoxford.com /worldofwords/wordfrom/vanish (990 words)

	Ironbound Films, Inc.
		Last July, Dr. Harrison traveled to Siberia to meet with the Chulym people, who live in six isolated villages using traditional means of hunting, gathering and fishing.
		Only 35 people in the community of 426 — and no one under the age of 52 — could speak the Middle Chulym language fluently, Dr. Harrison found.
		In the Caucasus, for instance, the relatively complex Ubykh language disappeared partly because of a tradition that a couple, upon marrying, should adopt the more phonetically simple language of the pair, Dr. Anderson said.
	www.ironboundfilms.com /news/dmn022204.html (778 words)

	Endangered languages
		Soon afterwards many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.
		Each language is a unique expression of the human experience of the world...Every time a language dies, we have less evidence for understanding patterns in the structure and function of human language, human prehistory, and the maintenance of the world's diverse ecosystems.
		There are wonderful oddities such as Ubykh, from the Caucasus, which has 81 consonants but only three vowels (and became extinct in 1992); and Rotokas, from Papua New Guinea with only six consonants and five vowels.
	clta-gny.org /article/endangered_language.html (2627 words)

	languagehat.com: ENDANGERED LANGUAGES.
		Just as getting people to stop wearing their local costumes, or weaving their baskets in their traditional ways, or telling their local folktales to their children used to be a lengthy and violent process -- and mostly isn't nowadays.
		I would not argue that people be forced to maintain an agricultural existance (with all the associated customs), but I think that the process of rural development is disruptive enough without loosing one's language as well.
		I don't think it is a matter of dictating to people what they should desire - but enabling them to have the power to make choices over their own lives.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000638.php (1870 words)

	Rubrication » Ubykh
		In any case I was roaming around the sections on syntax and morphology and I stumbled onto an article concerning Ubykh.
		This extremely strange Northerwestern Caucasian language is sometimes classified as polysynthetic due to the capacity of verbs to incorporate large parts of the sentence.
		I remember the excitement I felt in reading the Nart Sagas and in the possiblity of reading the sagas in their native language, and I even contemplated the possibity of going to Caucasia and speaking with the Ubykh people in their native tongue.
	www.rubrication.net /2006/07/14/ubykh (436 words)

	Languages : Caucasian Family
		The languages are dominated by difficult consonant clusters.
		Ubykh (an extinct language whose last speaker died in 1992 in eastern Turkey) had 81 separate consonant sounds.
		Note that in the USA the word Caucasian is used to mean "white Anglo-Saxon" rather than people from the Caucus mountains.
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_caucas.html (210 words)

	North Caucasus Research & Heritage Institute
		It has become apparent in recent times that the peoples of the North Caucasus are in danger of extinction outside their native land due to shrinking numbers of native language speakers and deaths of elders in society, as well as pressures to assimilate in societies the diaspora currently resides.
		Yet the debate or research on such matters seems almost nonexistent today and any new discoveries in or about the North Caucasus are usually credited to Russia, the behemoth most guilty of accelerating the extinction of the indigenous population of the North Caucasus.
		This institute is an effort to stem the tide of extinction of North Caucasus peoples, their cultures, and their languages.
	www.ncrhi.net (370 words)

	Ubykh language : Ubykh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
		The sons-o'guns have quit on me ever since heavy about them hens,' thinks I. Well, I expect he may have travelled always a luxury.
		But I never forget those that day, and how Lin and I in my own soul at that time--and perhaps that is the reason why it is the when people said, "You are old enough to know better"--and one didn't cigars.
	www.termsdefined.net /ub/ubykh.html (1106 words)

	T-V distinction - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		And in some circumstances it is not unusual to call other people by first name and the respectful form or the reverse, e.g.
		Even within languages, there are differences between groups (older people and people of higher status tending to both use and expect more formal language) and between various aspects of one language.
		In Ubykh, the T-V distinction is most notable between a man and his mother-in-law, where the plural form sʸæghʷa supplants the singular wæghʷa very frequently, possibly under the influence of Turkish.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=73511 (1818 words)

	North Caucasian Bibliography
		The Culture and Literature of the Mountain Peoples of the Northern Caucasus.
		They have been exiled for a quarter of a century; their dwellings and their tombs are alike lost in the glorious vegetation that feeds nothing but bears and mosquitoes and fevers.
		A people that had lived the same life in the same place since the beginning of history has been dispersed and destroyed.
	www.geocities.com /jaimoukha/circbibliog.html (8643 words)

	phonetic alphabet expands - Linguistics - tribe.net
		Last spring, he encouraged Kenneth S. Olson, a linguist at SIL International who has studied the extensive use of the labiodental flap in Africa, to propose officially that the sound, first observed in 1907, have its own symbol.
		Olson plans to visit the Philippines to study a sound that speakers produce by sticking their tongues out of their mouths, a sound that outsiders ridicule.
		Olson says an official symbol might raise the status of the sound and the people who pronounce it, though perhaps not with the symbol from rock 'n' roll marketing he jokingly proposed - the Rolling Stones' lips.
	linguistica.tribe.net /thread/3ac1e3bf-4ed9-41f7-ab72-ce7c4cf4367b (625 words)

	A Pure Language
		The people had one language and were united.
		The Lord’s people of today (Gospel Age) have become people of clean lips (or a clean language) because their iniquity has been removed through the ransom.
		God could not wait until the invention of the printing press nor for the end of the age when knowledge and learning would be increased, and through which events it would be easier to cope with the language barrier.
	www.dawnbible.com /2003/0309-hl.htm (2591 words)

	Ubykh language information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The majority of loanwords in Ubykh are derived from either Adyghe or Turkish.
		Grammatically, it is similar to standard Ubykh, but has a very different sound system, which has collapsed into just 62-odd phonemes:
		Ubykh has 27 pure fricative phonemes, more than any other known language.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Ubykh_language (2463 words)

	linguaphiles: "We baked cake/pie!" in DEAD languages
		The usual criterion linguists use for whether or not a language is dead, is not whether or not people use it, but whether or not there are people who speak it as their native language.
		A lot of people don't like this: I go to Latin conventions every summer where people get together to speak nothing but Latin for 10 or so days, where people will ardently insist that Latin is not dead.
		Of course many people are uncomfortable calling a language dead if there is still a language by that name--in other words, many would say that Biblical Hebrew and Ancient Greek are still living languages because of Modern Hebrew and Greek.
	community.livejournal.com /linguaphiles/2752052.html (1367 words)

	Evertype: Tevfik Esenç
		Since October 7, 1992, when its last native speaker (Tevfik Esenç) died, the north-western Caucasian language Ubykh must be considered extinct.
		The fate of Ubykh is particularly sad not only because of its structural peculiarities that make it so interesting for us linguists, but also because its extinction is the final result of a genocide of the Ubykh people.
		The most striking structural feature of Ubykh is/was its large consonant inventory, consisting of 81 segments according to John Colarusso (“How many consonants does Ubykh have?”, in George Hewitt (ed.) Caucasian perspectives.
	www.evertype.com /alphabets/tevfik.html (990 words)

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