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	Udmurt Republic - Encyclopedia.com
		The Udmurt Republic is an important part of the Urals industrial area; its growth was particularly spurred by the evacuation during World War II of many industries from W Russia to the less vulnerable Urals region.
		The S Udmurts were subject to the Kazan khanate from the 13th to the late 15th cent., while the northern territory constituted the Vyatka republic.
		The area became the Votyak Autonomous Region in 1920, the Udmurt Autonomous Region in 1932, and an autonomous republic in 1934.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-UdmurtRe.html (1174 words)

	UDMURTS or Votyaks
		In the rural areas Udmurts are in the majority and their proportion has increased in recent years, as other people are leaving the countryside at a greater rate than the Udmurts are.
		The sphere of usage of the Udmurt language is narrow and its status is low.
		Of 99,000 Udmurt schoolchildren only 29,000 are learning the native language, whereas Udmurtian as the language of instruction is used only in the primary schools of the rural areas, where it is a preparation to the instruction in Russian.
	www.suri.ee /eup/udmurts.html (518 words)

	The Alabama Baptist - Baptists focusing on Russia’s Udmurts (May 2007)
		It was the third suicide of the year in the tiny Udmurt (OOD-mert) village of 30 families.
		The Udmurt people, who number about 770,000, are one of the larger non-Muslim groups in Russia.
		Traditionally Udmurts revered sacred forests (they are known as “people of the woods”), the land, the sky, the sun, water, spirits, ancestors, their mythical creator “Inmar” and a host of lesser deities.
	www.thealabamabaptist.org /ip_template.asp?upid=12283 (478 words)

	Udmurt Ethnos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Udmurt literature and language are being studied not only in Udmurtia and Russia, but also in Hungary, Finland, Estonia, Germany, France, the USA and many other countries where a great number of outstanding experts are carrying out research projects in the field of Udmurt studies.
		According to the data of linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and ethnography the origin of the Udmurts is connected with autochtonous tribes of the Vyatsko-Kamski region, representatives of the Ananian archaeological culture of the 8th-3rd centuries BC.
		The Udmurts as an ethnic group were formed as "the people of the woods" and the forests have had a great impact on their mentality, industry and household, their spiritual and material culture.
	www.udmnet.ru /udmitem/ethnos.html (990 words)

	Guide to Russia \|\| Udmurt Republic — 18rus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Linguists distinguish three dialects of Udmurt — Northern, Southern, and Besermyan (the latter is widespread in the North-West of the Republic in the basin of River Cheptsa).
		Udmurts are mentioned in Muslim (Arab) sources from 12th century, and in Russian ones from 14th century (earlier Russian chronicles mention Perm which is apparently a common name of all Finnic tribes of Cis-Urals).
		Udmurts constituted the majority of the population of four districts and were designated to be state peasants.
	www.mccme.ru /putevod/18/18eng.html (1985 words)

	BRIEF HISTORY
		Udmurts had no written language, therefore the element of improvisation played a significant role in their prayers and religious ceremonies.
		The Udmurts are one of the oldest Eastern-Finnish nations in the north-west woodland Urals.
		It is represented by Izhevsk and Udmurt Eparchy led by Archbishop Nicholas.
	www.udm.ru /history.html (3208 words)

	Finno-Ugric language family
		Udmurts moved from the territory of the Finno-Ugric forehomeland in the minimal degree.
		The capital of the Udmurt Republic is Izhyevsk.
		In 1918 the Syktyvkar dialect was chosen as a base for the Komi literary language, because it was the central dialect among the Komi ones geographically and linguistically.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/2282/finno.html (5839 words)

	Estonian Institute www.einst.ee
		Kazan is conquered, the Mari (Cheremis) and the Southern Udmurts (Votyaks) are subjugated.
		The conquered areas are colonised, Siberia is occupied and the Mari (Cheremis) and the Udmurts (Votyaks) are forced to participate.
		The Mari and the Udmurts are converted to the orthodox faith.
	www.einst.ee /factsheets/factsheets_uus_kuju/finno_ugric_peoples_as_ethnic_minorities.htm (1463 words)

	Official Web Site of the Udmurt Republic - General Information
		The distance between Izhevsk, the capital of the Udmurt Republic, and Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation, is 1325 km.
		In the West and North the Udmurt Republic borders on the Kirov region, in the East - the Perm region, in the south - Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.
		Linguistically the Udmurt language belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family, which also includes the Komi, the Mari, the Mordva, the Estonian, the Finnish, the Karelian, the Saami, the Hungarian, the Khanty and the Mansi languages.
	www.udmurt.ru /en/Reference/General (441 words)

	info-letter.html
		Average temperatures in January range from -15,50 C to -14,20 C in July range from 17,50 C to 19,00 C. In the Udmurt Republic, the most treasured areas are valuable tracts of forest, nature reserves and land plots with natural medicinal factors.
		Udmurt industry has developed into a unique production complex supplying a vast range of arms: from small arms and combat guns to missiles and space equipment.
		Udmurt State University was founded in 1972 on the basis of the Udmurt State Pedagogic Institute that was set up in 1931.
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /uhlcs/symposium-izhevsk/notebook/udmurtia.html (1518 words)

	Udmurt people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Udmurts are a people who speak the Finno-Ugric Udmurt language.
		Small groups live in the neighboring areas: Kirov Oblast and Perm Oblast of Russia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Mari El.
		One of the groups of Udmurts is the Bisermän.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Udmurts (86 words)

	[No title]
		Udmurtia is a republic situated in eastern European Russia, bordering on the republic of Bashkortostan to the southeast and the republic of Tatarstan to the southwest.
		Udmurts speak Udmurt, a language that belongs to the Permic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages.
		Udmurt State University was founded in 1972 on the basis of Udmurt State Pedagogic Institute which was set up in 1931.
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /uhlcs/symposium-izhevsk/notebook/information-letter.html (866 words)

	The Udmurt Language: Notes on its Status and Survival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Udmurt Republic and its native language, Udmurt, are exemplary in that they highlight some of the difficulties faced; in particular, the frequent inaccuracy of existing reference materials compiled under the old regime.
		The Udmurt language is a language with an old written literature, with a modest pre-Revolutionary literature and today is the literary language of the Udmurt socialist nation.
		In total the Udmurts, according to the census question of 1979, number 714 000, of whom 686 000 people live within the territory of the Russian Federation, of whom the number in the Udmurt Republic is 479 000 people.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_2/bernhardt1_2.html (1695 words)

	NUPI - Centre for Russian Studies
		The Udmurts are closely related to the Komi and the Komi-Permyaks.
		Russian cultural and economic contacts with the Udmurt date back to the 12th c., but it was not until the middle of the 16th c.
		In 1932 it was renamed the Udmurt AO, and in 1934 it was elevated to Udmurt ASSR.
	www.nupi.no /cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe/?Udmurtian (368 words)

	Kommersant - Russia's Daily Online
		The capital of the Udmurt Republic is Izhevsk, founded in 1760 as a village for Count Petr Shuvalov's ironworks.
		It is clear from Udmurtia's history that in ancient times the Udmurts lived in the territory of present-day Kirov Region and Tatarstan in order to avoid interethnic conflicts and the strong influence of Christianity, which increased after the conquest of Kazan.
		The Udmurts were known for their weaving and artistic woodworking, and they still create beautiful decorative articles today.
	www.kommersant.com /tree.asp?rubric=5&node=452&doc_id=-112 (1707 words)

	MUSIC IN THE SYSTEM OF TRADITIONAL BELIEFS OF THE SOUTH UDMURTS
		Udmurts belong to those few nations of Europe whose life style has preserved some of the ancient tribal division features.
		Folk music of the South Udmurts is an integral part of the system, the basis of which is considered to be traditional beliefs.
		The calendar holidays of the South Udmurts are connected traditionally with the main marks of agrarian calendar: 1) the beginning of field works in spring; 2) border between spring and summer field works; 3) cycle of the autumn and winter stage as gratitude for the present harvest and praying for the future one.
	www.folklore.ee /rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/boikova.html (1842 words)

	Udmurt Republic (Overview).
		The Udmurt Republic is situated in the European part of Russia on the western side of the Ural Mountains.
		It was called "autonomous" after the October 1917 revolution because the Udmurts and some other nationalities with a large enough population were given more self-governance than some of the other "regions" of the USSR that were directly governed from Moscow.
		The Udmurt language belongs to the Finno-Ugorian family of languages, Finnish, Hungarian and Estonian being the three main languages.
	vision.cs.qc.edu /daniel/udmurtia.html (624 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This was caused, first, by growing significance of hunting in their economy, and, second, by the unstable situation that had emerged in the Kama basin, where the aboriginal population suffered from constant pressure of the steppe communities.
		Arrowheads and spearheads appeared to be the most simply shaped objects, which is not a surprise, since arrowheads in fact are the weapons to be used once, and an arrowhead made of bloomery iron fairly well met this purpose both while hunting and in the battle field.
		As for the barbed spearheads, certain chronological changes occurred in the technology of their shaping: on the early items the barbs were cut, and on the later ones they were welded-on.
	www.ancientcraft.ru /weapon.htm (2984 words)

	Udmurtia overview by Robert Hosken
		Udmurts have a rich and ancient history, linked to the indigenous tribes living between the Viatka and Kama rivers who were contemporaries and ethno-cultural partners with the Scyths (mentioned in the Bible and possible precursors of the Russians) and the Sarmatovs, the peoples of Cenral Asia and the Caucasus.
		Still, many Udmurt parents in the larger towns and cities often speak to their children only in Russian so the children will know Russian as their native language and have a better chance when it comes to getting a higher education and a job.
		In Udmurt there are 15 grammatical cases (but only 8 for animate objects); nouns and pronouns have different endings for first, second and third person, singular and plural like verbs, in addition to their 15 case endings, giving a total of about 200 different endings for inanimate nouns.
	www.udm.ru /hosken (2376 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Udmurts from the whole Russia will arrive to Izevsk to take part in All-Udmurtian Congress in December 10.
		Specialists in ethnology suppose rather comfortable conditions for national- cultural developments are created for Udmurts in Bashkortostan.
		According to the data of sociological investigations 90% of Udmurts, living in our Republic, consider Udmurtian language their native one, while in Udmurtia itself only 60% of local population considers this language their native.
	eng.bashinform.ru /index.php?id=3671 (148 words)

	Poster 175 - Molecular genetic analysis of tandem tetranucleotide repeats in intron 6B of the CFTR gene in Volga-Ural ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of tandem tetranucleotide repeats (TTR) in CFTR gene in modern Volga-Ural populations.
		In Udmurts and Mari populations the frequencies of 8TTR allele were increased to 10%; in other populations allele 8TTR was obtained with rare frequencies varied from 5% to 1%.
		The highly indices of observed heterozygosity of this locus was 56% in Udmurts population, the mean heterozygosity index was 44%.
	hgm2001.hgu.mrc.ac.uk /Abstracts/Publish/WorkshopsPoster/WorkshopPoster06/hgm0175.htm (272 words)

	Putin, Udmurt Region - Johnson's Russia List 4-10-03
		According to a local sociologist, Izhevsk, the capital of the Udmurt Republic, is "a perfect reflection of average Russia".
		The "danger of terrorism" is regularly cited as the main concern of the Udmurts.
		That generation, less interested in international problems than in their own creature comforts, are convinced that it is important for Russia to continue to give the impression of being politically stable, and that the crises of the 90s should remain a distant memory.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/7140-2.cfm (810 words)

	The Udmurts: On the Brink
		Their communist-era Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became the democratic Republic of Udmurtia in 1990 as the Soviet Union crumbled, but it remains a part of the current Russian Federation.
		The Udmurts have been nominal adherents of the Russian Orthodox Church since they were forcibly converted by Russian monks and military commanders in the 1700s.
		An estimated two thousand Udmurts are evangelical followers of Christ — barely a quarter of 1 percent of their total population.
	www.sbclife.net /Articles/2007/05/SLA9.asp (1496 words)

	rusmen
		A petition of the Udmurts to the Tsar from 1812 shows that the Bashkir continuously tried to take over traditional Udmurt lands.
		Relations to the Russians, who began to settle on Udmurt territory beginning in the 19th century, was full of deep mistrust.
		The territories in the south of the Ural mountains belonged to the Turkish people of the Bashkirs, who rented a part of their lands to the immigrating Tatars, Udmurts, Maris, and Meshtsheryaks.
	www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de /Lilab/Landeskunde/perm/permmen_e.htm (624 words)

	Soome-Ugri Maailmakongress
		This is how a whole generation (the under 30s, 56.9 per cent of the population) grew up, not knowing their mother tongue and with no interest in the history and culture of their people.
		In higher education the language of instruction in the Udmurt and Finno-Ugric faculty is Udmurt, and in the other faculties it is Russian.
		Udmurt schools are to be found only in the villages; there are none at all in the towns.
	kongress.ugri.info /eng/cat-332/cat-332/article_id-202 (5479 words)

	mudor suan -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		ceremony held by the Votyaks, or Udmurts (people of the Ural Mountains), to consecrate a new family or clan shrine (kuala) and a sacred container (voršud) kept on a shelf within the shrine.
		Mudor itself means “ground,” so that the ceremony in fact was the blessing of a new site taken over by people breaking off from the ancestral lineage when it expanded past a critical...
		The voršud was believed to watch over the welfare and prosperity of the family members worshipping at the kuala.
	www.encyclopaedia.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9001034 (374 words)

	Official Web Site of the Udmurt Republic - History
		Inclusion of the Udmurts in the X century into the first state in the Lower Kama region – Volzhskaia Bulgaria – caused a significant impact on their development.
		Since the XIII century the southern Udmurts were under the power of the Golden Horde and after that – of the Kazan Khanate.
		In the Middle Ages the largest handicraft, religious and administrative center of the northern Udmurts, who stayed independent, was the settlement of Idnakar.
	www.udmurt.ru /en/Reference/Society/History (432 words)

	Soome-Ugri Maailmakongress
		In 2001 the law “On official languages of the Udmurt Republic and other national languages of the Udmurt Republic” was passed.
		Please, compare: in 1959 93% of the Udmurts called the Udmurt language native; in 1989 – 75%, in 2000 this index came down to 53 %, but in 2003 there was a considerable growth and already 65% of the Udmurts called the Udmurt language native.
		For example, ten years ago the Udmurt language was studied only in 248 schools; now the number of such schools reached 400.
	kongress.ugri.info /eng/cat-274/cat-310/article_id-235 (1410 words)

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