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	Nahdatul Ulama
		The ulama are the scholar-legists of Islam, trained in the religious sciences such as the Qur'an, exegesis and interpretation of the relgious law, shari'a.
		Its stated purposes further include the scrutiny of textbooks to ensure their orthodoxy, the establishment of madrasas for the training of future generations of ulama, the running of mosques, care for orphans and the poor, and the establishment of bodies to promote trade, industry and agriculture run along Islamic lines in accordance with the shari'a.
		The Nahdatul Ulama, meaning the 'awakening of the ulama', was established in 1926 by Javanese ulama concerned to strengthen traditional Islam and unify Indonesian Muslims against the threats posed both by the secular appeals of nationalism and communism, and also the rival religious appeals of the reformist Muhammadiyah and the heretical Ahmadiyah.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/indon/nahdat.html (938 words)

	Ulama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ulama is the group of men expressing the true content of Islam towards both the people and the rulers.
		Men belonging to ulama have education in the Koran, the Sunna and Sharia.
		The credibility of the ulama depends very much on their level of independence; if there is too much cooperation with the rulers, people will turn away from the ulama to find their religious guidance somewhere else, resulting in an ulama without power.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ulama.htm (307 words)

	Ulama game -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The game has three main forms: most common is ulama de cadera or hip ulama; ulama de antebrazo, where predominantly female players on three-player teams hit a smaller ball with their forearms; and ulama de palo or de mazo, which is played with a wooden bat.
		Hip ulama is played with two five-man teams that are only permitted to bounce the ball with their hips after the first throw.
		Modern ulama balls are made with a technique that is probably reminiscent of the original one; rubber sap is boiled with other ingredients to help (Click link for more info and facts about vulcanize) vulcanize it and make it less sticky.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/ul/ulama_game.htm (556 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ulama game
		In its heyday in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, ulama was played by the Olmecs (the probable inventors), Aztecs, Mixtecs and Maya in an area extending from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador and possibly in modern-day Arizona and New Mexico.
		The game has three main forms: most common is ulama de cadera or hip ulama; ulama de antebrazo, where predominantly female players on three-player teams hit a hairy testicle ball with their forearms; and ulama de palo or de mazo, which is played with a wooden bat.
		Modern ulama balls are made with a technique that is probably reminiscent of the original one; rubber sap is boiled with other ingredients to help vulcanize it and make it less sticky.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ulama-game (1067 words)

	Indonesia's ulama and politics
		The most obvious example of ulama involvement in politics is of course the Nahdlatul Ulama organisation, which was a political party from 1952 (when it broke away from Masyumi) until its fusion in 1973 with three other Muslim parties in the PPP; it remained an integral component of this party until 1984.
		Ulama were requested to join government officials in campaigns to propagate the programme, and later the MUI was asked for a fatwa in its support.
		Although many ulama privately had their doubts or were strongly opposed to the idea of contraception on religious grounds,[26] the government found sufficient numbers willing to take part in the campaigns, which seems to have contributed considerably to their success.
	www.let.uu.nl /~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Ulama_and_politics.htm (9044 words)

	Council of Senior Ulama
		Nevertheless, the Al ash Shaykh ulama dominated the kingdom's influential clerical institutions such as the Council of Senior Ulama, the Higher Council of Qadis, and the Administration of Scientific Study, Legal Opinions, Islamic Propagation, and Guidance.
		Not all of the kingdom's ulama belonged to the Al ash Shaykh.
		In December 1992, a group of ulama associated with the conservative Salafi religious trend signed a public letter criticizing King Fahd personally for failing to understand that the clergy had a religious duty to advise all believers--including the royal family--of their obligation to abide by God's principles.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/gulf/sa-ulama.htm (2464 words)

	Jami'yyatul Ulama Canada, Canadian Council of Muslim Theologians (CCMT) - About Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Two general meetings were held with the Ulama of the GTA (26/10/02 and 14/12/02), wherein the Shura and executive bodies were elected, the constitution was unanimously finalized/approved and the formerly Shari'ah Council was transformed to “Jami’yyatul Ulama Canada” Canadian Council of Muslim Theologians (CCMT).
		The Jami’yyatul Ulama Canada, Canadian Council of Muslim Theologians (CCMT) is premised on the Prophetic Tradition that states: "Most assuredly the Ulama are the heirs of the Prophets." The legacy of the Prophets encompasses all the diverse components essential for the establishment, well being and prosperity of a civilized society.
		The Jami’yyatul Ulama Canada, strives to emancipate the Muslim community from the enslavement of false deities to the worship of the Almighty Allâh, from tyranny and injustice to justice and equality.
	www.jucanada.org /aboutus.htm (673 words)

	ULAMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jahrhunderts ist gekennzeichent durch einen signifikanten Verlust von Autorität und Einfluß der Ulama in den meisten islamischen Staaten, von Saudi-Arabien und Iran abgesehen.
		Viele säkulare arabische Regierungen versuchten, den Einfluss der Ulama nach ihrer Machterlangung zu beschneiden.
		Islamwissenschaftler wie Kepel sprechen davon, daß der Niedergang des Einflusses der Ulama ein Vakuum übriggelassen hat, der durch das Aufkommen islamistischer Bewegungen in den 1970er Jahren aufgefüllt wurde.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/U/Ulama (250 words)

	Shia News \| Articles: Islam \| Wanted: non-sectarian, enlightened ulama in Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Iran, the ulama under the leadership of Imam Khomeini overthrew the tyrannical regime of the Shah.
		What is required of the Shia ulama is to bring to an end the vicious attacks on the Sahaba, especially during the month of Muharram when Shia passions are in any case, quite aroused.
		Were some enlightened ulama to emerge in Pakistan, there is little doubt that the masses would respond to their call and follow them.
	www.shianews.com /hi/articles/islam/0000003.php (938 words)

	Imam Khomeini's contribution to the 'corrective process' in Islamic history and political thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The akhbari (or communicators) held the view that, during the ghaiba (occultation) of the Twelfth Imam, it is not permissible for religious scholars to use reason to apply the principles of the law to a specific problem or situation.
		The usuli ulama, on the other hand, held that, during the absence of the Twelfth Imam, independent reasoning was permissible to reach judgements by which the general body of Muslims could operate.
		The Sunni ulama, equally 'lost' within Islam, have still not begun the long task of clearing away the debris of their failures, recovering from their self-inflicted disabilities, and breaking the habit of supine obedience to patronising rulers.
	www.muslimedia.com /archives/features99/khom-thought.htm (2696 words)

	Muslim conservatism in SA
		The main Muslim actors articulating a conservative political discourse are the 'ulama-groups, chiefly represented by the Muslim Judicial Council (MJC), the Jamiatul 'Ulama (Council of Theologians) of Transvaal, the Jamiatul 'Ulama of Natal and the Majlisul 'Ulama (Council of Theologians) of South Africa.
		Now that the 'ulama have assumed the mantle of the caliphate, the question is debated whether they ought to provide both secular and religious leadership as the caliph did or whether they are only restricted to religious guidance.
		These are the response of the 'ulama to, first, the 1984 tricameral elections; second, the charges of sectarian heresy made against radical groups; and, third, the condemnation of participants in anti-apartheid politics.
	web.uct.ac.za /depts/ricsa/trc/j69moosa.htm (4990 words)

	Extreme Sport
		Ulama has survived in western Mexico for millennia; excavations here have turned up ceramic figurines and ballcourts as old as the fourth century A.D., and rubber balls have been found near the Gulf Coast that date to 1500 B.C. Yet today it is an endangered sport.
		Brady, Aguilar, and their students have started to canvas Sinaloa, interviewing players and their families about where the modern game has survived and why it has died out elsewhere, and investigating possible connections with the past.
		A recent attempt to convince the Mexican ministry of tourism to nominate ulama for protection by UNESCO as intangible patrimony of humankind was declined in favor of the Day of the Dead, arguably a better known, and therefore less endangered, cultural phenomenon.
	www.archaeology.org /0309/abstracts/ballgame.html (579 words)

	Kurdish `ulama and their Indonesian disciples
		One of the earliest Guran `ulama with such an international career was the celebrated Molla Gürani, who for the last eight years of his life (1480-88) served as the muftî of Istanbul.
		It appears to have appealed especially to Indonesian `ulama studying or resident in Mecca and Medina, for it was printed together with the major Indonesian contribution to the subject, Mahfuz al-Tarmasi's commentary on the Minhaj al-qawîm.
		The visualisation of the teacher as a means of establishing a spiritual relationship with him and receiving his guidance (râbita bi'l-shaykh) is one of the distinctive techniques of the Naqshbandiyya, which became especially important in the Khalidiyya.
	www.let.uu.nl /~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Kurdish_ulama_Indonesia.htm (8454 words)

	Halal Foods - Jami'yyatul Ulama Canada, Canadian Council of Muslim Theologians (CCMT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In March 2004 the Jami'yyatul Ulama Canada had received complaints from the Muslim community and individuals from the halal industry that many things within the industry were not being observed in accordance to the 'Shariah'.
		The Jami'yyatul Ulama Canada has in the meantime decided that one visit to each plant or even periodic spot-checks are not sufficient to ensure that the laws of halal are being observed in a proper manner.
		Therefore the Jami'yyatul Ulama is working towards this direction and has also formed a coalition with the halal certifying board IFANCA to establish this.
	www.jucanada.org /halalfoods.htm (815 words)

	Ulama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jahrhunderts ist durch einen signifikanten Verlust von Autorität und der Ulama in den meisten islamischen Staaten Saudi-Arabien und Iran abgesehen.
		Viele säkulare arabische versuchten den Einfluss der Ulama nach ihrer zu beschneiden.
		Islamwissenschaftler wie Kepel sprechen davon daß der des Einflusses der Ulama ein Vakuum übriggelassen der durch das Aufkommen islamistischer Bewegungen in 1970er Jahren aufgefüllt wurde.
	de.freeglossary.com /Ulama (206 words)

	Dialogue with 'Ulama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Not long after the programme, the United Ulama Council wrote to her objecting to certain statements she had made on the show.
		Jamiatul ulama Transvaal, Muslim Judicial Council, Jamiatul Ulama Natal, Sunni Ulama Council, Sunni Jamiyate Ulama) are the authorities of Islam in South Africa.
		Might I remind you that it is many from your fraternity, the United Ulama Council, who have been responsible for “gross misrepresentation of Islam” and the administration of injustices to women.
	shams.za.org /Dialogueulama.htm (2320 words)

	The Ulama Are to be in the Arena
		I advise the respected community of the ulama, particularly the great maraji`, not to draw back from the affairs of the society, such as, in particular, the election of the President of the Republic and the representatives of the Parliament.
		Another duty of the theologians of all nations, the Christian clergy, the Muslim ulama, the Jewish rabbis and all men of religion, is to follow the instructions of the prophets and those who came to educate man and to spread peace and purity among the human beings.
		There is no doubt that the scientific hawzahs and the committed ulama, along the history of Islam and Shiism, have been an important and firm base in the face of assaults, deviations and perversions.
	www.irib.ir /worldservice/imam/Revolution/28.htm (1384 words)

	Chapter 12 : Disservice of 'Ulama
		It was ‘ulama of this type whom the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement sometimes dealt with severely, and, if he occasionally made a retort in kind and gave a bad name to such irresponsible people who had lost all sense of decency, he could not be blamed according to any moral code.
		It is at least certain that the debasement of the ‘ulama and the advent of the Messiah are described as contemporaneous events.
		Equally certain is it that the ‘ulama in this age have done the greatest disservice to Islam by wrangling among themselves and wasting all national energy in internal dissensions and not caring in the least for the sufferings of Islam itself.
	www.muslim.org /books/f-ahm-mv/ch12.htm (1116 words)

	Brand New Malaysian: The Other Malaysia: Of mortal Ulama and belly buttons. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While some of the Ulama deserved to be praised for their efforts in defending the rights of fellow Muslims, we must never overlook the fact that they also happen to occupy a liminal but powerful station in Muslim society.
		The other aspect of the Ulama that is often overlooked by the liberals and other progressives who support them for tactical reasons is that they belong to a class of functionaries who have their own rules of mutuality and association.
		For the real purpose of the Ulama is to protect and conserve what they see as the purity and sanctity of Islam- which in turn explains why their view of the world is so much shaped by the dialectical opposition between 'Good Muslims' and 'Evil Enemies'; 'pure Islam' and 'un-Islamic evils'.
	brandmalaysia.com /movabletype/archives/2005/03/the_other_malay.html (2826 words)

	JAMI'AT-UL-ULAMA-I-HIND - Basically a movement for religious nationalism. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The word Ulama is the plural of Arabic word alim, which denotes scholar of Islamic doctrines exclusively in the context of Sunni sect of Muslims.
		JUH was though, formed as an umbrella organisation of Ulama of diverse persuasions, after the failure of Khilafat movement, it completely came under the hegemony of Deoband.
		According to Peter Hardy, the Ulama in JUH viewed the future of free India a confederation of two religious and political communities, the Muslim and the Hindu.
	www.saag.org /papers6/paper586.html (3627 words)

	Uncle Sam courts Indian 'ulama', The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.01, MG95 (1-15 Jan 04)
		The identity of the ‘ulama who have gone to the US under this programme remains a closely guarded secret and Mr Shmidt declined to make available a list of the participants in the four batches who have been to the US so far.
		Some ‘ulama, they said, would be more than willing to speak out in favour of America if they were suitably rewarded for their services.
		As to the actual agenda of the ‘ulama programme that the Americans have launched in India there seems to be no general consensus, but there can be no doubt that it is stirring considerable debate in ‘ulama circles.
	www.milligazette.com /Archives/2004/01-15Jan04-Print-Edition/0101200498.htm (982 words)

	Zaman, M.Q.: The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change.
		Muhammad Qasim Zaman describes the transformations the centuries-old culture and tradition of the `ulama have undergone in the modern era--transformations that underlie the new religious and political activism of these scholars.
		He shows how their religious and political discourses have evolved in often unexpected but mutually reinforcing ways to redefine and enlarge the roles the `ulama play in society.
		Introducing previously unexamined facets of religious and political thought in modern Islam, it clarifies the complex processes of religious change unfolding in the contemporary Muslim world and goes a long way toward explaining their vast social and political ramifications.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /titles/7383.html (635 words)

	Fieldwork/ study
		Ulama and Los Llanitos in the September 2003 issue of Archaeology Magazine, Cover story and lead article by Colleen Popson (www.archaeology.org)
		Thanks to a program sponsored by the University of Zurich and Cal State University in Los Angeles together with the Mazatlan Historic Society, rubber balls are again being produced and given to the ulama-playing communities consisting of Los Llanitos, La Sabila, La Mora Escarbada, Villa Union, El Habal, Puerto de Canoas, Rosario and El Quelite.
		A Ulama festival took place in Mazatlan during April, 2002 and again in 2003.
	www.ulama.freehomepage.com /favorite_links.html (162 words)

	Trial of the Bab
		When he entered, the `ulama, who had arrived early, had already occupied the main seats, sitting to the left and right of the heir to the throne., and there was no room left for anyone to sit.
		At that time, the ulama and clerics of the Muslims and the judges of the holy law considered themselves to be God's representatives and the pillars of heaven and earth, inasmuch as the ulama interfered greatly through their legal rulings and their sentencing in the affairs of the nation and the important matters of state.
		The fuqaha' and `ulama' said: 'What is the proof of the truth and the evidence for the rightness of your claim?'[2] His holiness the Most Mighty Gate replied, saying: 'The verses of God [possess?] a divine spirit, inasmuch as they descended upon a beloved and honoured servant [illegible].
	www2.h-net.msu.edu /%7Ebahai/bhpapers/babtrial.htm (9893 words)

	TRC submission_Jamiatul Ulama
		The Jamiatul Ulama Transvaal is a constituted body of Muslim Theologians established since 1923.
		It is also the founder member of the United Ulama Council which is a national body representing all major Muslim theological bodies in the country.
		The Jamiatul Ulama comprises of various departments including a Department of Fatwa (Law and Decree in Islam), Social Welfare Department and a Department of Education.
	web.uct.ac.za /depts/ricsa/commiss/trc/jam_sub.htm (1583 words)

	The American Centre’s ulama programme: some reflections, The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.02, MG96 (16-31 Jan 04)
		For their part, the numerous ulama who have visited America on the programme have also maintained a suspicious silence on it, probably for fear of criticism on the part of the Muslim community for appearing to be collaborating with a regime that is seen as vehemently anti-Muslim.
		The ulama programme must then be seen as only one component of a broader American propaganda campaign being conducted with such careful planning in India today, aimed particularly at the Muslims of the country.
		He insists that the ulama should, instead, be so bold as to tell the Americans that if they truly wish to improve their image in the Muslim world, they should stop supporting Jewish terrorism in Palestine; put a firm halt to American imperialism throughout the world; and withdraw their forces from Afghanistan and Iraq.
	www.milligazette.com /Archives/2004/16-31Jan04-Print-Edition/1631200430.htm (1609 words)

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