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	Ulama game
		Ulama is a ball game played in Latin America, a variety of the Mesoamerican ballgame descended from an Aztec game ritual.
		The game has three main forms: most common is ulama de cadera or hip ulama; ulama de antebrazo - where predominantly female players on three-player teams hit a smaller ball with their forearms; and ulama de palo or de mazo, which is played with a wooden bat.
		Modern ulama balls are made with a technique that is probably reminiscent of the original one; rubber sap is boiled with other ingredients to help vulcanize it and make it less sticky.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/u/ul/ulama_game.html (585 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ulama game
		In its heyday in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, ulama was played by the Olmecs (the probable inventors), Aztecs, Mixtecs and Maya in an area extending from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador and possibly in modern-day Arizona and New Mexico.
		The game has three main forms: most common is ulama de cadera or hip ulama; ulama de antebrazo, where predominantly female players on three-player teams hit a hairy testicle ball with their forearms; and ulama de palo or de mazo, which is played with a wooden bat.
		The game has three main forms: most common is ulama de cadera or hip ulama; ulama de antebrazo, where predominantly female players on three-player teams hit a smaller ball with their forearms; and ulama de palo or de mazo, which is played with a wooden bat.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ulama-game (1263 words)

	Ulama game
		In its heyday in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, ulama was played among the Aztecs, Miztecs and Maya in an area from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador and possibly in modern-day Arizona and New Mexico.
		According to Popol Vuh, Mayan hero twins were summoned to Xibalba, Mayan underworld, won a game against the lords of death and resurrected their father and uncle who became the maize god.
		The game has three main forms: most common ulama de cadera or hip ulama; ulama de antebrazo - where dominantly female players with three-player teams hit the smaller ball with their forearms; and ulama de palo or de mazo, played with a wooden bat.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/u/ul/ulama_game.html (552 words)

	Ulama Game Encyclopedia Information @ Karr.net (Karr Network) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ulama is a ball game played in a few communities of the state of Aztecs, in 3 See also, not far from Portals.
		It is also notable for the fact that it is the oldest game which utilizes a Disclaimers, as Mixtecs is indigenous to the Americas.
		According to the Article on Ulama, the Spanish were summoned to Sinaloa, the Maya underworld, where they won a game against the lords of death and resurrected their father and uncle who became the maize god.
	216.92.85.60 /encyclopedia/Ulama_game (694 words)

	Ulama game Article, Ulamagame Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ulama is a ball game played in Latin America, avariety of the Mesoamerican ballgame descended from an Aztec game ritual.
		In its heyday in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, ulama was playedamong the Aztecs, Miztecs and Maya in an area from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador and possibly inmodern-day Arizona and New Mexico.Archeologists have uncovered 700 ball courts, rubber balls that have been dated as far as 1500 BCE and figurines recognizable as ulama players dated c.
		The game has three main forms: most common ulama de cadera or hip ulama; ulama de antebrazo - wheredominantly female players with three-player teams hit the smaller ball with their forearms; and ulama de palo or demazo, played with a wooden bat.
	www.anoca.org /ball/modern/ulama_game.html (560 words)

	Latin American Studies - Tulane University
		The game is viewed as a battle between the sun, and its life giving principle of light, against the moon and stars who represent the principle of darkness.
		In the final act of the game, the winners sacrificed their royal opponents, who had been taken captive in battle in preparation for the staging of the event, thus reinforcing the power of the victorious rulers.
		In hip Ulama players wear a triangular deerskin tied around the waist and, as a hip guard, a heavy leather belt which protects the lower abdomen from the impact of the ball and provides protection when the player swoops against the ground to lift the ball with his hip for a return.
	stonecenter.tulane.edu /html/workshops/MayaWorkshop2002/ballgame.htm (4179 words)

	history
		This game known in Nahuatl (= the language of the Aztecs) as "Ullamaliztli" ("ulli" = rubber) was one of the most striking hallmarks of prehispanic Mesoamerica and every community of any size must have boasted at least one ballcourt.
		Usually the game was won by the accumulation of points as the passing of the ball through the ring was so difficult that as soon as it happened the game was over.
		In the final act of the game, the winners sacrificed their royal opponents, who had been taken captive in battle in preperation for the staging of the event, thus reinforcing the power of the victorious rulers.
	users.skynet.be /pluto/Texthistory/civ09aztecs.html (3917 words)

	Home Page
		The name is a combination of two words: ullama, which means the playing of a game with a ball, and ulli, rubber.
		The Colonial sources document that at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in Central Mexico in the 16th century, indigenous peoples played a type of ballgame in which the players deflected the ball with their hips and buttocks.
		The game could, however, also be played using the arms and elbows to deflect the ball, with a stick, or with a manopla (a handstone) used to bat the ball
	www.ulama.freehomepage.com (194 words)

	Extreme Sport
		Ulama has survived in western Mexico for millennia; excavations here have turned up ceramic figurines and ballcourts as old as the fourth century A.D., and rubber balls have been found near the Gulf Coast that date to 1500 B.C. Yet today it is an endangered sport.
		Awaiting the start of a game, he tells me there are only about two hundred players in the whole state, and the number of younger ones is declining.
		A recent attempt to convince the Mexican ministry of tourism to nominate ulama for protection by UNESCO as intangible patrimony of humankind was declined in favor of the Day of the Dead, arguably a better known, and therefore less endangered, cultural phenomenon.
	www.archaeology.org /0309/abstracts/ballgame.html (595 words)

	Students of the Game
		Hernando Cortés was so impressed with the game that he brought a team of players back to Spain in 1528 to perform in the royal court.
		The game begins when a team of three to five players throws the ball high (male por arriba) or rolls it low (male por abajo) across a chalk-marked centerline.
		Play continues back and forth, with contestants using only their hips to strike the ball, until a point (raya) is scored when a team fails to return the ball, as in tennis, or when the ball is driven past the opponent’s end zone, as in football.
	www.smithsonianmagazine.com /issues/2006/april/ulama.php?page=2 (815 words)

	Modern Ritual - The Spectator Mentality - Encouraging jingoism and the expending time on contests that are of no ...
		It shows a large game ball with an image of a skull in the center also speaking or singing that is a "way" or spirit companion to the game.
		The Xibalba Death lords were again angered by the noise from the game being played and summoned the twins to the Otherworld to answer for their disrespect.
		The game was sometimes played for the love of the sport, as shown by the twins before they angered the death lords.
	members.tripod.com /copy_bilderberg/sport.htm (3281 words)

	Ulama Ballgame Study
		The student team members also presented preliminary reports on their fieldwork focusing on aspects of ulama and the communities where the game is played.
		Ulama, played with a nine-pound hard rubber ball, was popular throughout ancient Mexico and Guatemala, says Aguilar, but is now on the verge of extinction.
		In the [western Mexican] communities, parents are teaching the game to their children,” says Aguilar.
	www.calstatela.edu /univ/ppa/newsrel/ballgame-ulama.htm (533 words)

	Borges on Basketball - C.E. Chaffin - Eclectica Magazine v8n3
		As Herr Doktor Schauspiel has commented in his Wissenshaftliche Beobachtungen, 1873, it is not the outcome of a game we enjoy so much as the process, and the very nature of that process is of immense importance because we come to expect, as fans, certain parameters outside of which a game ceases to exist.
		No, golf would cease to exist as a game, just as if a soccer goalie were to kick a goal from the distance of his own goal it would inherently violate the statistical probabilities of soccer.
		Games ended when the first goal was scored, and the time sufficient to score a goal could presumably extend for days.
	www.eclectica.org /v8n3/chaffin_salon.html (2227 words)

	Who invented football? Hamburg museum seeks answer - Boston.com
		The earliest form of soccer is generally thought to be a Chinese game called cuju ("kickball"), created some 4,700 years ago to teach soldiers about cooperation and vigilance.
		The goal was to move as little as possible and the soles of the kemari shoes were not supposed to be revealed.
		Many of the basic rules and structures of modern soccer were first laid down in the Tuscan city, such as the halfway line, the wearing of team colors, referees and referees assistants and specific playing positions.
	www.boston.com /sports/soccer/articles/2006/06/01/who_invented_football_hamburg_museum_seeks_answer (857 words)

	batey kosmos
		This passage of the ball from one polarity to another symbolizes the eternal movement […] related to the symbolic passage from the diurnal dimension to the nocturnal, assimilated to the solar course.
		Apparently the game of the batey has magical-religious roots common to various ancient ball games in Mesoamerica —known by the names tlachtli or tlachco in nahuatl languaje, as pok-ta-pok or pokyab in mayan, as taladzi in zapotecan or, as ulama as it's called in the Sinaloa region.
		The game still continues to hold an element of a meeting of warriors but "combat is symbolic and it develops as a clash of highsounding words, exchanged by the the players as an extra weapon in their fight to overcome the opponent.".
	www.geocities.com /katlpablo/004-batey.html (1960 words)

	Fieldwork/ study
		Roberto Rochin, one of Mexico's best known film directors and creator of the classic film "Ulama: the game of life and death ", is digitalizing the original version.
		Ulama to be a part of Fazination Fussball, a event organized by the Hamburg Museum of History and part of the celebrations corresponding to the World Football Cup 2006 in Germany
		Ulama and Los Llanitos in the September 2003 issue of Archaeology Magazine, Cover story and lead article by Colleen Popson (www.archaeology.org)
	www.ulama.freehomepage.com /favorite_links.html (221 words)

	Aztec Ball Review - Gamezebo.com
		They invented a game called ulama which was one of the first to use a rubber ball.
		The game's physics are superb; everything reacts to force and gravity just as they would in real life.
		The in-game tips are good but the Help pages, while they list all the different types of balls and bricks, don't actually say what each does.
	www.gamezebo.com /2006/10/aztec_ball_review.html (683 words)

	Students of the Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Against all odds, this ancient game survived the rise and fall of the Olmec, Maya and Aztec civilizations, not to mention the devastation wrought by the Spanish Conquest.
		But we rarely learned anything interesting or new about the game.” Brady and Sergio Garza, his graduate student at the University of California at Riverside, specialize in ancient Maya caves; even by day they sport flashlights on their belts, as if a dark, unexplored crevice might present itself at any moment.
		For Brady, ulama represents an opportunity to conduct what’s called ethnoarchaeology: by studying the modern game, he and his colleagues hope to better understand its past.
	www.smithsonianmagazine.com /issues/2006/april/ulama.php (787 words)

	A trip through time at the Stanford Art Gallery
		Seemingly rich in religious significance, Ulama was a bruising soccer-like game played with a hard rubber ball a little larger than a softball.
		"Ulama: Game of Life and Death in Early Mesoamerica" is on display at the Art Gallery through Oct. 2.
		The actual Ulama gear, says Seligman, was probably made of wood and leather, and would have deteriorated rapidly in the hot climes.
	www.paloaltoonline.com /weekly/morgue/cover/1994_Jul_22.ARTS22.html (1017 words)

	football.webdict.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In most games using balls, the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked, or thrown by players.
		These games can be grouped by the general objective of the game, sometimes indicating a common origin either of a game itself or of its basic idea:
		The purpose of playing with a ball or ball substitute such as the shuttlecock is that the focus of the game is the ball and not the opposing players.
	football.webdict.info /?w=Ball (239 words)

	Ulama game Details, Meaning Ulama game Article and Explanation Guide
		Ulama game Details, Meaning Ulama game Article and Explanation Guide
		Ulama game Guide, Meaning, Facts, Information and Description
		Archeologists have uncovered 700 ball courts, rubber balls that have been dated as far back as 1500 BCE and figurines recognizable as ulama players dating from c.
	www.e-paranoids.com /u/ul/ulama_game.html (601 words)

	Ayuntamiento Municipal de Mazatlán - Game of the Ulama
		Some natural Spaniards impressed by the abruptness that implied to practice this game and the passion that got to cause between the contenders and spectators, since inclusively at the losing equipment he arrived himself to him to sacrifice, they got it to consider something aberrant and of diabolic roots.
		The game of the Ulama in the forearm modality gambles in the Municipalities of Narrowness, Guasave Ahome Guamuchil, Sinaloa de Leyva and the one of hip is very popular in the South of the State in the Municipalities of Mazatlán, the Rosary and Concord.
		The populations of the Municipality of Mazatlán in which the game practices are: The Quelite, the Habal, the Investigated Moor, the Llanitos, the Single Palm, Port of Canoes; Potrero de Carrasco and Villa Union.
	www.mazatlan.gob.mx /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=100 (378 words)

	Mystery of the Ages: Who Invented Soccer? \| NEWS \| Deutsche Welle \| 07.06.2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A pair of fl-and-red, ankle-length boots are on display that were used from the seventh century onwards in the game "kemari," in which teams would kick the ball to each other and try to prevent it from touching the ground.
		Mexico is in the running with a game called "ulama" dating to 1,500 years BC.
		But many of the basic rules and structures of the modern game were first set down in the Italian city of Florence in the 16th century.
	www.dw-world.de /popups/popup_printcontent/0,,2046108,00.html (254 words)

	TONY BURTON - DID YOU KNOW? FACTS & FICTION WITH A MEXICAN TWIST JULY 2002
		The precise rules of the ancient game are lost in the mists of antiquity, but three distinct forms of Ulama (using the hip, arm and a stick respectively) were played at the Mesoamerican ballgame (Ulama) Festival, held in Mazatlán in April this year.
		Emphasizing the game's immense historical importance, he says, "That the Mesoamerican ballgame has survived and flourished for more than 3000 years earns it the distinction of being one of humanity's great cultural expressions".
		The details, meaning and significance of the game are explored more fully on the Mazatlán Historical Society's webpages at http://www.ulama.org which were the main source for this article.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/travel/tonysarticles/tbdid0702.html (470 words)

	Art exhibits timed to coincide with World Cup soccer matches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		STANFORD -- An exhibit titled "Ulama: Game of Life and Death in Early Mesoamerica" will be on display June 21 through Oct. 2 at the Stanford Art Gallery.
		Ulama is one of several names for a ballgame with symbolic connotations that has been played in Mesoamerica since about 2000 B.C., according to Ruth Franklin, curator for the arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas at the Stanford Museum of Art.
		There were rules, apparently not unlike those of soccer, Franklin said, as to which parts of the body a player could use to address the ball.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/94/940511Arc4269.html (538 words)

	Islam and the Politics of Free Speech
		The controversy over the Persatuan Ulama Malaysia’s (PUM) statement against several writers on the subject of Islam and the Bar Council is an important issue to dissect.
		In another case, the Persatuan Ulama of Kedah had been said to be responsible for influencing City Hall KL (DBKL) in the banning of the feminist play the Vagina Monologues.
		Jika pandai pula berceramah, lebih cepat lagi mendapat gelaran ulama tanpa mengajar agama yang bersifat ilmiah..
	www.aliran.com /oldsite/monthly/2002/2c.html (2745 words)

	Who invented basketball? - ArmchairGM - Sports Wiki, Sports Blog, Sports Resource, Sports Community, Sports 2.0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		So he had probably seen the Mexican game and adapted it, which is something all coaches do to try and improve their team.
		Either way, the fact still stands, the modern game of basketball has been around for 3% the time that ullamiliztli has been around, but the modern game is making millions of dollars a year.
		Hip Ulama has a court, hoop and ball, and the aim is to get the ball in the hoop.
	www.armchairgm.com /mwiki/index.php?title=Who_invented_basketball? (1512 words)

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