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	Ulema Summary
		The ulema are Muslim scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies.
		In a broader sense, the term ulema is used to describe the body of Muslim clergy who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences, such as a mufti, qadi, faqih or muhaddith.
		Other ulema have been prolific authors, penning translations of the Qur'an or Quranic commentaries, studies of hadith, works of philosophy, religious admonition, etc. There are enormous bodies of religious literature that form not only the substance of the courses in Islamic seminaries, but inspirational reading for the ordinary Muslim.
	www.bookrags.com /Ulema (2428 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Though ulema is a plural word for alim (scholar) deriving from the Arabic origin ilm (knowledge), the term has gained a special meaning and become a common name for that section of the community who are considered to be intellectuals and partly aristocratic.
		Ulema was perceived as the primary element among the constituents of the community in almost every period of the Ottomans, and thus put under various evaluations as a group arousing high expectations.
		Ulema was applied as a common term for those scholars who completed their madrasa training, gained an icazet (graduation degree), and took responsibilities in law, education, primary religious services and occasionally in bureaucracy or devoted themselves personally to community services in the Ottoman polity.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=101&TaxonomySubTypeID=19&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=416 (571 words)

	Rejoinder to the Ulema
		If the Ulema have any notion of honor and dignity, then instead of being in the back of the line enjoining others to fight, they would be in the forefront fighting the battles themselves and leading the Muslim Nation.
		I am not telling the people to disrespect the Ulema or shun their religious advice, but when it comes to politics, the Ulema honestly don’t know what the hell they are doing and they are just as confused and lost in the darkness of anarchy as the rest of our corrupted leaders.
		The Ulema should not provide a barrier to those people who seek to end the suffering of the Ummah, rather, they should be in the forefront of that crowd.
	www.geocities.com /fbzaman007/rejoinder2ulema.htm (813 words)

	Ulema - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ulema (Arabic: علماء‎ , translit: ‘Ulimā’, singular: ‘Alīm, "scholar") refers to the educated class of Muslim scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies.
		In a broader sense, the term ulema is used to describe the body of Muslim clergy who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences, such as a mufti, qadi, faqih or muhaddith.
		Other ulema have been prolific authors, penning translations of the Qur'an or Quranic commentaries, studies of hadith, works of philosophy, religious admonition, etc. There are enormous bodies of religious literature that form not only the substance of the courses in Islamic seminaries, but inspirational reading for the ordinary Muslim.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ulema (753 words)

	Ulema
		Ulema (Arabic) are the community of legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia.
		As this example demonstrates, the ulema are in most Muslim nations a conservative force, and stand in particular as the bulwark of orthodox thought against ijtihad, or 'independent thought' on religious law (the sharia).
		The ulema in most nations consider themselves to represent the consensus (or ijma) of the community of Muslims (or umma[?]), or to represent at least the scholarly or learned consensus.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ul/Ulema.html (375 words)

	FATWA - An Instrument of Ulema Politics in India?
		However, the Muslim rulers patronised the Ulema to use the armory of fatawa with a sole objective to ensure that their Perso-Arab antiquity known as Islamic culture is not diluted in the cauldron of Indian antiquity.
		The objective of the seminary was to produce Ulema and to restore the political glory of Islam and prepare the Muslim masses to join them in their struggle for power.
		The Muslim thinkers and Ulema, who stayed back in India however, never bothered to interpret Islam by issuing assertive and effective fatawa to counter the past-masters in their community and bring out the Muslim masses out of the rut of Islamic orthodoxy and create national emotion and passion among them.
	www.saag.org /papers10/paper990.html (3809 words)

	The Role of the Ulema (Religious Leaders) - Saudi Arabia Information
		The role of the Ulema in Saudi Arabia has a long history and great significance.
		The first alliance between Muhammad bin Saud and Imam Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, and its continued success through the years, reflect the important role played by the Ulema in Saudi Arabia.
		It is therefore inevitable that the Ulema should play a key role within the Kingdom.
	www.saudinf.com /main/c3.htm (181 words)

	Ulema - LoveToKnow 1911
		By "science" in this case is especially meant what is learned from tradition, books or men, and through the intellect.
		In a narrower sense, Ulema is used, in a Muslim state, of a council of such learned men, holding government appointments.
		If all conception of intermediary priesthood be eliminated, the Ulema may be said to be equivalent to the secular clergy of Roman Christendom (see Dervish).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Ulema (151 words)

	ONLINE - International News Network
		Ulema urged the government to abide by Islamic norms and make such people bound to adhere to the Islamic way of life rather than encouraging them.
		Ulema convention demands of government to change the visa policy and issue visas to foreign students for attaining religious education in Pakistan.
		Earlier in their addresses Members of the National Assembly, Senators and Ulemas from different schools of thought challenged the government to prove any anomaly in the Hudood Ordinance, according to which it should be ever annulled.
	www.onlinenews.com.pk /details.php?id=99632 (1105 words)

	Carolina Seminar for Comparative Islamic Studies
		Ulema discourse is constituted by a long history of debate and commentary over points of Islamic law.
		It charged that the ulema did not understand the difference between riba and modern interest and called the ulema the main hurdle in the Islamicization of the country (Islamicization understood as betterment of the people in the spirit of the Qur’an).
		This unacknowledged reliance is probably attributable to the antagonism of Pakistani ulema toward Rahman and thus indicates the beleagued position of the modernists.
	www.unc.edu /depts/islamsem/050205.shtml (778 words)

	The Ulema: Middle Eastern Power Brokers - Middle East Quarterly
		Ulema support for the ruler has been a common requirement throughout the centuries, regardless of whether it was coerced or given freely.
		Ulema in various Middle East countries have mobilized public opinion against Israel and the West since the outbreak of the Palestinian intifada in September 2000, sometimes in ways clearly against the interests of their governments and economies.
		This is especially clear in Iran, where the ulema of Iran were at the forefront of each of the three great efforts to rid their country of Western influence; the mass protests of 1891—92, the constitutional revolution of 1905—11, and the Islamic revolution of 1978-79.
	www.meforum.org /article/105 (4554 words)

	Saving Pakistan from its 'Saviours'
		The Ulema promoted by Zia were known more for their knowledge of the Kalasnikov and the RDX explosives than for their religious piety and Islamic scholarship.
		The Ulema painstakingly excluded from the curriculum humanities, Western history and thought, logic, science or any other subject which might have made the youth develop the capability for independent thinking and start questioning their medieval mindset and teachings.
		The Ulema are also partly in power because of their armed militias and their contribution to the Army's crucial agenda of keeping the Kashmir issue alive.
	www.saag.org /papers2/paper151.html (1528 words)

	S Y N T H E S I S - The Way of the Fanatic
		Whereas formerly the ulema had been viewed as a class of scholars who were to be consulted on strictly religious matters, many believed that the most knowledgeable members of Islamic society should continually seek to expand their intellectual capabilities.
		Whilst the ulema were able to generate the necessary funds and resources from within, the outspoken Ayatollah was able to avoid the sinister advances of the SAVAK (secret police) by attacking the Shah from the relatively safe confines of his Iraqi nerve centre.
		In doing so they have made their distinct contribution to world history.”[33] Indeed, whereas the old ulema had often sided with those regimes firmly under the control of the Zionist heel, by 1962 the revitalised ulema was in a position to agitate in the cities, streets and mosques of Iran.
	www.rosenoire.org /articles/hist6.php (1692 words)

	ULEMA-PAST AND PRESENT (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The criticisms are a result of the confusion sown by the ulema among the Malaysian public regarding Islamic laws.
		To justify their role and responsibility in society, the Ulema Association quotes a hadith, just like many other ulema in Malaysia, which says that the ulema are the inheritors of the Prophet's mission.
		The word ulema is the plural form of a word which refers to a person who is knowledgeable or intellectual - such knowledge not being limited to religious knowledge only.
	www.members.tripod.com /Signs_Magazines/issue11/ulema_past_and_present.htm (969 words)

	Anwar Syed, With the ulema in power
		In Shia Islam, particularly in Iran, the training of the ulema has traditionally been rigorous, their hierarchy rigid, and advancement from one rank to the next difficult, involving widespread peer recognition of one's scholarly accomplishment.
		As departmental heads and as holders of other public offices also, the ulema were practically responsible only to themselves since the Majlis consisted of their own kind of persons..
		This absence of accountability opened countless doors to corruption which most of the ulema, holding public offices, entered without fear of God or man. Absence of accountability was made possible by the expulsion of the regime's actual or suspected opponents from the political scene.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/27/026.html (1114 words)

	ULEMA - ZIONIST TOOLS?
		Knowing the capabilities of the Muslim ulema it was in the interests of the West to let the Ayatollah return safe and sound to Iran.
		The ulema are a bone headed species who have led and will continue to lead the Muslims to doom and despair.
		This is because the ulema have strayed far away from the true teachings of the Prophet Muhammad which is the Quran and nothing but the Quran.
	members.tripod.com /Signs_Magazines/issue10/ulema-zionist_tools.htm (917 words)

	Association of Muslim Scholars (AMS)
		The second half of the 20th century was marked by a considerable loss of authority and influence of the Ulema in most Islamic states.
		The Ulema Council was created on 14 April 2003, five days after the fall of Saddam Hussein.
		The Muslim Ulema Council is the highest Sunni authority in Iraq.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iraq/ams.htm (537 words)

	Newsvine - The Problems of Establishing a Viable Political State in the Islamic World
		The ulema have no formal legislative role, so their powers are exercised through two indirect means in the Islamic world: influence over public opinion and legitimization (or not) of a ruler.
		As the acknowledged guardians of Islam, the ulema are needed by the rulers to gain religious legitimization in the eyes of the Muslim constituency.
		The Ulema, influence the political landscape of the Islamic world in two major, and indirect ways; they hold great influence over public opinion through their status, which in turn is used to legitimize (or not) a ruler.
	babar.newsvine.com /_news/2007/03/04/598263-the-problems-of-establishing-a-viable-political-state-in-the-islamic-world (2126 words)

	Carolina Seminar for Comparative Islamic Studies
		He is studying the emergence of new religio-political roles for the ulema in the face of the rapid social, political and religious changes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
		Younger ulema, on the other hand, are being exposed to Western learning, new disciplines are being introduced, and this is resulting in increased affinity between these younger scholars and Islamist groups.
		The tradition is not static, but highly flexible, and the ulema’s self-conscious association of themselves to the Islamic tradition as links between the present and the past is part of their appeal in modern society.
	www.unc.edu /depts/islamsem/010228.shtml (887 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today
		According to Clifford Geertz, ulema are cultural brokers, "to stand guard over the crucial junctures of synapses of relationships which connect the local system with the larger whole..." (1960).
		However, the participation of ulema in the political hurly-burly often creates the view or assumption that ulema are critical people, particularly if they collaborate with a certain party.
		In contrast, the fatwa from ulema of the NU on 3 June, and the fatwa from Muhammadiyah in February 2004 are a kind of partisan fatwa.
	www.thejakartapost.com /yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20040609.E03 (872 words)

	Chapter2a
		The conflict between the educated Muslims and the Ulema was not new.
		The Ulema stood aloof, except for the issuance of a fatwa, supporting the entry of the Muslims into the Congress, when Sir Syed Ahmed opposed it.
		The enquiry findings, known as the Munir Report, publicized the fact that the Ulema were not only unfit to run a modern state but were deplorably unable under cross-questioning even to give realistic guidance on elementary matters of Islam.
	ghazali.net /book/Chapter2a/chapter2a.html (1180 words)

	ULEMA AND UMAA AGREE - ShiaChat.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A joint Meeting of the Representatives of UMAA and Ulema Council was held at Idara-e Jafria, Burtonsville, Maryland on Sunday, May 15, 2005.
		Maulana Naqvi is the head chairman of this Ulema Council, and the rest of the alims had been given full authority to speak and sign on the Ulema Council's behalf.
		Though they did occur, the Ulema were mature enough to put the past behind and move forward, setting conditions for the future and coming events.
	www.shiachat.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=56454 (2297 words)

	Altaf Hussain urges Ulema to spread unity
		He urged the Ulema to teach the lesson of unity to the masses in order to remove the sectarian differences.
		Altaf Hussain told Ulema that ethnic identity was an unalterable reality and no one should be hated for talking about this reality nor should the patriotism of such people be doubted.
		He asked the Ulema to educate people that having any particular nationality was not a sin.
	www.mqm.com /English-News/Nov-2003/news031114.htm (582 words)

	A new template for ulema - PakDef Forums
		Secondly, ulema of various hues have always been a part of provincial and federal governments.
		If in the name of patronising moderation any particular sect is given official sanction, the negative fallout in terms of reaction by the other sects is certain to cancel out the potential benefits.
		By excluding much of the worldly knowledge from their domain, the ulema have trapped themselves in a medieval time-warp and modernity has passed them by.
	www.pakdef.info /forum/showthread.php?t=426 (537 words)

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