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Topic: Ulster Special Constabulary

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	Ulster Special Constabulary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the northeast, the RIC was reinforced from 1 November 1920 by the Ulster Special Constabulary, largely recruited from the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force, a separate orginisation from the modern paramilitary UVF.
		It was the USC that was most often responsible for countering IRA attacks in the north, and like its southern counterparts it gained a reputation for brutality and was viewed by most Roman Catholics as a Protestant vigilante force.
		One of the functions of the Ulster Special Constabulary was to provide the Governor's Guard, a detachment responsible for the security of the Governor of Northern Ireland, and stationed at his official residence, Hillsborough Castle, County Down, and his private residence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary (583 words)

	Ulster Society - Ulster's Military History - Ulster's Defence Tradition
		However, the Ulster crisis was overtaken by the First World War and the UVF as such never saw action, though volunteers from it formed the 36th (Ulster) Division that fought with such distinction on the Western Front.
		The USC was commanded by a Chief Staff Officer, who reported to the Inspector-General of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (from 1922 on).
		The USC played a crucial role in defeating this campaign; by the end of 1959 no fewer than 1,594 had been called up to full-time duty, whilst the rest turned out in their spare time for patrols and other security duties.
	www.ulstersociety.org /resources/newulster/1993/udt-2.html (1667 words)

	[No title]
		One of the two UVF dead happened to be a sergeant in the Ulster Defense Regiment, the successor to the Ulster Special Constabulary.
		The original UVF was formed from the unification of all Ulster Protestant militias in order to oppose the grant of an autonomous government to Ireland in which Protestants would have formed a minority.
		The Special Powers Act (1922) banning the IRA was amended on 23 June 1966 to proscribe the UVF as well although it was legalized again in 1973.
	members.tripod.com /~fantasian/uff.html (886 words)

	CAIN: 'Why?' - A pamphlet published by the Ulster Special Constabulary Association (1980)
		I would pay a special tribute to their wives and families, who have had all the anxiety whilst the husband or son of the family was on duty, and have had to bear the additional burden of work and the responsibility of family care during their absence.
		The USC, who were not issued with riot shields, were in an extremely perilous situation, and all other measures having failed, they were obliged to fire warning shots over the heads of the rioters, and, coupled with determined baton charges, succeeded in dispersing the mobs.
		The RUC and the USC bore the brunt of this verbal barrage with a dignified silence, fully expecting that the lies and distorted facts would be vigorously denied by the Government and by loyalist politicians.
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /issues/police/docs/usca80.htm (4524 words)

	The Ulster Defence Regiment
		The Ulster Defence Regiment was raised by Act of Parliament in 1970, and was the largest infantry regiment in the Army with full-time and part-time soldiers on its strength.
		The birth of the Regiment was a result of the civil unrest of the late 1960s which had threatened to overwhelm the Royal Ulster Constabulary and which had led to the deployment of Regular Army units to assist the police.
		In 1969 the Hunt Report recommended the disbandment of the Ulster Special Constabulary and its replacement by a reserve element of the RUC and a locally-recruited part-time force, The Ulster Defence Regiment.
	www.army.mod.uk /royalirish/history/the_ulster_defence_regiment.htm (828 words)

	Continuity and Change: Ulster 1798-1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Ulster, 1919 was something of an economic boom year, but as boom was replaced by post-war slump, growing political uncertainty and IRA attacks, sectarian violence began to rise to frightening levels.
		Special constables, who knew their local areas well, proved particularly effective in combating IRA activity, but were too often seen to mete out violence against catholics without recourse to legal niceties.
		The Royal Ulster Constabulary, set up to replace the Royal Irish Constabulary in the new state, initially reserved 33% of places for catholics, but was able only to attract some third of that number.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /alan.scott4/ulsterhistory/Tutorial6.html (1888 words)

	Royal Ulster Constabularly
		In formal terms the creator of the Ulster Special Constabulary was Sir Ernest Clark who in September 1920 was appointed additional Assistant Under-Secretary in the Irish Office with particular administrative responsibility for the area which was to form Northern Ireland.
		The effectiveness of the B Specials in quelling IRA activity was acknowledged by the officer commanding the IRA's 3rd Northern Division who admitted that deployment of the B men had forced him to abandon flying columns in Antrim and Down within two weeks of a planned offensive in the summer of 1922.
		The B Specials formed the nucleus of the Home Guard and was somewhat anomalously placed under the control of the RUC rather than the Army.
	www.royalulsterconstabulary.org /history3.htm (1511 words)

	The Importance of Being Ulster 0r Northern Ireland has no Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Perhaps the silliest argument against the existence of an independent Ulster (or the British province of Northern Ireland, for that matter) is that the island of Ireland, as a single geographical unit, cannot or should not be divided.
		The nine county Ulster was an invention of the English, being imposed after the Elizabethan conquest: thus, in terms of the periods of European history, it is totally modern.
		By doing so, the Ulster case could be brought directly to the governments of especially small nations who, once they realised what the Irish were up to, would oppose it for fear that it would set a precedent that their own neighbours could use against them.
	www.ulsternation.org.uk /importance_of_being_ulster_text.htm (9956 words)

	Royal Ulster Constabulary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC (RUC) was the police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001.
		All military-style duties were handed over to the new Ulster Defence Regiment, which replaced the B Specials, and which in turn would eventually be replaced, amidst allegations that it too was sectarian, by the Royal Irish Regiment.
		The chief officer of the Royal Irish Constabulary was its Inspector-General (the last of whom, Sir Thomas J. Smith served from 11 March 1920 until partition in 1922).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary (3323 words)

	Royal Ulster Constabulary - Politics.ie Wiki
		The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC (RUC) was formed in 1922 as a result of the partition and replaced the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) in Northern Ireland.
		This duality is remarkable and so were their arms: the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) was the only police force in the United Kingdom with firearms in their daily equipment.
		This reforming involved among other things the abolishment of the Ulster Special Constabulary (UCS), or The Specials, and the hand-over of all military-style duties to the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) and therewith under military command.
	www.politics.ie /wiki/index.php?title=RUC (338 words)

	Ulster Special Constabulary
		The U.S.C. was designed to perform a peace-keeping role within the local communities from which its members were drawn.
		In 1925 the U.S.C. was reorganized and reduced to leave, in effect, only the part-time B-Class, with reduced allowances and a smaller permanent staff.
		The Ulster Special Constabulary was disbanded on the 30th April 1970 as a result of the programme of reforms following the Hunt Report.
	www.psni.police.uk /index/pg_police_museum/pg_the_royal_ulster_constabulary/pg_ulster_special_sonstabulary.htm (310 words)

	military
		The Ulster Special Constabulary was formed, in 1920 to assist the security/military forces against attacks by the Irish Republican Army.
		The Royal Ulster Constabulary or the RUC, established in 1922, replaced the Royal Irish Constabulary as both a police and a military force.
		Recommendations included changing the name of the Royal Ulster Constabulary to the Northern Irish Police Service, changing the crest of the police force to exclude any British symbols, including the Queen’s crown, and, finally, changing the Union flag (flown over the police force headquarters) to the Northern Irish Police Service flag (http://www.belfast.org.uk/report.htm).
	www.usm.maine.edu /~kuzma/security/shamos/military.htm (719 words)

	Loyalists
		He criss-crossed Ulster inspecting Volunteers drilling with wooden rifles, telling them they were `a great army' and asking for their trust with the assurance that `we will select the most opportune methods, or if necessary take over ourselves the whole government of this community in which we live'.
		The new police force, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), reflected in its name the allegiance of the majority population and was aided by an armed force of special constables known as the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC).
		The `B' Specials, whose job was to keep an eye on potential subversives in their areas, were hated by nationalists, who saw them as a nakedly sectarian force, and revered by loyalists, who saw them as the defenders of their community and their state.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/t/taylor-loyalists.html (6301 words)

	Ulster Special Constabulary - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the northeast, the RIC was reinforced from 1 November 1920 by the Ulster Special Constabulary, largely recruited from the loyalist paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).
		In border areas, many Protestants from the border counties of the Free State served with the B-specials.
		Many subsequently joined the newly-established Ulster Defence Regiment, which was widely suspected of collusion and cross-membership with loyalist paramilitary organisations until it was in turn replaced by the Royal Irish Regiment.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/B-Specials (535 words)

	Ulster Society - WF Marshall, "The Bard of Tyrone," 1888-1959
		Like many Ulster Presbyterians, Marshall gloried in the name of the United Irishmen and '98 but had little sympathy with the Irish nationalism of the early twentieth century.
		Marshall joined the Ulster Special Constabulary (or B Specials) in the 1920s and became a district commandant but he resented being called 'the mad Orangeman from Sixmilecross' and 'Craigavon's strongest supporter in Tyrone'.
		He was a member of Mid and West Tyrone Unionist Association, a delegate to the Fermanagh and Tyrone Association and a member of the Ulster Unionist Council.
	www.ulstersociety.org /resources/wfmarshall/unionist.html (850 words)

	Irish News
		Mrs O`Loan attacked the role of Special Branch officers, criticising them for failing to pass on information warning of threatened dissident republican terror strikes, including one which was to take place in Omagh on the day the Real IRA bombed the town.
		However, Special Branch was accused of taking only limited action, telling the officer who took the call that those named by the caller were "only smugglers".
		The Ombudsman said it was satisfied the intelligence was passed to Special Branch and said the officers` claims they did not receive document represented "at the very least, a very serious breakdown in communication".
	www.iais.org /shtmp.cfm?News_ID=2653 (1268 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Fermanagh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ulster northernmost of the historic provinces of Ireland.
		He resigned the following year to lead the Ulster special constabulary against the Irish Republican Army's border raids in Fermanagh.
		Gaelic Football: Ulster Championship: Monaghan v Fermanagh: The last time Farney won a Championship match, most of this team were at school; Monaghan.....2-10 Fermanagh.....0-14.(Sport)
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Fermanagh (569 words)

	CAIN: HMSO: Hunt Report, 1969
		We feel it desirable to make this obvious point, in view of the special difficulties under which the police have operated in the past, which may persist in the Province in the future, which are not the making of the police themselves, and which make their task at times both difficult and distasteful.
		Our proposals offer a new image of the Royal Ulster Constabulary as a civil police force, which will be in principle and in normal practice an unarmed force, having the advantage of closer relationships with other police forces in Great Britain.
		This is a great opportunity in the distinguished history of the Royal Ulster Constabulary to take a big step forward and meet the challenge of these difficult and changing times.
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /hmso/hunt.htm (2989 words)

	<irelandwhitepaper> (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Tudors moved vigorously to confiscate the land of the native Roman Catholics in Ulster — it being the last province to be colonized on the island — and grant control to the English Protestants (Anglicans) and Scots (Presbyterians).
		This became known as the Ulster plantation, infamous for the efficiency and cruelty of its population ‘clearances'.
		David Trimble was elected leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), the moderate wing of the Unionists, with a reputation as a hardliner, having recently clasped hands with Ian Paisley in a triumphal swagger down the Garvaghy Road, a nationalist community.
	interactioninstitute.org /ireland/Irelandwhitepaper.php (9349 words)

	Drop RUC Name Move in 1969 - Scotch-Irish / Ulster-Scots Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During evidence to a committee on police reform in Northern Ireland in 1969, some officers suggested the Royal Ulster Constabulary's name should be changed to the Northern Ireland Constabulary in a bid to persuade more Catholics to join the overwhelmingly Protestant force.
		In his new book, The Fateful Split - Catholics and the Royal Ulster Constabulary, freelance journalist Chris Ryder publishes evidence given to the Hunt Committee in 1969 which showed that Roman Catholic Primate Cardinal Conway wanted the name of the force to change but recognised that the choice of a replacement would be difficult.
		The Hunt Committee ended all military-style duties by the RUC, abolishing the Ulster Special Constabulary (or B Specials as they were known) which was drawn exclusively from the Protestant community.
	www.scotchirish.net /forum/index.php?showtopic=1214 (930 words)

	New Page 1
		The Ulster Protestant is a strong, robust character, with a fierce loyalty to his friends.
		To depict Ulster Protestants, in Dudley Edwards's terms, as guilelessly (if not stupidly) playing "into the hands of their enemies" for over three hundred years is in fact neither complimentary nor accurate.
		This is indeed suggested in some cognate representations of the idea that the Protestants of Ulster not only have to fight their corner alone, but also would win in a straight fight against their foes.
	www.mtsu.edu /~ceb3h/review.htm (10670 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ulster Defence Committee- controlling factor of the Ulster Protestant Volunteers, in 1969 its leader was Ian Paisley.
		Ulster Loyalist Association - It was active from 1969 - 1972 and was opposed to changes in the constitution of Northern Ireland and supported stronger security policies.
		Ulster Volunteers - Originally formed by Carson in 1913 and led to a similar organization, the National Volunteers in the South.
	users.ev1.net /~gpmoran/GlsryT_Z.htm (1784 words)

	The Road to Peace - NORAID Online
		In 1967, a broadly based, non-political and non-sectarian civil rights movement composed of all shades of non-unionist opinion and of all religious denominations was formed in the six-counties.
		The infamous Ulster Special Constabulary ["B Specials"] was disbanded but replaced by the Ulster Defense Regiment of the British army.
		Ex-members of the B Specials reorganized as gun clubs and were allowed to hold arms.
	inac.org /roadtopeace/sunday.html (1337 words)

	Troops Out Movement - Campaigns - Oliver's Army - Chapter 7
		It will be a bad beginning for the Ulster parliament if its establishment coincides with the dragooning of the Catholic minority in the six counties by an armed Protestant force administrating a sort of lynch law.
		The Specials had claimed they were ambushed on arrival in Cushendall and had opened fire in self-defence, the three youths being killed in the subsequent gun-battle.
		Ulster, one of the four historic provinces of Ireland, was made up of nine counties, including Donegal, Cavan and Monaghan.
	www.troopsoutmovement.com /oliversarmychap7.htm (8966 words)

	Parties and Combatants in the North of Ireland
		"The Ulster Democratic Party is a constitutional democratic party which since its establishment in 1981 has been committed to the pursuit of a peaceful solution to the conflict in Ulster and the creation of a modern accountable democracy.
		The founding father of the Ulster Unionist Party, Sir Edward Carson, viewed the establishment of a parliament at Stormont to be a dilution of the Union.
		The name given to a part-time force of Ulster Special Constabulary that was disbanded in 1970 (replaced with the Ulster Defence Regiment).
	larkspirit.com /general/parties.html (3212 words)

	Freedom First Then Peace --
		It was subsequently the Black-and-Tans and the Auxiliaries who formed the spearhead of the government's attempts to break the I.R.A. During the latter months of 1920 and the first half of 1921 the conflict was pursued with a terrible ferocity by both sides.
		Attacks by the I.R.A. on the R.I.C. in Ulster led to the formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary in November 1920, a volunteer body of auxiliary police.
		The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) was the polic force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to2001.
	www.freewebs.com /republicanarmy5/ruc.htm (3645 words)

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