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Topic: Ultimate fate of the universe

Related Topics

End of the Universe

Big Crunch

Heat death of the universe

Big Rip

Parallel universe

Accelerating universe

Oscillatory Universe

Heat death of the universe

Big Bang

Universe

Equation of State (Cosmology)

Timeline of the Universe

	WMAP Cosmology 101: Fate of the Universe
		The evolution of the universe is determined by a struggle between the momentum of expansion and the pull (or push!) of gravity.
		However, recent observations of distant supernova have suggested that the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating or speeding up, like the red curve, which implies the existence of a form of matter with a strong negative pressure, such as the cosmological constant.
		Approximately 3/10 of this is in the form of a low pressure matter, most of which is thought to be “non-baryonic” dark matter, while the remaining 7/10 is thought to be in the form of a negative pressure dark energy”;, like the cosmological constant.
	map.gsfc.nasa.gov /m_uni/uni_101fate.html (457 words)

	Learn more about Creation in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, many scientists believe that the physical universe that we observe today came into existence in accordance with the Big Bang theory, without necessarily implying that the universe was created "out of nothing" in an absolute sense.
		The Big Bang theory is currently the most popular scientific creation theory, as it has passed a number of experimental tests, including measurements of the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation, that could not have been known at the time the theory was first proposed.
		The belief that a supreme being actually created the universe out of nothing is considered by some to be at odds with the view that the origin of all things can, in principle, be fully accounted for by reference to natural processes alone.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/cr/creation.html (977 words)

	Ultimate fate of the Universe - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After Edwin Hubble's discovery of an expanding Universe, suddenly the notion of a start and, possibly, an end, was the subject of scientific investigation.
		In an open Universe, General Relativity shows that the Universe can exist indefinitely in the future, but will settle down into a state where life as we know it will cease to exist.
		It is unclear what the end result would be: a simple extrapolation would have all the matter and space-time in the Universe collapse into a dimensionless singularity, but at these scales quantum effects, ignored by General Relativity, should be considered.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Ultimate_fate_of_the_Universe (839 words)

	The Community At Large » The Technological Singularity and The Ultimate Fate of the Universe
		The Technological Singularity and The Ultimate Fate of the Universe
		The ultimate fate of the universe is a merger between humanity, matter, and energy - the saturation of reality with intelligence of human origin.
		If the universe is finite, progress has a limit, and the saturated universe is left to revolve through equivalent self-reconfigurations of matter, energy, and intelligence.
	tcal.net /archives/2006/12/08/the-technological-singularity-and-the-ultimate-fate-of-the-universe (2551 words)

	Cosmogony Article, Cosmogony Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cosmogony is the branch of astrophysics that studiesthe origins and structure of the Universe at large (as opposed to the study of theorigins of particular celestial objects).
		Correspondingly, a cosmogony is an account of how the Universe came to be; hence, the creation story in the book of Genesis is one such cosmogony, and there are many others, both scientific and mythological.
		This is contrasted with cosmology, which studies the Universe at large, throughout its existence.
	www.anoca.org /quantum/universe/cosmogony.html (529 words)

	ScienceDaily: "Dark Energy" Dominates The Universe
		Combining their calculations of the ages of the oldest stars with measurements of the expansion rate and geometry of the universe lead them to conclude that dark energy dominates the energy density of the universe.
		University Of Toronto Team Maps Halos Around Galaxies (August 4, 2003) -- Two University of Toronto astronomers and a U.S. colleague have made the first-ever measurements of the size and shape of massive dark matter halos that surround...
		Ultimate fate of the universe -- The ultimate fate of the universe is a subject of study in the field of cosmology.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/01/030102224136.htm (1672 words)

	"When Will It All End"?: A Carnegie Mellon Astrophysicist's Answer To The Ultimate Fate Of The Universe
		A Carnegie Mellon University astrophysics professor is weighing in on the ultimate fate of the universe, with a new analysis that shows the universe may eventually stop expanding.
		Omega, one of the two main parameters that explain the evolution of the whole universe - the other is Hubble's Constant - is the ratio of the observed average density of the universe compared to a critical value.
		This expansion of the universe "stretches" the wavelength of that light that is traveling to us from these distant galaxies, thus making their light appear redder.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-02/CMU-WIAE-120298.php (823 words)

	News - The Ultimate Fate of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Washington, DC -- Astrophysicists announced today new predictions of the ultimate fate of the universe obtained by calculating the characteristic or maximum size of very distant radio galaxies.
		Knowing this distance is equivalent to knowing the global geometry of the universe, or the ultimate fate of the universe.
		The same sources may be used to study evolution of gas in clusters of galaxies, and the Princeton group (including doctoral students Lin Wan and Greg Wellman) has used the sources to study evolution of clusters of galaxies to redshifts of two.
	www.princeton.edu /~compub/news/98/q1/0108-universe.html (643 words)

	Creator god (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abrahamic religions teach that Creation is the origin of the totality of the universe by the action of God.
		Hinduism holds that God is the foundation of all being, and that the universe has a definite origin from God; and yet at the ultimate level, all assertions of a distinction between God and creation are meaningless.
		Therefore, according to Upanishadic teaching, it is not false to speak of Hindu Creationism (although it is ultimately meaningless).
	www.freedownloadsoft.com /info/creator.html (372 words)

	The History and Fate of the Universe Chart Debuts
		The History and Fate of the Universe chart was first proposed about three years ago by Berkeley Lab physicists George Smoot and Michael Barnett.
		Side panels provide short discussions on the birth, inflation and expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background, redshifts of distant supernovas, dark energy, dark matter, and what appears to be the ultimate fate of the universe based on what is now known.
		Development of the History and Fate of the Universe chart was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/Phy-Universe-chart.html (638 words)

	Amazon.com: The Last Three Minutes: Conjectures About the Ultimate Fate of the Universe (Science Masters Series): ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The issue of the end of the universe is one of the 'hot spots' of astrophysics and cosmology, and so there are elements of this book that are already a bit out of date, despite being less than a decade old.
		Davies explores the end of the universe by setting the stage -- drawing from current thinking about the origins of the universe, in fact one of the options for conjecture, in a closed universe system, would be that the last three minutes would resemble quite closely the first three minutes.
		I believe that the author is also too optimistic about the fate of mankind in the universe after the dying of the sun.
	www.amazon.com /Last-Three-Minutes-Conjectures-Ultimate/dp/0465048927 (3036 words)

	Football \| Red giants, dark matter, the ultimate fate of the universe and the rest of Rio's problems
		I can only hope that the authorities will be less cavalier when I say that Dougie Donnelly is a giant and venomous reptilian from a distant galaxy in human form and must be mercilessly attacked with water cannon until he dissolves.
		If the American is correct it seems entirely possible that our universe is not only shaped like a football but actually is a football, in all probability being kicked about by giants who are themselves living in a football-shaped universe being kicked about by giants who are themselves.
		And of course, if our universe is a football it must also hold true that our footballs are universes, each filled with a network of galaxies and solar systems, stars and planets populated by people with hopes, fears and dreams much like our own.
	football.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4772381-3057,00.html (726 words)

	Ultimate fate of the Universe - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Until fairly recent times, the mainstream scientific view of the universe was of an eternal and unchanging existence, known as the Steady state theory.
		In an open Universe, General Relativity shows that the Universe can exist indefinitely in the future, but will settle down into a state where life as we know it will cease to exist; for a possible timeline based on current physical theories, see 1 E19 s and more.
		Several science fiction authors and humorists have written parodies involving the end of the Universe.
	education.music.us /U/Ultimate-fate-of-the-Universe.htm (1426 words)

	Topology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Well, the different shapes are indicative of the ultimate fate of the Universe; the ultimate fate is different for each style of universe.
		Depending upon the geometry of the Universe, the number density of galaxies at large redshift (===>large recession velocity ===>large distance) should depend upon the geometry of the Universe.
		Depending upon the geometry of the Universe, the paths of parallel lines can cross or diverge, A consequence of this is that if measures the angular sizes of distant galaxies, they do necessarily have to decrease as 1/distance (as they would in a flat universe).
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/209/apr12/topology.html (520 words)

	The future of the universe \| Cosmic Variance
		Now that we think that there is dark energy, the simple relation between spatial curvature and the ultimate fate of the universe is completely out the window.
		That means that the ultimate expansion or contraction of our meager patch of universe is just a tiny part of the big picture — so we shouldn’t take the fate of our little neighborhood too seriously.
		Steinhardt and Turok have suggested that the universe is cyclic, repeating an infinite pattern of expansions and collapses.
	cosmicvariance.com /2006/01/26/the-future-of-the-universe (4517 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia
		The only reason BBN does not convert all of the deuterium in the universe to helium-4 is that the expansion of the universe cooled the universe and cut this conversion short before it could be completed.
		The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole, it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe consists of protons and neutrons.
		After a decade of effort, the consensus was that these processes are unlikely, and the standard explanation now used for the abundance of deuterium is that the universe does not consist mostly of baryons and that dark matter makes up most of the mass of the universe.
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis (1830 words)

	Geometry of the Universe and Its Fate (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The evolution of the universe is determined by a struggle between the momentum of expansion and the pull of gravity.
		If the density of the universe is less than the ``critical density'' which is proportional to the square of the Hubble constant, then the universe will expand forever.
		The simplest version of the inflationary theory, an extension of the Big Bang theory, predicts that the density of the universe is very close to the critical density, and that the geometry of the universe is flat, like a sheet of paper.
	pdg.lbl.gov /~barnett/universe.adventure/geometry.htm (402 words)

	UCO Press Releases: 10-04-99
		Albert Einstein introduced the idea of a “cosmological constant,” a long-range repulsive effect in the universe, because he believed the universe to be static and recognized that gravity should make it contract.
		When Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is actually expanding, Einstein renounced the cosmological constant, calling it the biggest blunder of his career.
		The age of the universe derived from this model is 14 billion years, consistent with the ages of the oldest known stars.
	www.ucolick.org /news/1999/99-10-04.html (521 words)

	end
		As the universe expands these things eventually spread out to the point where each one is completely alone in the vastness of space.
		Freeman Dyson has discussed the fate of intelligent life in the far future assuming a perpetually expanding universe, but assuming the cosmological constant is zero.
		The notion of a nonzero lower bound for the temperature of the universe are discussed in Scientific American articles appearing in the April 1999 and November 1999 issues, the latter written by Krauss and Starkman.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/end.html (2894 words)

	Citebase - Renormalization-group running of the cosmological constant and the fate of the universe
		Renormalization-group running of the cosmological constant and the fate of the universe
		Authors: Guberina, B. Horvat, R. Stefancic, H. For a generic quantum field theory we study the role played by the renormalization-group (RG) running of the cosmological constant (CC) in determining the ultimate fate of the universe.
		Starting from the present-era values for cosmological parameters we demonstrate how the running can easily provide a negative cosmological constant, thereby changing the fate of the universe, at the same time rendering compatibility with critical string theory.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/0211184 (206 words)

	NOVA Online \| Runaway Universe
		Welcome to the companion Web site to "Runaway Universe," originally broadcast on November 11, 2000.
		This interactive timeline reveals the evolution of the universe from the big bang to the time 10
		Additional funding for Runaway Universe was provided by the National Science Foundation.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/universe (315 words)

	Ultimate Fate of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ultimate Fate of Open, Flat and Very Large Closed Universes
		At this stage most matter in the Universe is in the form of e+, e-, /v, v and gamma
		In flat and closed universes, most e+ and e- form positronium; in open universes, most e+ and e- remain free
	www.faithreason.org /fateuniv.htm (262 words)

	Universe: Cosmology 101
		Cosmology is the scientific study of the large scale properties of the Universe as a whole.
		It endeavors to use the scientific method to understand the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the entire Universe.
		The amount and type of matter in the universe is fundamental in determining the properties of our universe.
	map.gsfc.nasa.gov /m_uni.html (639 words)

	Astronomy Now Online
		University of Minnesota astronomers have found an enormous hole in the universe, nearly a billion light-years across, empty of both normal matter such as stars, galaxies and gas, as well as the mysterious, unseen "dark matter."
		University of Arizona astronomers who are probing the oxygen-rich environment around a supergiant star with one of the world's most sensitive radio telescopes have discovered a score of molecules that include compounds needed for life.
		Boston University researchers have published the first clear evidence of how gases from volcanoes on a tiny moon of Jupiter can lead to the largest visible gas cloud in the solar system.
	www.astronomynow.com (2069 words)

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