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	Ultramontanism
		Ultramontanism (from Latin, meaning "beyond the mountains"; specifically, beyond the Alps, in Rome) refers to the position of those Roman Catholics who historically have emphasized the importance of centralized papal authority over the authority of kings and regional ecclesiastical hierarchies.
		Among the basic tenets of ultramontanism were the superiority of popes over councils and kings, even in temporal questions, the primacy of the popes over all other bishops, and, in some cases, papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals.
		Ultramontanism means literally "beyond the mountains" (Alps), the term usually refers to a movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the nineteenth century that opposed conciliar and nationalist decentralization and advocated centralization of power in the papacy in order to restore the spiritual vigor of the church.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/ultramon.htm (548 words)

	Ultramontanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ultramontanism is a religious philosophy within the Roman Catholic community that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the pope.
		In particular, ultramontanism may consist in alleging the superiority of Papal authority over the authority of local temporal or spiritual hierarchies (including the local bishop).
		Within the Roman Catholic Church, Ultramontanism achieved victory over conciliarism at the First Vatican Council with the pronouncement of papal infallibility (the ability of the pope to define dogmas free from error ex cathedra) and of papal supremacy, i.e., supreme, full, immediate, and universal ordinary jurisdiction of the Roman Pope.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ultramontanism (926 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ultramontanism
		This name of Ultramontane the Gallicans applied to the supporters of the Roman doctrines--whether that of the monarchical character of the pope in the government of the Church or of the infallible pontifical magisterium--inasmuch as the latter were supposed to renounce "Gallican liberties" in favour of the head of the Church who resided ultra montes.
		As our present purpose is to state what Ultramontanism is, it is beside our scope to expound the Catholic doctrine on the power of the Church and, in particular, of the pope, whether in spiritual or temporal matters, these subjects being treated elsewhere under their respective titles.
		The war against Ultramontanism is accounted for not merely by its adversaries' denial of the genuine Catholic doctrine of the Church's power and that of her supreme ruler, but also, and even more, by the consequences of that doctrine.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15125a.htm (856 words)

	Trajecta
		The situation in the Soutern Netherlands were the official antijansenist policy of the government after 1750 was replaced by an attack on ultramontanism, differed from that in the Northern Netherlands, were the unofficial status of the Catholic Church prevented State intervention in church matters.
		The ultramontanism of the Southern clergy resulted from a polemical context; in the United Provinces it was less prevalent.
		Ultramontane Belgian catholics were disappointed when the United Kingdom of the Netherlands did not restore the privileged position of the Church.
	www.kdc.kun.nl /trajecta/92-1-3.html (327 words)

	The Catholic University of America - CUA Press
		Ultramontanism, the belief that the papacy is and should be at the center of the Church, came to dominate the Roman Catholic Church in the course of the nineteenth century, and it is still a powerful force in the Church today.
		By looking at the careers of six ultramontane cardinals from different countries over the course of a hundred years from the middle of the last century, this volume argues that the character of ultramontanism differed from one national church to another.
		The contributors also examine whether the tendency to impose doctrinal and disciplinary uniformity was an essential expression of ultramontanism, or whether it was time-conditioned and contingent-in other words, another of the "varieties" that ultramontanism assumed in certain contexts over the course of a century.
	cuapress.cua.edu /BOOKS/viewbook.cfm?Book=VOVU (615 words)

	Modernism
		We said earlier that Ultramontanism meant "beyond the mountains", that is across the Alps to Rome.
		When the bishops convened the First Vatican Council, December 8, 1869, the vast majority of the ultramontane bishops were prepared to reaffirm the Syllabus of Errors, to promote stronger centralization of the papacy and propose a definition of papal infallibility.
		A group of roughly 380 conservative bishops [fearful that unrest in Italy would cut short the council] requested early on that the definition of papal infallibility be considered in the schema on the Church which at this point included only papal primacy and not infallibility.
	www.churchofsaginaw.org /church/modernism.htm (3713 words)

	Ultramontanism, TCRNews2.com, Traditional Catholic Reflections & Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ultramontanism, historically, has always been an essentially liberal slur thrown at those who are faithful to the Holy Father.
		For Catholics it would be superfluous to ask whether Ultramontanism and Catholicism are the same thing: assuredly, those who combat Ultramontanis are in fact combating Catholicism, even when they disclaim the desire to oppose it.
		So we see clearly how absurd it is for ultra conservative or Integrist type papal critics to use especially this anachronistic term of the Church's old enemies polemically against those who defend the authority of the Holy Father---as defined by the First and Second Vatican Councils---today.
	tcrnews2.com /ultramontanism.html (780 words)

	Pius IX, the Church, and Modernity
		Extreme ultramontane statements: the Pope is "Vice-God of Mankind," the "Permanent Word Incarnate." There are "three incarnations of the Son of God," that is, in the womb of the Virgin Mary, in the Eucharist, and in "the old man in the Vatican" (Monsignor Mermillod).
		The Triumph of Ultramontanism and the opposition to modernity.
		Ultramontanism, for instance, stimulated anti-clericalism in France, it hardened oppositions and polarized attitudes along the lines of "Church versus modernity." It did this because Ultramontane newspapers were effective as agents of public communication and in gathering a popular following.
	www.etss.edu /hts/hts3/notes12.htm (1019 words)

	Johannes von Geissel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ultramontanism sought to promote greater centralization of power in the church hierarchy, strict clerical discipline, the revival of Thomistic theology, and mass demonstrations of popular piety.
		True to the ultramontane cause in 1848, Geissel determined to "free the church from the state's authority by means of the parliamentary system." He was elected to the Prussian national assembly along with five priests of the archdiocese.
		In 1848/49, Geissel ushered in what church historians call the period of "ultramontane victory." Geissel persecuted the enemies of the movement, thwarted progressive and liberal reform efforts within the church, and harnessed the popular religious revival to the ultramontane cause.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/dh/geisel.htm (753 words)

	Book 8, Chapter 11: A History of the Inquisition of Spain Vol. 4
		The Jesuits were therefore inevitably the allies of the Inquisition; they had conceived a strong hostility to Carlos III who, since his accession in 1759, had diminished their influence by dismissing from office those who were devoted to them.
		They were therefore compassionately allowed to return, under precautions that should scatter them where they should not trouble the public peace, but they speedily made their influence felt, and were busy in denouncing to the Inquisition as Jansenists all who did not share their blind devotion to the Holy See.
		Clément, then canon and treasurer of Auxerre, and subsequently Bishop of Versailles, was a self-appointed negotiator in 1768 to prevent the schism, which he thought was impending, and to unite all the courts in opposition to IJltra-montanism.
	libro.uca.edu /lea4/8lea11.htm (3952 words)

	Reply to Salmon's Infallibility
		Similarly, it is of course simply a mistake to say, as Salmon himself does, (S, page 109) that "modern Catholics seek to show that infallibility does not reside in Councils." The Church recognizes about twenty [now 21] Ecumenical Councils, and all their doctrinal definitions are accepted as infallible.
		Chapter 10 of the Abridgement is devoted to the Vatican Council, at which the Pope's infallibility was defined and the old theological controversy between Gallicans (who thought a Council superior to a Pope) and Ultramontanes was thus terminated by a conciliar act.
		In England, Ullathorne may be taken as a typical case of a man educated on the lines of the old theological Gallicanism who, by the date of the Vatican Council, had evolved into a supporter of the moderate Ultramontanism canonised in that Council's definition of faith.
	members.aol.com /philvaz/articles/num40.htm (3075 words)

	Pope Pius IX: Biography
		Ultramontanism began with Joseph de Maistre, as a reaction against Gallicanism and against Josephinism, seeking to free the church from the chains of secular control by binding it more closely with the papacy.
		On the other hand, the coming of the Second Empire stimulated the party led by Louis Veuillot, whose Ultramontanism was of the older sort, completely divorced from liberalism and seeking freedom for the church in an authoritarian state that would guard it against revolution.
		The criticism that must attach to Pius is that he allowed the council to put aside discussion on the wider issue, which was its original program, in favour of the narrower definition.
	bahai-library.com /resources/tablets-notes/lawh-pap/bio.html (2600 words)

	Melchior Diepenbrock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Diepenbrock's Romanticism and his aversion to the ultramontane movement separated him from the future course of German Catholicism.
		Ultramontanism was a movement to promote greater centralization of power in the hierarchy, a revival of Thomistic theology, strict discipline of the clergy, and mass demonstrations of popular piety.
		As a Romantic, Diepenbrock advocated mystical piety and asceticism with obedience to spiritual authority, but the church politics of the ultramontane movement and the revival of Thomistic theology were unpalatable to him.
	cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/dh/diepbrk.htm (790 words)

	raceandhistory.com - The History of Liberty
		He was member of Parliament, a noted figure in the Liberal Catholic movement and archenemy of Europe's Ultramontanism, part owner of the liberal newspaper The Rambler, a Lord in waiting to Queen Victoria, and known just as well as a moralist and critic of politics, as he was an historian.
		It was Dollinger whom Acton held responsible for purging him of such Whiggish tendencies as judging the past based on the standard of the present.
		Dollinger, who would later be excommunicated for his outspoken beliefs against Ultramontanism and papal infallibility, grew to become the greatest influence on the thoughts of Acton.
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/acton.htm (3906 words)

	Old Roman Catholic Church of North America - What IS Catholic?
		Our Ultramontane brother will note that there is no mention of submission to the pope as a requirement of Catholicity.
		Moreover, since historically, the pope has not been believed "everywhere, always, and by all" to hold universal jurisdiction over the Church or to be infallible, belief in these Ultramontane dicta, according to the Vincentian Canon, is not required of Catholics.
		As this issue goes to press, the harm extreme Ultramontanism has caused individual Catholics, many of them children, and the Church itself is tragically evident.
	www.orccna.org /ourfaith/emailnote.htm (633 words)

	World of Therese: I
		Gallicanism favored a strongly national church which was relatively independent of Rome, although technically "in communion" with the pope (whatever that actually meant in practice).
		The other tendency was Ultramontanism, which favored a very close collaboration between France and the papacy.
		The "good" reason for Ultramontanism in the nineteenth century was the need to respond to the post-revolutionary society with a strongly centralized church, uniform in doctrine, clerical lifestyle, discipline, and governed by an infallible pope and a watchful Roman Curia.
	carmelnet.org /chas/therese/worldof1.htm (2618 words)

	Dialogue: Is the Vatican I Proclamation of Papal Infallibility Non-Negotiable & Orthodox or <Radical Papal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Dialogue: Is the Vatican I Proclamation of Papal Infallibility Non-Negotiable and Orthodox or Papal Tyranny> and the Triumph of Ultramontanism?
		Call it "Ultramontanism" or "orthodox Catholicism" or whatever you want--fact is that on the witness of history it is militant radicalism.
		It is "historical" only in the sense that some of the biggest boneheads in Church history have held it and caused disgusting schisms in the Church on account of their refusal to even consider anything else--even other things presented on the basis of appeals to Tradition.
	ic.net /~erasmus/RAZ457.HTM (7981 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Kulturkampf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The principal leaders in the Kulturkampf were Bismarck, the Chancellor, and Falk, minister of worship, both of whom were supported by the enemies of the Church within and without Parliament.
		The aim was to destroy Ultramontanism or the papal influence in Germany and to set up a national Church subject to an omnipotent state.
		The causes of the Kulturkampf were various but especially might be mentioned: (1) the political party-life of Germany.
	www.catholic-forum.com /SAINTS/ncd04572.htm (872 words)

	The French Church Prior to the Revolution
		Some of these sentences were as clearly expressive of a definite idea as it was possible for language to frame.
		The circumstances and the issue of the strife involved a partial victory for Ultramontanism.
		As they were awaiting their fate in France a streak of genuine Gallican light shot across the leaden sky of their Ultramontanism.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /sheldon/france_pre_revolution.html (4979 words)

	Philologos \| Sketches of Jewish Social Life \| Chapter 15
		But if the early disciples were not to break at once and for ever with the Jewish community, such a direction was absolutely needful.
		For, though the Pharisees were only "an order," Pharisaism, like modern Ultramontanism, had not only become the leading direction of theological thought, but its principles were solemnly proclaimed, and universally acted upon— the latter, even by their opponents the Sadducees.
		A Sadducee in the Temple or on the seat of judgment would be obliged to act and decide precisely like a Pharisee.
	philologos.org /__eb-sjsl/chap15.htm (1700 words)

	Pius, VII Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Pius VII (1740-1823), who was pope from 1800 to 1823, began his reign with some sympathy for the liberal goals of the French Revolution, but under Napoleon he withdrew to a conservatism more consistent with the traditions of his Church.
		Forced into an ambiguous relationship with the French Empire and later with the restored Bourbon monarchy, Pius VII expended most of his energies combating the Gallican separatism of the state-dominated French clergy by emphasizing papal supremacy throughout the entire Church and by striving for a revival of Ultramontanism.
		Pius VII was born Luigi Barnabà Chiaramonti at Cesena, Italy, on Aug. 14, 1740.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/pius-vii (899 words)

	"Touch Not God’s Anointed"
		The papacy was loosing power, but she would not go down without a fight.
		This was the birth of "ultramontanism," a movement to argue the right of the papacy to rule globally.
		It is clear that Pius IX saw that the quickest way to win this argument was to declare an edict stating that, as God's delegated authority, he cannot be wrong.
	www.awildernessvoice.com /TouchNot.html (2151 words)

	EFM Glossary
		Liberal Catholicism (99) : Originally part of the Ultramontanism movement, largely defined by Felicite de Lamennais (1782-1854).
		Main point of difference with Ultramontanism was the desire to disestablish the Church.
		Key points were ; complete religious liberty, educational liberty, liberty of the press, liberty of association, universal suffrage, and decentralization in the form of increased local autonomy and self-government.
	oplnk.net /~ajackson/glossary/gloss_c.htm (1502 words)

	AllRefer.com - ultramontanism (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Branches, Schisms, And Heresies) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - ultramontanism (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Branches, Schisms, And Heresies) - Encyclopedia
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	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/U/ultramon.html (227 words)

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