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	Encyclopedia: Umayyad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Al-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I was an Umayyad Emir of Cordoba.
		al-Mundhir, of the Umayyad dynasty, was Emir of Cordoba from 886 to 888.
		Abdallah ibn Muhammad, of the Umayyad dynasty, was Emir of Cordoba from 888 to 912.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Umayyad (3045 words)

	c. The Umayyad Caliphate. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		MU’AWIYA I, THE FOUNDER OF THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY.
		The isle of Rhodes was taken by the Umayyads.
		In 685–87 the Umayyads also faced the revolt organized in Kufa by al-Mukhtar on behalf of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a son of Ali by a concubine.
	www.bartleby.com /67/289.html (720 words)

	Umayyad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads.
		The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic بنو أمية banū umayya / الأمويون al-umawiyyūn); Persian امویان (Omaviyân), Turkish, Emevi,) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, and the capital of the caliphate was moved to Damascus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Umayyad (417 words)

	Umayyad Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		With the Umayyad dynasty, the political center of Islam shifts from Medina to Syria.
		The dynasty survived roughly a century until overthrown by the 'Abbasids in 750 CE.
		The capital of Umayyad Spain was at Cordoba.
	users.telerama.com /~jdehullu/islam/more_006.htm (325 words)

	Umayyads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Umayyads were the descendants of Ummayya ibn Abdi sh-Shams, a member of the Quraysh family of Mecca.
		The time of the Umayyads was not a time of conversion to Islam, as people converting to Islam, were exempted from certain taxes, like the jizya, the tax of the dhimmis.
		The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the Abbasids.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ummawiyy.htm (410 words)

	Marwan I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan to those of Hakam, both of whom were grandsons of Umayya (for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named).
		Marwan's short reign was marked by a civil war among the Umayyads as well as a war against Abdullah bin Zubayr who continued to rule over the Hejaz, Iraq, Egypt and parts of Syria.
		Marwan was able to win the Umayyad civil war, the result of which was a new Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marwan_I (256 words)

	Umayyads
		The Umayyad house was one of the major clans of the Quraysh tribe.
		Discontent with the Umayyad regime manifested itself with the rebellion of Zayd b.
		Only one Umayyad, Abd al-Rahman, escaped: he fled to Spain where he established the dynasty of the Umayyads of Cordoba.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/denise/umayyads.htm (650 words)

	Umayyads
		The Umayyads were an Islamic dynasty established by the caliph Muawiyah I (Mu'awiya) in 661.
		The Umayyad period was characterized by Arabization--the spread and intermarriage of Arabs with native peoples and the adoption of Arabic as the common language within the empire.
		The dynasty collapsed because of internal tribal and geographical rivalries and a return to the principles of Islam as the foundation of the state.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/umayyad.htm (901 words)

	The Abassid Dynasty
		The Umayyads had always been outsiders—as a wealthy clan in Mecca, they had opposed Muhammad—and the secularism and sometime degeneracy that accompanied their caliphate delegitimized their rule for many devout Muslims.
		The Umayyad caliphate flourished in Spain for the next three centuries and the Islamic culture that grew on this fertile soil, the Moorish culture, was dramatically different from the Iranian-Semitic culture that grew up around the 'Abbasid Caliphate.
		In the earliest years, there is a remarkable consolidation in the regions where Islam spreads—there is by and large an acceptance of a central authority, a government structure, a religion, a language, and a cultural chauvinism.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ISLAM/ABASSID.HTM (1383 words)

	ayatollah - In the Shiite branch of Islam, a high-ranking religious authority regarded by his followers as the most ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Almoravid dynasty -Berber dynasty that succeeded the Fatimid dynasty in the Maghrib.
		The Fatimid dynasty proclaimed a new caliphate in 920; Abd al-Rahman III announced one in opposition to both the Abbasids and the Fatimids in 928.
		The dynasty's rulers, descended from Timur and Genghis Khan, included unusually talented rulers over the course of seven generations, and the dynasty was further distinguished by its emperors' efforts to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state.
	www.gc.peachnet.edu /socsci/ehancock/BULLI/Islam-terms.htm (3590 words)

	Arabia - History - Umayyad Dynasty (Ommiade Dynasty)
		Victorious abroad, his dynasty, generally called by European authors the "Ommiade," from the name of Omeyyah, father of the race, was for its first, forty years harassed by frequent insurrections within the limits of the empire.
		The initial disturbances from which all that succeeded directly or indirectly took rise, were due to the intrigues of the two sons of Ali, Hasan and Hoseyn, both of whom were deeply imbued with Persian superstition, and who thereby soon gave the schism that they headed a religious as well as a political character.
		But their personal merits were unavailing against the downward progress of disorganization, the necessary result of an essentially defective system of government, and rapid territorial extension out of all proportion with the means of consolidation; and the latter years of their dynasty present a melancholy scene of turbulence and confusion.
	www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/ARA/arabia-42.html (868 words)

	Civil War and the Umayyad Dynasty
		The Umayyads continued to pass the Caliphate down through the ages among their family; but their now existed in Iraq a separate Islamic community that did not recognize the authority of the Umayyad Caliphs.
		Throughout the Umayyad and the early Abassid period, the Kharjite movement was the center of almost all the opposition to these two caliphate dynasties.
		But the Umayyads seem to be fairly uninterested in religious questions or the religious obligations of their position—it is rather as secular and secularizing rulers that their interest and greatness lies.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ISLAM/UMAY.HTM (2249 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The shift in power to Damascus, the Umayyad capital city, was to have profound effects on the development of Islamic history.
		With the advent of the Umayyads, how ever, secular concerns and the problems inherent in the administration of what, by then, was a large empire began to dominate the attention of the caliphs, often at the expense of religious concerns - a development that disturbed many devout Muslims.
		The criticisms that religious men in Medina and elsewhere had voiced of Umayyad policy - particularly the pursuit of worldly goals - were not lost on 'Umar who, reversing the policy of his predecessors, discontinued the levy of a poll tax on converts.
	www.islamicity.org /Mosque/IHAME/sec4.htm (1225 words)

	Umayyads - History for Kids!
		After the death of Mohammed in 632 AD, the leadership of the new religion, and of the newly united Arab tribes, was taken over by Mohammed's upper-class father-in-law (through his second wife) Abu Bakr.
		The Sunnis won, and established the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital at Damascus in Syria.
		In Jerusalem, the Umayyads built the first major mosque, the Dome of the Rock, on the site of Solomon's Temple (and the place where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac).
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/islam/history/umayyads.htm (571 words)

	Islamic History: The Umayyad Dynasty - ReligionFacts.com
		The Umayyad family established a system of hereditary succession for the leader of the Muslim world.
		At the same time the Umayyads had dedicated their prestige to conquering the Byzantine empire, and started running into real opposition from the Orthodox provinces.
		Thus there was a revolution in 750, and a new dynasty, the Abbasids, took the caliphate, marking the transition to a more settled empire and a, disputed, golden age.
	www.religionfacts.com /islam/history/umayyad.htm (157 words)

	Dynasties and Empires - 30-Days Muslim World Prayer Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The next fourteen hundred years are a remarkable story of dynasties and empires struggling for power across the globe.
		The successor dynasty, Abbasid caliphate (750 — 1258), brought the rule of Islam into a new dimension of political power and wealth.
		Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid caliphs, became a major center for the political and economical activity of the empire.
	www.30-days.net /islam/empires.htm (548 words)

	755 - 1002 Umayyad Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A sub-branch of the Umayyad family ruled Spain from 755 until 1030.
		Although puppet Caliphs lingered on until 1031, the power of the Umayyad's was broken by 1002 when the vizier Al-Mansur died.
		The Umayyad Abd al-Rahman I crosses to Spain, defeats Yusuf al-Fihri, and becomes independent emir of Spain (Collins, 1983).
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/0711/0755.htm (981 words)

	Umayyad- Sepola Search 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		UMAYYADS, the first Muslim dynasty (661-750) The Umayyad house was one of the major clans of the Quraysh tribe.
		The Umayyad capital from 929 to 1031 was...
		The new rulers, of the Umayyad Dynasty (660-750), aimed at changing the character of the city from...
	www.sepola.com /Umayyad.html (1352 words)

	Umayyad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Umayyad Dynasty (ummawiyy) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan clan.
		He founded the dynasty and set the capitol to Damascus.
		The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid dynasty.
	usapedia.com /u/umayyad.html (132 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Caliphate and the First Islamic Dynasty (Umayyad Dynasty) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Umayyad Dynasty, begun by Mu'awiya, was in place for nearly 100 years, with Mu'awiya ruling for the first 20 years.
		The Umayyads established the practice of hereditary succession for the caliph, the leader of the Muslim world.
		The Umayyads were also responsible for the Muslim conquest of North Africa, Spain, and Central Asia.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/caliphate/umayyad.html (185 words)

	UMAYYAD FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic بنو أمية; ''banÅ« umayya'' / الأمويون ''al-umawiyyÅ«n''); Persian امویان (OmaviyÃ¢n), Turkish, Emevi,) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish.
		The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid dynasty after their defeat in the Battle_of_the_Zab in 750, following which most of the clan was massacred by the Abbasids.
		An Umayyad prince, Abd-ar-rahman_I, took over the Muslim territory in Al-Andalus (Hispania) and founded a new Umayyad dynasty there.
	www.igopay.com /Umayyad (372 words)

	Damascus, Syria (Homs Online - Homsonline.com)
		Once the capital of the Umayyad Dynasty, it now houses the Syrian Government and with a population of 3.5 million, is the hub of Syrian economic affairs.
		The tomb of John the Baptist (Prophet Yahia in the Quran) is situated in the Grand Umayyad Mosque in the centre of the old city.
		The Umayyad Mosque is the symbol of Damascus.
	www.homsonline.com /Citeis/Damascus.htm (1041 words)

	Islam and Fragmentation, to 1200 CE
		Umayyads Caliphs from Yazid to Umar II In the late 670s the aging caliph Mu'awiyah nominated as his successor the son of his favorite wife, a wife who was a Christian.
		From among the ruling Umayyad family a conspiracy arose against him, which was joined by some generals from Syria's army - an army tired of constant campaigning.
		The graves of the Umayyad caliphs were opened and their corpses burned - except for the pious Umar II, still seen by many as a good caliph.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h08is.htm (4932 words)

	Aanjar: Commercial Hub of the Umayyad Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Umayyad Dynasty, which flourished for 100 years (660-750 AD) in the first century after Mohammed, was the first of two dynasties of the Arab Islamic empire.
		The Umayyad caliphs were notable for establishing a large empire, which extended from Spain, through North Africa, to Central Asia.
		It was built at a strategic location on the main caravan routes between the inland Umayyad capital of Damascus (Syria) and the coast, close to the abundant spring of Ain Gerrha and near the rich agricultural land of the Bekaa.
	www.destinationlebanon.com /anjarmore.asp (303 words)

	New Page 1
		But once leadership is firmly vested in the members of the family qualified to exercise royal authority in the dynasty, and once (royal authority) has been passed on by inheritance over many generations and through successive dynasties, the beginnings are forgotten, and the members of that family are clearly marked as leaders.
		It applies only to the later stages, after the dynasty has been established and after royal authority has become firmly anchored in a given family and its people have adopted (their) definite coloring.
		He did not realize how a dynasty originally comes to power, nor that only those who share in a group feeling are able to accomplish (the formation of a dynasty).
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_02.htm (1095 words)

	Umayyad -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first dynasty reigned from (Click link for more info and facts about 661) 661 to (Click link for more info and facts about 750) 750.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, the capital was moved to (An ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus) Damascus.
		An Umayyad prince, (Click link for more info and facts about Abd-ar-rahman I) Abd-ar-rahman I, took over the Muslim territory in (A parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power) Spain and founded a new Umayyad dynasty there.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/um/umayyad.htm (1128 words)

	History of the Muslims, empires of Islam
		Ali was assassinated in 661 by Muawiyah, the founder of the Umayyad Dynasty, who took his place as caliph.
		The Umayyads were relatives of Uthman, the Third Righteous Caliph, and presented themselves as continuing the authority of the four preceding leaders.
		In 755, the UMAYYAD DYNASTY was ousted in Damascus, replaced by the ABBASID DYNASTY which resided in Baghdad.
	biblia.com /islam/history.htm (2490 words)

	The Umayyad Achievements in Jerusalem as a source of Legitimacy that occurred during the Umayyad Dynasty.
		The Umayyad Achievements in Jerusalem as a source of Legitimacy that occurred during the Umayyad Dynasty.
		Below is a short sample of the essay "The Umayyad Achievements in Jerusalem as a source of Legitimacy that occurred during the Umayyad Dynasty.".
		Subsequent Umayyad rulers were unable to re-unify the empire under the Umayyad banner.
	www.coursework.info /i/30345.html (481 words)

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