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Topic: Umbrian language

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	Umbrian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Umbrians inhabited the north-eastern Italian districts and were in close contact with Etruscan civilization and with other non-Indo-European peoples of Italy.
		Umbrian morphology was much alike Oscan, and changes did not influence it.
		Umbrian was the first to influence Latin, as it did not disappear in first centuries AD, and many guess, that this language was one of the main mothertongues of Popular Latin.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/tree/umbrian.html (342 words)

	Umbrian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Umbrian phonetics lost some of Indo-European vowels, practically all diphthongs, and it had a strong tendency for disappearance of final consonants.
		Umbrian was the first to influence Latin, as it did not disappear until the first centuries A.D.; many guess that this language was one of the main mother tongues of Popular Latin.
		But Latin after all assimilated Umbrian, and we are able to judge all elements of the language only by using ancient texts, of which the Iguvian Tables are the main source.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/ital/umbrian.html (353 words)

	Umbrian
		Umbrian is a dead language formerly used in Umbria, Italy.
		It is known primarily from the Tabulæ Iguvinæ (Iguvium = Gubbio[?]), seven bronze plates which contain some notes on the ceremonies and statutes for priests.
		Currently, the term is used to indicate the regional dialect of the Italian language.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/um/Umbrian.html (49 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Umbrian
		Italic languages subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages that may be divided into two groups.
		The first group consists of the ancient Italic languages and dialects that were once spoken in Italy.
		His art belongs to the Umbrian school and reveals his indebtedness to Perugino and Pinturicchio and to Raphael in the Umbrian period.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Umbrian (560 words)

	Umbrian - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Umbrian, extinct language belonging to the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Umbrian cuisine that goes beyond; Tano's worldly menu is the body eclectic.(New York City Italian restaurant)(Brief Article)
		For years, abstract painter Megan Williamson traveled to Italy where she painted the Umbrian countryside.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-umbrian.html (223 words)

	Classification of the Languages
		Phoenician is a known language, so it was possible to compare the two texts, and though the Phoenician turned out not to be a literal translation of the Etruscan, the content was similar enough to prove useful.
		The phonetic characteristics of the language are quite dissimilar from the languages surrounding it.
		Medial vowels tended to be dropped in the later phases of the language: e.g.
	www.evolpub.com /LCA/VTLfacts.html (1322 words)

	Buck's Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: Introduction
		We must, rather, assume that the Oscans were simply a detached branch of the Samnites, speaking essentially the same language; and the principal reason why this language was called Oscan rather than Samnitic is that it was among the Oscans that the Greeks and Romans first came in contact with it.
		The New Umbrian tables may date from the early part of the first century B.C. How much earlier the Old Umbrian tables are it is impossible to say; different parts were inscribed at different times, and even the relative order is not fully determined.
		But the Samnites and their language occupy such a preëminent position that they are best grouped by themselves, and we may, for convenience, reserve the name Sabellian for the closely related minor tribes and dialects.
	www.forumromanum.org /latin/buck_1.html (5219 words)

	Etruscan Language
		The language continued to be used in a religious context until late antiquity; the final record of such use relates to the invasion of Rome by Alaric, chief of the Visigoths, in 410 CE,(1) when Etruscan priests were summoned to conjure lightning against the barbarians.
		The apparent isolation of the Etruscan language had already been noted by the ancients; it is confirmed by repeated and vain attempts of some to assign it to one of the various linguistic groups or types of the Mediterranean and Eurasian world.
		However, there are in fact connections with Indo-European languages, particularly with the Italic languages, and also with more or less known non-Indo-European languages of western Asia and the Caucasus, the Aegean, Italy, and the Alpine zone as well as with the relics of the Mediterranean linguistic substrata revealed by place-names.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /language.html (1671 words)

	Italic languages — FactMonster.com
		The ancient Italic languages, with the exception of Latin, are now preserved chiefly in inscriptions, although occasional references in ancient authors and a number of proper and place names furnish added evidence.
		Umbrian, which was current in the region of Umbria in central Italy NE of Rome, was superseded by Latin in time.
		Umbrian - Umbrian, extinct language belonging to the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0825674.html (389 words)

	The Etruscan Language in General
		Unlike all the other languages of Europe, except for Basque, Hungarian and Finnish, Etruscan does not belong to the great Indo-European family of languages spoken from around 4000 BCE by groups of people migrating from a region in central Europe around the Baltic area, as far east as India and as far west as Ireland.
		The Etruscan language which read on the earliest inscriptions in Etruria had evidently already been spoken in the area for long time, and it provides proof of the Etruscans' relationship with their neighbours.
		The Iguvine Tablets, for example, in the Umbrian language, are 'quasi-bilingual', written partly in the Etruscan and partly in a Latin alphabet, and resemble religious inscriptions of Etruria in both structure and content.
	users.tpg.com.au /etr/etrusk/tex/lang.html (1234 words)

	A.C. Seward, "Darwin and Modern Science," 1909 - Chapter 26 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A scientific knowledge of language can be obtained only by comparison of different languages of the same family and the contrasting of their characteristics with those of another family or other families.
		The various groups of languages that are distinguished in philology as primitive, fundamental, parent, and daughter languages, dialects, etc., correspond entirely in their development to the different categories which we classify in zoology and botany as stems, classes, orders, families, genera, species and varieties.
		Regarded physiologically, language is a function or potentiality of certain human organs; regarded from the point of view of the community it is of the nature of an institution.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /library/modern-science/chapter26.html (6114 words)

	Umbrian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the modern Italian dialect, see Umbrian language (Romance).
		Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken in the ancient Italian region of Umbria.
		Languages in Iron Age Italy, 6th century BC Umbrian is known from about 30 inscriptions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Umbrian (154 words)

	Linguist List - Web Resource Listings
		Language Aid: Language Aid International is an NGO that promotes the study of both local and foreign languages.
		Language Miniatures: A site on which 900-word essays are posted once a month in which a topic relating to all aspects of language and linguistics is presented in an easily readable, non-technical way.
		The language partner is someone who speaks the language you study as their native language and is studying your native language.
	linguistlist.org /sp/LangAnalysis.html (7646 words)

	Latin
		Pre-Roman Italy was filled with predominantly Italic speakers with speakers of Umbrian to the north, and speakers of Oscan to the south, although Etruscan speakers, a non-Indo-European language, were also to the north (43-44).
		If we take mutual intelligibility of verbal messages to be a basic criterion of language identity, then the decisive linguistic gap between the language of a Latin text and the spoken usage of the population manifested itself some time between 620-630 and the middle of the 8th century, or soon thereafter.
		Approaching the disintegration of Latin as the unified spoken language among the masses, “it can be supposed that by 760-770 at the latest, the population at large was already unable to understand, without special help and explanation, a Latin text as simple as the Lord’s Prayer” (Herman 372).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/latin.html (2478 words)

	Umbria
		Etymology: The name of the old Umbrian town, later a Roman colony, is usually explained as epi-isaurum 'upon the Isaurus', from the IE preposition epi 'at, by', as in Opitergium (Venetia), and the name of the river.
		The language of the Umbrians is that of the Tabulae Iguvinae, and belongs to the Eastern Italic (or Osco-Umbrian) group.
		The names that show the typical traits of this language group (initial f from the IE aspirated voiced stops, development of the labiovelars into labials, vowelization of the sonants, etc.) are spread across the whole region.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /asciatopo/umbria.html (3124 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| Basque Language and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Basque is the sole surviving non-Indo-European language in Western Europe, it is classified as a language isolate.
		Besides Indo-European, there are to be found languages of four other families in Europe; the Uralic family and the Altaic stock are represented, and we have to add two language families in the Caucasian area, namely South Caucasian and North Caucasian.
		Estonian, Finnish and Saami (Lapp) are languages belonging to the Finnic branch of Finno-Ugric, Hungarian represents Ugric.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /blessons/mowstr.html (6025 words)

	Languages of Classical Antiquity series
		The LCA series offers classicists and historical linguists important reprints from the last century, many of which are still regarded as the seminal treatments of these languages in English, from such notable scholars as Carl Darling Buck and R. Conway.
		Umbrian, an Italic Indo-European language, was spoken by the Umbrii in central Italy (modern-day Umbria).
		Even after a century, Buck's Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian is still regarded as the authoritative English treatment of these languages, which were spoken on the Italian peninsula during the Roman Republic.
	www.evolpub.com /LCA/LCAseries.html (834 words)

	Maps of Indo-European Languages-Osco-Umbrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Umbrian (the upper left circle) was spoken by those Indo-European tribes inhabiting the area north and west of Rome.
		Oscan (the lower right circle) was the language spoken by the Samnites and the tribes of the southern Italian peninsula except for the extreme projections of Italy's "heel" and "toe." Both the Oscan and Umbrian languages were very similar to Latin.
		Etruscan then died out as a language; Faliscan, Oscan, and Umbrian were probably absorbed into the new Latin-speaking entity, which, under the Roman Empire, spread across Europe.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Centum_Osco-Umbrian.html (234 words)

	Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -
		Their language is usually classified as a Nupoid variety within the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family.
		a language cluster that constitutes a subbranch of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family.
		The tables are written in the Umbrian language, four and part of a fifth using the Umbrian script, the rest Latin characters.
	www.britannica.com.au /britannica_browse/i/i5.html (1661 words)

	When do people learn languages?
		This is most easily seen among children of immigrants, whether they come from differing language backgrounds or merely diffferent dialect areas: the children invariably come to speak the dialect of their neighborhood and school, not that of their parents.
		Modern media are often blamed for spreading language, but this is doubtful: people don't try to speak like radio announcers and TV actors; they try to speak like the other people in their neighborhood, school, or barracks.
		Language death involves a steady shrinkage in the areas where the language is spoken; and defeat is already in sight if the language is only spoken at home.
	www.zompist.com /whylang.html (5817 words)

	Umbrian
		Lindsey, W. Brief historical grammar of the Latin language.
		Tronsky, I. A Historical Grammar of the Latin Language.
		Fasmer, M. The Etymological dictionary of the Russian language.
	www.wordgumbo.com /ie/cmp/umbr.htm (143 words)

	Perusna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The modern city of Perugia (Roman PERUSIA) Etruscan Perusna (?), is capital of Perugia province and Umbria region, in central Italy, It lies on an irregular cluster of hills overlooking the Umbrian and central Tiber valleys and Lake Trasimeno.
		Built on an original Umbrian settlement, it was a major city and stronghold of the Etruscan League of 12 which was finally captured by Rome in 310 BCE.
		References to Etruscan Perugia are included in the writings of the Greek historian and geographer Strabo, and these allow us to reconstruct an image of an advanced civilisation strongly influenced by Etruria while, to a large extent still retaining its (Indo European) Umbrian language and customs.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /perusna.html (484 words)

	Volscian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		They occupied a rather large region in Central Italy, and carried a language obviously related to Umbrian and Oscan, closer to Umbrian.
		The Volscian alphabet (see the picture) is of Latin origin, with a backwards C for Ç, a sibilant which was also used in Umbrian.
		As for the other central Italian dialects, such as Marsian, Aequian, Hernican and Sabine, they also seem to belong to the Volsco-Umbrian subgroup, though, close as they were geographically to Rome, were subject to Latin influence very early on.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/tree/volscian.html (181 words)

	Umbrian - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		- language of ancient Umbria: an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
		Apennines, mountain chain, Italy, extending from the Ligurian Alps in the northwest through the length of the Italian Peninsula to the Strait of...
		Italic Languages, subdivision of the Indo-European languages, in its broadest sense considered to be a subfamily that includes Latin, its modern...
	encarta.msn.com /Umbrian.html (100 words)

	Osco-Umbrian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The following languages belong to this group: languages of the Umbrian group (the Umbrian language, the Aequian language, the Volscian language, and the Marsian language), the Oscan language, and the South Picene language.
		Sabellic was the name originally given by Theodor Mommsen in his Unteritalische Dialekte to the pre-Roman dialects of Central Italy which were neither Oscan nor Umbrian.
		The North Picene language was considered Sabellic; it is now believed to be a non-Indo-European language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages (178 words)

	Candida Martinelli's Italophile Site (Italian Language)
		Perugia is an Umbrian hillside town where the government runs a language school to train foreign students for entry into Italian universities.
		The good news is that the Italian language has a small number of words compared to the English language.
		Now the area is a seaside resort, and the school offers language and cooking courses for individuals and groups, children and adults, and for teachers of Italian.
	italophiles.com /italian_language_a_recent_invent.htm (1383 words)

	LSA: Publications
		The LSA urges contributors to Language to be sensitive to the social implications of language choice and to seek wording free of discriminatory overtones.
		Transliterate or transcribe all forms in any language not normally written with the Latin alphabet, including Greek, unless there is a compelling reason for using the original orthography.
		Names of languages used as adjectives are often abbreviated prenominally; the editors follow the practice of Merriam-Webster dictionaries for these abbreviations.
	www.lsadc.org /info/pubs-lang-style.cfm (1732 words)

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