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	Umkhonto we Sizwe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated Spear of the Nation, was the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC).
		Founded December 16, 1961, by the ANC and South African Communist Party (SACP) as the answer to the political, social and economical oppression against fls by the South African Apartheid regime.
		Collection of Umkhonto we Sizwe documents - from the ANC; including timeline and manifesto
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe (289 words)

	Manifesto of umKhonto we Sizwe
		Umkhonto we Sizwe is a new, independent body, formed by Africans, It includes in its ranks South Africans of all races It is not connected in any way with a so-called 'Committee for National Liberation' whose existence has been announced in the press.
		Umkhonto we Sizwe will carry on the struggle for freedom and democracy by new methods, which are necessary to complement the actions of the established national liberation organisations.
		Umkhonto we Sizwe fully supports the national liberation movement, and our members jointly and individually, place themselves under the overall political guidance of that movement.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html (687 words)

	ireland.com - The Irish Times - IRELAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I deny that Umkhonto was responsible for a number of acts which clearly fell outside the policy of the organisation, but which have been charged in the indictment against us.
		Umkhonto was to perform sabotage, and strict instructions were given to each member right from the start, that on no account were they to injure or kill people in planning or carrying out operations.
		Of course I referred to Umkhonto we Sizwe, but it cannot be true to say that they heard from me for the first time that this was the name, or that it was a military wing of the ANC, a phrase much used by the State in this trial.
	www.ireland.com /newspaper/special/2001/mandela (14230 words)

	Nelson Mandela Defiant At Rivonia Trial
		This trial began on November 26th last year after ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe leaders had been arrested in July in the Johannesburg suburb of Rivonia, hence the trial's name.
		The prosecution's case against the ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe members, being forcefully presented by the chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar, deputy attorney-general of the Transvaal, lasted some three months and ended some six weeks ago at the beginning of March.
		Umkhonto was formed as a direct result of this shift in policy, in November 1961 and it was a move that put Mandela and his fellow activists on a direct collision course with the government.
	www.dailypast.com /africa/mandela.shtml (1117 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Umkhonto we Sizwe
		Umkhonto we Sizwe (Zulu for “Spear of the Nation”), also known as MK, the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC), formed in 1961 and...
		South Africa: Umkhonto we Sizwe, armed struggle against apartheid
		In 1961, in response to the government’s actions, the ANC organized Umkhonto we Sizwe (Zulu for “Spear of the Nation”) to conduct an armed struggle...
	encarta.msn.com /Umkhonto_we_Sizwe.html (115 words)

	Nelson Mandela, Non Violence & Sri Lanka Foreign Minister
		On 16 December 1961 acts of sabotage marked the emergence of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) which was later to become the armed wing of the ANC.
		Leaflet issued by Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) on 16 December 1961.
		Umkhonto we Sizwe is a new, independent body, formed by Africans.
	www.tamilnation.org /ideology/mandela.htm (1550 words)

	Rusty Bernstein writes on Ahmed Kathy Kathrada
		He exercised the right which was open to ALL members of the liberation movement at the time to opt in or opt out of Umkhonto; but he never denied the right of the majority to do what they did, nor did he ever dissociate himself from them when they exercised their own right to act.
		The miscarriage of justice in his case was the worst of all the infamies perpetrated by the State and Judge de Wet in that trial, and he is entitled to have that fact made clear on every opportunity.
		He went ^ to a life sentence without appeal out of solidarity and loyalty with the ANC and Umkhonto, in support of his belief that they had total justification for their stance even though he personally disagreed with it.
	www.rusty-bernstein.com /rusty_on_ahmed_kathrada.htm (749 words)

	South African Military History Society - Journal- UMKHONTO WE SIZWE
		The history of Umkhonto We Sizwe is under-recorded in the annals of our national military history and it is hoped that this article will provide 'pointers' for future research in this area.
		The creation of Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK) in 1961 witnessed the emergence of new tradition in South Africa's military history.
		It represented the creation of a modern guerilla army, inseparably part of a broader liberation movement, that had as its mission the pursuit of a guerilla war against the armed forces of the State in support of the political programme of the African National Congress (ANC).
	rapidttp.com /milhist/vol115rw.html (8503 words)

	Inside Quadro
		The first-hand testimony by former combatants of Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) about the ANC prison regime, together with press reports that began to appear in Britain in March this year, are an event in South African history.
		In 1968 a batch of Umkhonto defectors from camps in Tanzania sought asylum in Kenya, alleging that there was widespread dissatisfaction within the camps.
		Umkhonto we Sizwe functioned as an extension in Africa of the KGB.
	www.marxists.org /archive/hirson/1990/quadro.htm (17304 words)

	Tatamkhulu Afrika - Wikipedia
		Hy is in Egipte in 1920 gebore en het in Suid-Afrika as 'n jong kind aangekom.
		Hy het in die Tweede Wêreldoorlog geveg, en was 'n lid van Umkhonto we Sizwe, die ANC se militêre vleuel.
		Hy het sy eerste boek, Broken Earth, geskryf toe hy net sewentien was, maar dit was meer as vyftig jaar voor sy volgende publikasie, Nine Lives, die lig gesien het.
	af.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tatamkhulu_Afrika (127 words)

	1981 in South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		14 April - A section of railway line between Richards Bay and Vryheid is destroyed by Umkhonto we Sizwe and coal trucks derailed
		21 October - Umkhonto we Sizwe destroy a transformer in Evander and a water pipeline feeding Sasol III in Secunda
		11 August - Sizwe Khondile, a student activist is killed at Komatipoort by the Vlakplaas counter-insurgency unit
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1981_in_South_Africa (725 words)

	MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
		Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) • Faction
		The ANC formed a military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (aka MK or Spear of the Nation), to lead its terrorist attacks.
		ANC and Umkhonto directed their terrorist attacks against facilities and did not directly target people.
	www.tkb.org /Group.jsp?groupID=305 (674 words)

	Umkhonto we Sizwe -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Umkhonto we Sizwe -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) (Spear of the Nation) was the military wing of the (Click link for more info and facts about African National Congress) African National Congress (ANC).
		For a time it was headquartered in Rivonia, the suburb of (City in the northeastern part of South Africa near Pretoria; commercial center for diamond and gold industries) Johannesburg.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/U/Um/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe.htm (320 words)

	Umkhonto we Sizwe (Military wing of the African National Congress): (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Umkhonto We Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation") was founded partly in response to the notorious Sharpeville Massacre of March 1960.
		Its leader, Nelson Mandela, was to be arrested shortly after this manifesto was published, eventually being sentenced to life in prison, though he was released in 1990, with the end of apartheid.
		On 16th December, 1961, Umkhonto We Sizwe, military wing of the ANC, made it known that we, the oppressed people of South Africa, would fight for our rights.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/sources/docs/mk-manifesto.htm (1112 words)

	Umkhonto we Sizwe Documents
		Statement by O R Tambo on the Twentieth Anniversary of Umkhonto we Sizwe, 17 December 1981
		'Umkhonto we Sizwe - Born of the People': Statement of the NEC on the 25th Anniversary of the Formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe, 16 December 1986
		Message from the Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, on the 25th Anniversary of Umkhonto we Sizwe, 16 December 1986
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/mk (401 words)

	INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE - PASSION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1944 he joined the African National Congress (ANC), a fl nationalist movement, and spent his life engaged in resistance against the ruling government’s policy of apartheid, the legal separation of races.
		After the South African government banned the ANC in 1960, Mandela argued for the creation of a military wing within the ANC, which led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
		In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government.
	www.olympic.org /uk/passion/humanity/mandela_uk.asp (355 words)

	Umkhonto nosotros Sizwe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Umkhonto Sizwe (MK) (lanza de la nación) éramos el ala militar del congreso nacional africano (ANC).
		Umkhonto nos Sizwe desmovilizaron oficialmente el 1 de agosto de 1990.
		English version: Umkhonto we Sizwe Next: Rafael Limon Up
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/um/Umkhonto%20nosotros%20Sizwe.htm (238 words)

	Mandela's name comes off US terror list : SF Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In all instances, if they apply as government ministers, they receive special dispensation to travel to the US, but if they apply as private citizens, their visas are rejected, particularly since the US has tightened visa applications in its "war against terror".
		The removal of the three ANC stalwarts from the list appears to have been a pre-emptive move to avert a potentially damaging court case threatened by Sexwale, a Johannesburg businessman and former Umkhonto we Sizwe commander.
		Sexwale and Mufamadi, also a senior member in Umkhonto we Sizwe, had convictions against them by the apartheid government.
	sf.indymedia.org /print.php?id=1636654 (673 words)

	MK soldiers' families find peace - SouthAfrica.info
		Families of South African freedom fighters found peace when the remains of five soldiers of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the former armed wing of the African National Congress, were returned to their loved ones on Sunday.
		Umkhonto we Sizwe now forms part of the South African National Defence Force.
		The exhumation of the bodies was recommended by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to bring closure to the families of those killed by security forces during the apartheid era.
	www.southafrica.info /what_happening/news/mk-soldiers-110705.htm (635 words)

	nelson mandela
		In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC.
		This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
		In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence.
	www.angelfire.com /al3/kayarda/nelson.html (507 words)

	c. South Africa. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ANC formed an underground armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, to carry out a campaign of sabotage against government installations.
		Arrest of the Umkhonto we Sizwe high command.
		The Rivonia Trial,”; charging the group with sabotage, led to life terms (imposed in 1964) for Nelson Mandela and much of the ANC top leadership.
	www.bartleby.com /67/4477.html (267 words)

	A Biography of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
		It was during this time that he, together with other leaders of the ANC constituted a new specialised section of the liberation movement, Umkhonto we Sizwe, as an armed nucleus with a view to preparing for armed struggle.
		In 1961 Umkhonto we Sizwe was formed, with Mandela as its commander-in-chief.
		During this trip Mandela, anticipating an intensification of the armed struggle, began to arrange guerrilla training for members of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
	www.places.co.za /html/bio_n_mandela.html (1418 words)

	The Militant - February 23, 2004 -- Mandela defends freedom fighters in ’63 trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They were charged with 193 acts of sabotage carried out by individuals recruited by the accused in their capacity as members of the High Command of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), the military wing of the African National Congress.
		During the trial, Mandela, who was Umkhonto’s first commander-in-chief, chose not to submit evidence in his defense or to be cross-examined, but only to make a statement.
		Below are excerpts from Mandela’s statement, which appears in its entirety in the final section of Habla Nelson Mandela, entitled El juicio de Rivonia (The Rivonia Trial.) Copyright © 1986 by Pathfinder Press, reprinted by permission.
	www.themilitant.com /2004/6807/680749.html (1014 words)

	frontline: the long walk of nelson mandela: interviews: joe matthews
		When he decided that we should establish a underground violent movement, he did tell me that this is what he wants to propose, and we discussed the possible name--what would we call this organization...
		He thought we should have an indigenous name, and we eventually got to Spear of the Nation, which is Umkhonto we Sizwe, but that was after quite a long discussion with him.
		And the link between the ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe came much later, in fact in exile.
	pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/interviews/matthews2.html (4330 words)

	Encyclopedia: Umkhonto-we-Sizwe
		The African National Congress (ANC) is a center-left political party, and has been South Africas governing party (in a coalition) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994.
		The term terrorism is controversial and has many definitions, none of which are universally accepted.
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe (835 words)

	16 December 1961 - Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) launches its Sabotage Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) launches its Sabotage Campaign
		Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) launches its sabotage campaign with at least ten attacks in Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg.
		Though the attacks caused minimal damage, it was part of the announcement of its existence, as posters were put up in the major centres.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/chronology/thisday/1961-12-16-short.htm (82 words)

	Africa Stage: Monica Dispatch - June 12, 1999
		The Umkhonto we Sizwe(Spear of the Nation) movement, came to life by the ANC on Dingane's Day, 16 December 1961.
		Umkhonto we Sizwe will carry on the struggle for freedom and democracy by new methods, which are necessary to complement the actions of the established national liberation movement...
		On 16 June 1976, fifteen thousand schoolchildren gathered in the South-Western Township of Soweto, near Johannesburg, to protest against the ruling that Afrikaans, the language of the oppressors, would be used to teach half of all secondary-school classes.
	www.worldtrek.org /odyssey/africa/061299/061299monicaapartheid.html (1940 words)

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