
	Where results make sense

Topic: Ummayad Caliphs

	Sunni
		The period of the Ummayad caliphs (661-750) saw the conquest of North Africa and Spain.
		In 750 the Ummayad caliph was overthrown in rebellion led by the 'Abbasids, who were to form the next caliphate.
		A rival caliphate, the Fatimids, was established in North Africa.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/islam/sunni/sunni.html (812 words)

	Umayyad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the assassination of Uthman, he was replaced by the new caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib.
		When Ali was assassinated in 661, his son Hasan pledged allegiance to Muawiyah and Muawiyah was declared caliph of all Muslim lands.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, and the capital of the caliphate was moved to Damascus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ummayad (416 words)

	muawiya i (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He fought against the fourth caliph, 'Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law), seized Egypt, and assumed the caliphate after 'Ali's assassination in 661.
		But Mu'awiyah's contributions to Islamic history are wholly associated with his career in Syria, which began shortly after the death of the Prophet, when he, along with his brother Yazid, served in the tribal armies sent from Arabia against the Byzantine forces in Syria.
		As a kinsman of the slain caliph 'Uthman, Mu'awiyah bore the duty of revenge.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Muawiya_I.html (507 words)

	CH11:Imamate
		The Caliphate then passed onto the hands of Yazid's governor in Medina, the old Marwan b.al-Hakam, nephew of the third Caliph Uthman and who, together with his father, had been externed by the Prophet (pbh) from Medina.
		Deliverer from the tyranny and injustice of the Ummayad.
		Restricted by Ibn Zubayr and the successive Ummayad Caliphs who wrestled back Hijaz after Ibn Zubayr's death at the battle against Hajjaj, the Ummayad viceroy in Iraq, in 73 AH / 692 CE, Imam Zayn al-'Abidin spent his time in worship and was known for his long postrations.
	www.muslimhistory.00it.com /INenglish/ImamNcal/Chap11.htm (1111 words)

	History of early Arab Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A palace for the Caliph and a mosque for the army were immediately constructed, which for many centuries remained the centre of Muslim learning.
		Meanwhile the caliph al-Muizz had been summoned to enter the palace that had been prepared for him, and after leaving a viceroy to take charge of his western possessions he arrived in Alexandria on May 31, 973, and proceeded to instruct his new subjects in the particular form of religion (Shiism) which his family represented.
		Shirguh was appointed vizier but died of indigestion (March 23, 1169), and the Caliph appointed Saladin as successor to Shirguh; the new vizier professed to hold office as a deputy of Nureddin, whose name was mentioned in public worship after that of the Caliph.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/History-of-early-Arab-Egypt.htm (2624 words)

	Wikipedia: Hisham
		Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (691 - 743) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743.
		Inheriting the caliphate from his brother Yazid II, Hisham was ruling an emperor with many different problems.
		He would however be effective in attending to these problems and allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/h/hi/hisham.html (363 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Six (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Ummayad Caliphs trace their lineage from Muawiya I, 656-681, who after Ali's death was recognized as Caliph by all Muslims except the Shiites.
		This period in Islamic history is known as the Arab Kingdom and the Caliphs acted as an emperor over an empire that eventually by 750 extended from Pakistan, western India and the frontiers of China in central Asia to northwest Africa, Spain and southern France in the West.
		Caliph Al-Walid (705-715), Abd al-Malik's successor, ruling from the Arab capital at Damascus continued the policies of his predecessor and launched a new wave of aggressive action against all fronts.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e06.html (5481 words)

	MP - Caliphs From Rasheduun To 1925
		But later a caliph UMAR IBN ABDALAZIZ (umar II) he were a learned man from median and had the caliphate for a time.
		A grandson of caliph Hisham escaped with a loyal servant to the iland of Spain.
		The first Abbasid caliph is nick-named "As Safah", which means something like "the slaughterer", since he killed a large number of Umayyads.
	www.muziqpakistan.com /board/index.php?showtopic=26876 (1769 words)

	al-Andalus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was established by a refugee of the Caliphal line who fled Baghdad when his family was dispossessed of the Caliphate and slaughtered by the Abbasids.
		The exiled Ummayad dynasty assumed (929) the authority and title of Caliph in opposition to Baghdad and, from 969, the North African Fatamid Caliphs as well.
		Caliphal pretensions were abandoned after 1031, and a non-monarchic government instituted.
	www.hostkingdom.net /taifa.html (1162 words)

	Wikipedia: Yazid I
		He is most notoriously remembered for the Battle of Kerbela where the grandson of Muhammad, Husayn bin Ali was killed.
		Husayn wasn't the only eminent figure to oppose Yazid's ascension to the caliphate, he was also opposed by Abdullah bin Zubayr who claimed to be the true caliph.
		When the people of the Hejaz began giving allegiance to Abdullah, Yazid sent armies to subdue the province, and Mecca was beseiged.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/y/ya/yazid_i.html (141 words)

	[No title]
		Ali himself stood aside to preserve the unity of the Muslim community, and was finally chosen by consensus as the fourth Caliph upon the death of Uthman in 656 (C.E.).
		Among the large corps of Ummayad administrative officials, judges known as \'93qadis\'94 were appointed in various areas as delegates of the local governors.
		Although the Abbasid Caliphs, ruling from Iraq, alternately persecuted and protected the Shi\rquote i Imams, in many ways their early rule was a high point of Islamic civilization.
	wilmetteinstitute.org /projects/bahaijurisprudence.rtf (9624 words)

	God's Caliph : Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (University of Cambridge Oriental Publications), ...
		This contradicts the claim of majority tendency of the `ulamâ' to claim that caliphal title was merely khalîfat rusûl Allâh, or, `successor/deputy of God's messenger'.
		More precisely, the caliphal era marked a new dispensation of divine charisma that succeeds prophethood: "Messengers belonged to the past; the present had been made over to caliphs" (p.
		Caliphs are central to the faith both as they are 1) the defining figures representing the coherence of the religious community and 2) as the community's leaders, they act, even in error, as its principle guide.
	allentech.net /techstore/item_0521541115.html (649 words)

	Civil War and the Umayyad Dynasty
		It was not until the Caliphate passed to 'Uthman, who ruled somewhat degenerately and was a member of the Umayya family, which had fiercely fought against Muhammed during his lifetime, that 'Ali was provoked into accepting the Caliphate.
		The Umayyads continued to pass the Caliphate down through the ages among their family; but their now existed in Iraq a separate Islamic community that did not recognize the authority of the Umayyad Caliphs.
		The caliphate was a unique institution in that the caliph was elected by a small group of powerful tribal leaders.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ISLAM/UMAY.HTM (2249 words)

	SparkNotes: Early Middle Ages (475-1000): Islamic Expansion and Political Evolution, 632-1000
		This premise, as well as early Ummayad massacre of Ali's son and successor Husayn and his supporters at Karbala in 686, caused them to view all Islamic political leaders except Muhammad and Ali as illegitimate.
		The Caliph himself was under 'protection' of the Buyid Emirs who possessed all of Iraq and western Iran, and were quietly Shi'ite in their sympathies.
		In the Islamic West, after generations of political infighting among rival Islamic Amirs, the Ummayad Abd al-Rahman III was able to establish himself a Caliph of a united polity.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle1/section5.rhtml (3223 words)

	Shiites, Shia, Shi'a
		Although Ali became (655) the fourth caliph, he was murdered in 661, and the majority recognized the Umayyad Muawiya I as caliph.
		After the assassination of the fourth caliph, Ali, in 661, the Shiites (partisans of Ali) were those Muslims claiming that it had been Ali's right to succeed Muhammad directly and that the previous caliphs had therefore been usurpers.
		When, however, the caliphate was passed on to Mu'awiyya's son, Yazid, Husayn was persuaded to rebel against the Ummayads.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txo/shiites.htm (3834 words)

	Textbooks: Caliphs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Umayyad caliph (685-705); son of Marwan I. At his accession, Islam was torn by dissension and threatened by the Byzantine Empirehis able general al-Hajjaj, Abd al-Malik overthrew the rival caliphs and united Islam.
		As a result the Caliphs went to war, conquered and settled in their preferred territoriesattributed to a mystical brotherhood who were on the fringe of Islam - practising Neoplatonism and Manicheeism.
		Persia by the Ummayad Caliphs used mounted couriers and 930 Mohammad, the prophet of Islam, was born in the Arabian Peninsula aroundMoorish Spain.
	www.textbookmaps.com /islam/caliphs.html (477 words)

	dilemma-part2
		However, during the rule of the Ummayad caliph Umar II (717-720) there arose the concern to summon conquered peoples to Islam and to create favorable conditions allowing an equitable or better participation of all Muslims in the social and political life of the community.
		That is why Ummayad caliphs, with the exception of Umar II, did not press for or even favor conversion to the Islamic faith.
		The beginning of the Abbasid caliphate until the reign of al-Mutawakkil marked the zenith of the Nestorian Church from mid 8th century to mid 9th century.
	www.chaldeansonline.net /Banipal/English/dilemma-part2.html (5647 words)

	[No title]
		Located 58 kilometers east from Beirut, founded in the 8th century, is the town of Anjar.
		Ummayad caliphs ruled the area; and because of its location and its rich source of water, Caliph Walid Ibn Abdel Malek built a rectangular stone walled town, including a resort and a Roman model commercial center.
		Among the most important ruins of Anjar is the main palace of the caliph distinguished by its graceful arcades.
	friendpages.com /p/pages/site/articles.cgi?pageid=jawad68&ord=1064839850 (136 words)

	Local World IT :: God's Caliph : Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (University of Cambridge Oriental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the 3rd chapter, entitled "The Umayyad conception of the caliphate," Crone and Hinds put forward their most controversial argument based to a large extent on an interpretation of al-WalÃ®d's conception-namely, that the Ummayad Caliphs saw their caliphal stature as an office of religious charisma parallel to that of prophethood.
		Hind and Crone build on this to assert that the transformation from the concept of sunna as `generally accepted practice' to the more stringent and dogmatically weighty sunna of the Prophet is an artifact of the struggle for religious legitimacy that occurred between the emerging, piety-minded culamÃ¢' and the Umayyads.
		The Epilogue recapitulates the essential point of the work: the ImamÃ® conception of the caliphate is more archaic than the SunnÃ® in the three respects of 1) being khalÃ®fat AllÃ¢h, 2) having a salvific office, and 3) possessing the ability to proffer God-given law.
	www.localworldit.com.au /computers/Gods_Caliph_:_Religious_Authority_in_the_First_Centuries_of_Islam_(University_of_Cambridge_Oriental_Publications)/0521541115.html (840 words)

	MP - The 12 Caliphs
		Yazid was a Caliph of the Muslims once upon a time.
		Ummayad dynasty started after the death of Ali (as i believe).
		Known CALIPHS of ummayad dynasty are Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan,
	www.muziqpakistan.com /board/index.php?act=findpost&pid=752561 (2067 words)

	Egyptian History D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although Egypt remained under the nominal rule of the Abbasid Caliphate its rulers were able to establish quasi-independent dynasties, such as those of the Tulunids and the Ikshidis.
		The Ayyubites were overthrown by the their Turkish bodyguards, known as the Mameluks, who ruled under the suzerainty of Abbasid Caliphs, until 1517, when Egypt became part of the Ottoman Empire.
		In August 1121 al-Aflal was assassinated in a street of Cairo, it is said, with the connivance of the Caliph, who immediately began the plunder of his house, where fabulous treasures were said to be amassed.
	www.a-1hotels.com /eg/history/Egyptian_History_D/egyptian_history_d.html (2570 words)

	Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
		Uthman, the third caliph of Islam (may Allah be pleased with him) is said to have sent one of the Arab generals to accompany the Chinese ambassador on his return in 651 of the Christian calendar.
		Later, in the reign of Walid (705-715), almost at the same time as Muslim generals were heading towards India as well as Spain, the Muslim governor of Khurasan crossed the Oxus and having subjugated Bukhara and Samarkand and other cities, carried his conquests to the eastern frontiers of the Chinese empire.
		Thus the diplomatic relations were established between China and the Ummayad Caliphs, which continued until later, especially during the reign of the Abbaside Caliphs.
	www.alislam.org /library/links/china.html (1018 words)

	Hotel Listings & Destination Guide for Africa & Middle East - Jerusalem
		The city flourished under the Ummayad caliphs, who ruled from Damascus (660-750) and some of its most important buildings survive from this period, among them the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock.
		The Ummayads were succeeded by another dynasty of caliphs, the Abbasids, who ruled from Baghdad (750-969), and Jerusalem under their rule was home to several prominent Muslim Sufi scholars and became a religious focal point for Christian and Jewish pilgrims.
		In 1171, the teetering Fatimid caliphate in Egypt was taken over by Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, known in English as Saladin, who defeated the Crusaders at the battle of the Horns of Hittin in July 1187 and went on to take Jerusalem in October of that year.
	www.eztrip.com /dg_viewLocation_formId-56143.html (972 words)

	Amazon.com: God's Caliph : Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (University of Cambridge Oriental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It argues the case that, as in Shi'ism, it was concentrated in the head of state, rather than dispersed among learned laymen as in Sunnism.
		Originally the caliph was both head of state and ultimate source of religious law; the Sunni pattern represents the outcome of a conflict between the caliph and early scholars who, as spokesmen of the community, assumed religious leadership for themselves.
		caliphal office, caliphal title, accordance with the book, same caliph, caliphal authority, two caliphs, note thereto, his governor
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521321859?v=glance (1438 words)

	NU HIST 2805: The Rise of the Abbasids
		Indeed, by the 740s A.D., the Ummayads had exhausted the military resources of Syria, faced a great deal of opposition all over their empire, and anyone with the right army in the right place at the right time had a chance to seize the big prize.
		Both groups felt that the Ummayad Caliphs were unjust, illegitimate, and ineffective, and thought the descendents of Al-Abbas would give them a better deal.
		All the troubles of the caliphate, the three fitnas or civil wars, the division between the earliest Sunnis and Shiites, had done nothing to take the shine off the general success of the Muslim conquerors.
	www.nipissingu.ca /department/history/MUHLBERGER/2805/ABBASID1.HTM (1438 words)

	Muslim Rule in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Muawiyah, the founder of the Ummayad Caliphate, was a cousin and Abbas, the founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, an uncle of Muhammad.
		The aim of the Caliphs in inspiring the Sultans of Delhi and that of Timur in invading India was the same, to spread Islam in idolatrous Hindustan.
		Besides, the way in which Caliphal envoys and investitures were received, indicates that this was not just lip subservience, and the extra-territorial allegiance to the Caliph provided a very strong moral and legal basis of political power to the Muslim regime in India.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/tlmr/ch4.htm (13145 words)

	Phoenicia, Phoenician Christians, The First Converts Outside the Jews
		The recovery of the equilibrium was thus no simple matter; and for the whole of this century, (i.e., the 8th century) the caliphs had as a prominent aim the framing of a policy which would rally the majority of the inhabitants behind it.
		The Barmakid viziers, of Turkish origin, who were the strong arm of the Abbasid caliphs, seem to have manifested a certain measure of benevolence towards ahl-al-Dhimmi (the tributaries) and especially towards the Christians.
		On the part of the caliphs, it was mostly motivated by their concern to protect and advance the sciences and the arts.
	phoenicia.org /xtian.html (8393 words)

	Mesopotamia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It's location also contributed to a strongly heterogeneous community locally governed by a military aristocracy but characterized by the strong presence of three powerful religious communities (the Sunni's - adherents of the Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphs, the Shi'ites - adherents of the descendants of Caliph 'Ali (murd.
		The city of Basra was established by Caliph 'Umar as a military camp in 638.
		In 762 Baghdad was founded as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphs.
	www.hostkingdom.net /ancmesop.html (1973 words)

	Calvo Continued Extracts on Gnostic Elements in Chess
		The ill-fated son of Ali, Hussain, killed in the battle of Karbala (61/680), is a persistent focus of mourning among Shiites.
		The Ummayad Caliphs could be regarded as having usurped the rights of Ali, Fatima, Hussain and Muhammads family.
		He was a follower of the Egyptian mystic Du-l-Nun, created a school in Cordoba and his disciples were prosecuted by the Caliph from 951 on because of "their doctrine of Free-will, their negation of the physical reality of infernal punishment and their pantheistic ideas based in neo-Pythagorean gnostics such as Philo, Porfirius and Proclus "(9).
	www.goddesschess.com /chessays/calvognosis2.html (7912 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)