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	Islamic History « Exuberantly Exhilarating
		It was obvious that this area was the stronghold of the Ummayads.
		Just like his father, Muhammad possessed great piety and characteristics of an ideal caliph. Muhammad’s secret planto overthrow the Ummayads finally materialized into a step-by-step procedure after he inherited the responsibility of overthrowing the Ummayads, the ultimate task given to him by the Hashimiah Kaysaaniah Shias “headed” by Abu Hashim.
		Even though Abu Hashim never liked his followers’ beliefs, he decided to use their goals of avenging Husein’s death to achieve his goals of overthrowing the Ummayad dynasty. The majority of historians agree that Abu Hashim used his “sect” and so called followers to his own benefit.
	synkronyzer.wordpress.com /category/islamic-history (2060 words)

	Cleric joins martyrs of religion steeped in blood
		But the third caliph, Othman, laid the foundations for his own family, the Ummayads, to become hereditary rulers of the Islamic empire.
		As caliph, Ali advocated a strict, or fundamentalist, adherence to the commands of the Koran.
		But Ali was murdered in his turn by the followers of the Ummayads and when Ali's son, Hussein, tried to succeed his father, he, too, was slain, in the southern Iraqi town of Kerbala.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1999/02/23/wrak123.html (416 words)

	Fundamental Concepts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This marked the start of the ascendancy of the Ummayad clan, because Osman was a member of this Meccan aristocracy which had formerly been responsible for Muhammad's persecution and expulsion.
		His appointment was resisted by the Ummayads and in the end led to a pitched battle on the 9th December 656 C.E. outside Basra, known as the Battle of the Camel, in which Muhammad's widow, Ayesha, who had declared herself against her son-in-law, was taken prisoner and sent under armed guard to Medina.
		In addition they cite Muhammad's utterance at Qadir Khum as evidence that Muhammad intended him as his successor; the Sunnis dispute the meaning of this, alleging that it was merely intended to strengthen 'Ali's position in the face of unpopularity arising from his severity.
	www.isfahan.org.uk /oldsite/glossary/shiia/shiia1.html (515 words)

	Islamic flags
		An authentic statement about the Ummaya flag is not available, however perhaps they used a white flag because this was also used by Ummayads of Spain later, giving me the feeling that this flag may be a memory of their glorious empire.
		The reason for their fl color was that during Hashmi Movement (the movement to kick out Ummayyads), the Abbassi leader Imam Ibrahim was killed by the Ummayad government.
		Ummayads of Iberia ruled Muslim Iberia and for sometime parts of North Africa.
	www.fotw.net /flags/islam.html (2737 words)

	Untitled
		He was Hafiz of the Qora'an and he had taken upon himself the stand of removing the tyranny of the Ummayads.
		The capture of the latter terminated the monarchy of the tyrannical Ummayads.
		During the last phase of the tottering Ummayad rule, the Abbasids were actively engaged in their anti Ummayad activities.
	www.al-islam.org /kaaba14/9.htm (3465 words)

	Ghoon
		The festival is held during the first ten days of the month of ‘Mu harram~21 to commemorate the martyrdom of Hussein, the son of Au and Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad.
		He was martyred in the year 680 A.D. at Kerbala, Iraq, while attempting to recover the Caliphate from the Ummayads.
		Muslims specially those of the Shiite sect look upon Kerbala as a sacred place and observe mourning during the first ten days of the month of Muharram in quite a remarkable way: they assemble to read elegies, beat their chest, lament and enact the sufferings of the martyrs of Kerbala.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0110237/Religion/Muslims/Muslims_Festivals/Ghoon/ghoon.html (541 words)

	The Sixth Holy Imam Imam Jafar-As-Sadiq(A.S.) \|\| Imam Reza (A.S.) Network
		After the martyrdom of his holy father in 114 A.H., he succeeded him as the sixth Imam, and thus the sacred trust of Islamic mission and spiritual guidance was relayed down to his custody right from the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.) through the succession of preceding Holy Imams.
		It was due to the political strife between two groups viz the Umayyads and the Abbasids for power that the Holy Imam was left alone undisturbed to carry out his devotional duties and peacefully carry on his mission to propagate Islam and spread the teachings of the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.).
		However, a group of Abbasids secretly dedicated their lives to a campaign for seizing power from the hands of the Ummayads on the pretext that they were seizing it only to surrender it to the "Holy Ahlul Bayt(A.S.)." Actually they were plotting for their own ends.
	www.imamreza.net /eng/imamreza.php?id=399 (1054 words)

	Islamic flags
		However, Uqaab - the fl flag continued to be used in campaigns and also as the national flag of newly born Islamic Empire.
		The reason for their fl color was that during Hashmi Movement (the movement to kick out Ummayyads), the Abbassi leader Imam Ibrahim was killed by the Ummayad government.
		Ummayads of Iberia ruled Muslim Iberia and for sometime parts of North Africa.
	www.flag.de /FOTW/flags/islam.html (2710 words)

	The Global Islamic Community Forums - How the Abbasids overthrew the Bani Ummayah !
		Since the Abbasids were his distant cousins from the Quraysh tribe and shared the same hatred for the Ummayads, Abu Hashim decided to channel all of his last efforts in grooming Muhammad bin Ali as his successor.
		As mentioned before, Muhammad bin Ali knew that his movement was doomed to failure if people rushed to declaring war on the Ummayads which would result in their movement being fully crushed by the government forces and spy network.
		It was obvious that this area was the stronghold of the Ummayads.
	www.yanabi.com /forum/messageview.cfm?catid=35&threadid=33900&enterthread=y&STARTPAGE=1 (2868 words)

	Art of Arabic Calligraphy
		It was used with the Kufic scripts, but proved to be somewhat cumbersome to use with smaller scripts, or in ordinary writing.
		The Ummayad governor al Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al Thaqafi enforced a uniform system to distinguish letters by using dots, which he asked two of al Du'ali's students to codify.
		Under the Ummayads and Abbasids, court requirements for correspondence and record keeping resulted in many developments to the cursive scripts, and several styles were devised to fulfill these needs.
	www.sakkal.com /ArtArabicCalligraphy.html (1979 words)

	[No title]
		As soon as I read the first few pages, I became engrossed in it and could not leave it unless it was necessary, and even took it with me to the institute.” [Then I was Guided, p.87]
		And, “And I don’t know how to convince myself or others by the opinions of Ahl Al-Sunnah that depended on, as I think, on the words of the Ummayads rulers.” [With The Truthful Ones, p.150]
		And, “Therefore, I personally think that some Companions attributed the banning of temporary marriage to the prophet peace be upon him to excuse the action of Omar bin Al-Khattab and to rectify his opinion.” [Ibid, p.195]
	www.ansar.org /english/taijani7.htm (475 words)

	Halsall/Introduction to the Medieval World/ Class 6
		Ali 656-661 Opposed from Mecca + Uthman's Family, the Ummayads.
		The Ummayads 661-750 A. Muawiyya 661-680 B. Damascus Western - Mediterranean orientation Used Christina advisor, e.g.
		Ummayyad Spain -Conquest of Spain 711 -Muslim Rule -The Ummayyad Emirate -Cordova -The Caliphate Abd-ar-Rahman III -Poetry -Tolerance for Jews and Christians -Collapse -The Reconquista B.
	www.fordham.edu /HALSALL/lect/med06.html (643 words)

	islamicate: On the Caliphate
		While AQ might see themselves as crushing “heresies,” their superficial forebears were the Kharijites, who were in fact one of the early minority groups that were eventually considered marginal.
		The Ottomans (1281-1923) - Another multi-ethnic, multi-religious state, that never really had universal control (actually only the original Ummayads can make a semblance of a claim to having a continuous empire.) They shared sovereignty with the Safavids and the Mughals, although the latter two never claimed the title of caliph within their borders.
		That many of the ummayad histories were compiled during Abbassid times ought to make us just a tad more sceptical of their "nepotism" and "lechery" and "drunkness".
	www.islamicate.com /islamicate/2005/07/on_the_caliphat.html (1533 words)

	The Early Development of Sufism
		To begin with, it was a popular revolutionary movement against the Ummayads in favor of the Hashimites and the immediate family of the Prophet.
		However, when the cause was won, and the Ummayad dynasty was brought to an end in 749, the rulership of Muslim society was usurped by the Abbasids on the pretext of their being related to the family of Muhammad, although the connection was remote.
		It was these circumstances of blatant political and social contradictions that gave rise to the emergence of the Sufis, pious and thoughtful Muslims under the general umbrella of Islam, wanting to distinguish themselves from the ruling party and their worldly supporters.
	www.nuradeen.com /Reflections/ElementsOfSufism2.htm (1743 words)

	Ta'ziyeh: Performing Iran's Living Epic Tradition - Arts & Culture - Asia Society
		This could be a description of Ta'ziyeh Khani, the Iranian epic drama that commemorates the martyrdom of Hussein, the grandson of Mohammad, together with his companions and sons on the plain of Karbala (just outside modern Baghdad) in the 61st year of the Muslin era (680 C.E.).
		Killed by the Ummayads (later to become the Sunnis), the death of Hussein is the signal event separating Shi'ism as a branch of Islam.
		The Ta'ziyeh Khani are, indeed, plays of "life and death," born "in a moment of mortal threat." By allowing us to experience this dramatic tradition as it continues to be performed in modern Iran, the Lincoln Center Festival has accomplished a remarkable feat against many odds.
	www.asiasociety.org /arts/taziyeh/riggio.html (626 words)

	Question: Assess the main achievements of the first four caliphs (632 to 661 AD). How powerful and united was the Arab ...
		Being a Ummayad, Abu Bakr had political and military powers to complement his religious authority and at the start of Abu Bakr's reign, the Arabs were able to conquer the whole of the Middle East.
		During his reign, the resentment for the Ummayad clans by the other clans intensified but the Ummayads continued to prosper at the expense of other clans.
		Muawiya was a powerful force as he had the backing of the dynamic Ummayad clan and also Amr, the General who conquered Egypt.
	www.onlineessays.com /essays/history/his106.php (1116 words)

	HAM - Asia art - 2 - Mesopotamia & Persia
		As soon as there are written records, some 5,000 years ago in the Near East, we find references to many of the sexual practices - homosexuality, male and female transexualism and transvestism, masturbation - familiar to us today, and masturbation is a central theme in the creation myths of Mesopotamia.
		Although there are some frescoes depicting female nudes in private palaces of the Ummayads, in Persia, there are few surviving works inspired by Eros.
		We draws attention to the one significant cluster of homerotic images that center around court figures in Persian miniatures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
	www.homoerotimuseum.net /asi/asi02.html (164 words)

	The History of Shia Muslims Why the aggravation
		The A.D. 680 battle in the desert plain around Karbala, Iraq was a defining moment in the split between Islam's Sunni and Shiite sects.
		Hussein's father, Imam Ali, had been killed 20 years earlier, and leadership of the Islamic community was taken by the Sunni Ummayad dynasty.
		Hussein and the men with him were decapitated, and the women taken prisoner.
	www.drabruzzi.com /history_of_shia_muslims___why_th.htm (870 words)

	Fulfilled Prophecy Q & A--Beliefnet.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was Aqasi who had the Bab imprisoned at Maku and later transferred to Chihriq, and then arranged for the Bab's 1848 trial in Tabriz.
		It seems to me that 666 was also the year the Ummayads broke the Covenant of Muhammad.
		This was an act so spiritualy corrupt that its effects snowballed down through the centuries and according to Abdu' Baha culminated in the martyrdom of the Bab.
	www.beliefnet.com /boards/message_list.asp?boardID=35423&discussionID=128088 (266 words)

	Intolerant Approach to History: A Trap, No. 2
		When the Ummayads succeeded in establishing their dynasty, this enmity became more severe and intense.
		The graves of the dead kings were dug up and their skeletons were gibbeted on the high ways.
		This is the scenario in which the historians wrote about the Ummayads as the evil, the Godless people; and Hajjaj bin Yousuf among others was projected as the devil incarnate.
	www.tolueislam.com /Bazm/Manzoor/LT_012.htm (628 words)

	IMHO: Historical Aside
		The Ummayads regarded them as sectarians, giving them the label Shi'ites, in contrast to the label Sunni, or orthodox, which they applied to themselves.
		While the issue was initially one of leadership, the Shi'ites later developed a theological rationale for their oppositional stance, both to the Ummayads and later to the Abbasids, and their movement produced a number of doctrinal offshoots and its own schools of legal interpretation.
		A second purely intra-Islamic debate that escalated with the Muslim's spreading conquests and one related to the issue of succession was the very conception of the religious community.
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~kramarsky/kramarskyblog/archives/000116.html (379 words)

	dialognow \| Civil and thoughtful dialog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During 73 Hijri Hajjaj rebuilt the Holy Kaaba (strange man) and left for Medina and bitterly persecuted several companion of Holy Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and he even went to the extent of putting lead-seal on the hands of Jabir bin Abdullah (RA), Anas ibn Malik (RA), and Sohal ibn Saad (RA).
		Abu Abbas and his many companions did not even spare the infants of Ummayads and on several occasions after killing them they used to have meal on the dead bodies of Ummayyad's.
		After Saffah's death his brother Abu Jaffer became the King and one of his biggest achievement was whipping a highly respected Saint and Theocrat Hazrat Imam Abu Hanifa (RA) and that too on his head because he was not accepting the post of Qazi.
	www.dialognow.org /node/view/944 (1149 words)

	Overview of Islamic Gardens: MUSLIM SPAIN
		However it wasn't until 912 CE, when the Ummayad dynasty was replaced with the Abbasid dynasty and went to Spain to establish their own caliphate, that one can say Muslim occupation officially began.
		Perhaps because the invaders were aware of these influences and because of the fact that the Ummayads were competing with the Abbasids in Baghdad for legitimacy, the Arabs made sure to emphasize a strong Arab culture in al-Andalus and gardens and architecture were a personification of this attempt.
		This meant that gardens in Spain would have embodied some Spanish- Christian, Roman, and even possibly Jewish ideas that had been transformed into an Islamic layout, specifically the bagh type from Persia.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/arabic_islamic_architecture/22279 (432 words)

	Imam Jafer Sadiq, Imam Ja'far ibn-Muhammad, Twelvers (Ithna Ashari), Jaafar, Abu Hanifa
		It was the time when Ummayad politics was tottering and Muslims were approaching Imam Baqir (AS) in thousands.
		He was Hafiz of the Qur'an and he had taken upon himself the stand of removing the tyranny of the Ummayads.
		This was a very precarious juncture for Imam Sadiq (AS) As regards the tyranny of the Ummayads, he agreed with his uncle Zaid for whom he had a great deal of respect.
	www.ezsoftech.com /islamic/infallible8a.asp (3603 words)

	Geber - Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan - Crystalinks
		Hayyan had supported the revolting Abbasids against the Umayyads, and was sent by them to the province of Khorasan (in present Iran) to gather support for their cause.
		He was eventually caught by the Ummayads and executed.
		His family fled back to Yemen, where Jabir grew up and studied the Koran, mathematics and other subjects under a scholar named Harbi al-Himyari.
	www.crystalinks.com /geber.html (1422 words)

	FOSS2005: About Syria
		Syria has been at both the centre and the margins of important historical empires including the Persian, Roman, and Byzantine.
		With the spread of Islam and the coming of the Ummayad Caliphate, Damascus became the administrative capital of a vast and growing Muslim polity.
		Greater Syria, known in Arabic as the Bilad-I-Sham, continued to be an important religious, cultural, and trade centre after the Ummayads.
	www.foss2005.org /english/syria/index.html (1005 words)

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