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Topic: Ummayyad

	Tell Ya'amun 2001 Excavations
		Two carved marble columns (107cm long by 15cm square at the base) from the chancel screen were found on the pavement floor neatly placed against the east-west wall.
		The doorways from these three rooms into the church had been closed with blocking stones at some time in the past indicating that these rooms were no longer in use while the main portion of the church experienced continued utilization in some, as yet, unknown way.
		The rebuilding of the north south wall with unshaped stones on top of the shaped stones of the original church indicates that much of the had deteriorated prior to its modification during the Ummayyad period.
	www.uark.edu /~jcrose/yaamun1 (1472 words)

	History-The Second Phase of The Ummayyad Period (70-132 A.H.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This was in particular towards the Hashemite the descendants of Al-Hassan and Al-Hussain; and to the Al-Zubairiyeen, the (progeny of 'Abdullah bin Al-Zubair).
		The rulers were fearful of their inciting the people and fomenting rebellion against the Ummayyad.
		Radiant Madinah thrived and prospered during the Ummayyad Caliphate, especially under the governorship of 'Umar bin 'Abd Al-'Aziz (86-93 A.H.).
	www.al-madinah.org /engl/h64.php (1622 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The tribes in the northern part of Oman were converted to Islam during the first generation of the Islamic era -- the middle of the 7th century AD and shortly after, came under the rule of the Ummayyads whose centre was in Damascus.
		The Ummayyads themselves had only a short time remaining as the leaders of the Muslim world for they were soon overthrown by the Abbasids whose capital was in Baghdad.
		While the its wealth gave the imam substantial power in the entire Gulf region, Oman became an object of consecutive invasions by the Ummayyad caliphs of Baghdad, the Mongols the Persians.
	www.arab.net /oman/on_islam.htm (196 words)

	Imam Jafar
		In the last days of the (Ummayyad rule, their Empire was tottering and was on the verge ol coltapse, and a most chaotic and demoratised state of affairs prevailed throughout the lslamic State.
		However, a group of Abbasides secretly dedicated their lives to a campaign for seizing power from the hands of the Ummayyads on the pretext that they were seizing it only to surrender it to the "Bani-Hashim".
		The downfall of the Ummayyads and the rise of the Abbasides continued the two principal plots in the drama of Islamic history.
	chudamasoomeen.freeservers.com /sixth_imam_imam_jafar.htm (1755 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
		It seems that the Ummayyads after their experience with the covered plan in Al-Aqsa mosque in Palestine, which is thought to be derived from the basilican church, they returned to the open plan adopted by the Prophet (puh) and the righteous Caliphs
		By becoming a mosque, this structure was transformed into a centre of Muslim Caliphate (especially in the Ummayyad period) with its enlightening rays reaching furthest parts of Muslim land in continents of Asia, Africa and Europe.
		The Ummayyad Mosque represents the first instance of the adoption of the square minaret which later spread particularly in north Africa and Andalusia.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=338 (3969 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Lions of the Alhambra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		...The extent of the Ummayyads' emancipation from orthodox Moslem tenets can be appreciated from the recently unearthed ruins of al-Mafjar, one of their "desert palaces" near Jericho...
		...The tolerance of the Ummayyad days had vanished with the downfall of the caliphate, and now the Almoravides-those fanatic African hordes, introduced into Spain as mercenaries by the frightened Moslems to fight the Christians-crusaded against the latter but also against the liberalism and secular culture of the Moslems themselves...
		...Though the Ummayyads were related by FREDERIOK P. BARGEBUHR, who hepe makes his initial appearance in COMMENTARY, is a Hillel Professor of Judaism at the State Uni- versity of Iowa, and currently a Bollingen fellow at the Warburg Institute of the Uni- versity of London...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V25I2P32-1.htm (2688 words)

	[No title]
		The highly centralised political administration was treated as a personal affair of the Ummayyad ruler, although it was exercised through the bureaucracy like the Khatib, which he needed to legitimise his rule.
		The ability of pre-industrial states like the Ummayyads to take decisive action, to co-ordinate and control on a large scale was often inadequate.
		Though the Ummayyad Caliphs apparently enjoyed both political power and religious authority asserting this authority proved the source of their downfall.
	members.lycos.co.uk /duncbaines/oldworldtextcom.htm (2441 words)

	Masssuh 2000
		At Umm al-Rasas, this is the third campaign that has been dedicated to the ecavation of a large Ummayyad wine complex, brought to light in a yard lying among the Church of St. Paul, the Church of the Lions and the Chapel of the Peacocks.
		The iconophobic damage sustained by the figurative motifs, during the Ummayyad epoch, bears witness to the fact that the church remained in use up to the 8th century.
		The inscriptions that accompanied the upper mosaic carrying the name of the bishop Theodosius as well as some members of the clergy, turned out to be a precious historical witness for the diocese of Esbus, one of the most ancient episcopal seats in Jordan, in which territory the village is to be placed.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/ofm/fai/mass00.html (1521 words)

	The Middle Ages - Coins: Dinar and Dirhem
		In 656 Ali was elected caliph after all, but in 661 was assassinated by Aisha's family, the Ummayyad dynasty.
		From this civil war a religious split developed which exists to this day: the supporters of the Ummayyad family revered not only the Koran but also the Sunna, the book of the first four caliphs, and thus called themselves Sunnis, while the Shiites, the party (in Arabic shia) of Ali, only recognised the Koran.
		The triumphal advances of the Muslims can be explained by their willingness to die a martyr's death for their belief and by their modest requirements.
	www.moneymuseum.com /standard_etage_2_english/raeume/mittelalter/muenzen/islam/content.html (486 words)

	History of the Ismaili Imams Tarikh-e Imamat
		Imam Muhammad al-Baqir succeeded to the throne of Imamat in 96 A.H., at the age of 39.
		He said that under his Imamat, everyone would have an easy life, the taxes would be lessened, the rule of justice, as laid down in the Quran and in the practices of the Imams and the Prophet, would be established and so on.
		Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq, the son of Imam Muhammad al Baqir, was born in Medina in 83 A.H., during the Caliphate of the Ummayyad Caliph, Abdul Malik.
	www.amaana.org /history/history1.htm (4364 words)

	Aljadid Magazine
		Damascus was the capital of the Ummayyad dynasty and a principal stage in the pilgrimage to Mecca.
		The Great Ummayyad Mosque of Damascus possesses a specific vocal repertoire, where sacred suites are known as a nawbat, a term originally used for the secular songs developed in Arab Andalusia known as muwashshat.
		Typically accompanied by a choir, a vocalist such as Sheikh Hamza Shakkur extracts from the repertoire of the mosque the naming of God (dhikr) and the birth of the prophet (mawlid) in a serene expression that has a rigorously organized rhythm.
	www.aljadid.com /interviews/0736asmar1.html (1206 words)

	Alexander "Sasha" Volokh -- Islamic history in capsule form (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ali's sons met with equally grisly fates: Husain, hero of the second fitnah, had been killed at Karbala in 680 by Ummayyad armies, and Hasan al-Banna, out of grief, turned inwards and founded the Society of Muslim Brothers, which was outlawed by Nasser.
		All was not lost, however; Husain made a surprising recovery from the Karbala incident and went on to not only be the king of the Hijaz after World War I, but also Emir of Transjordan after Abdallah died.
		Osman had tried to use his sword against Ali (who had had him killed in 656, instigating the first fitnah) but, as has already been mentioned, Ali was deposed by his second-in-command.
	volokh.com /sasha/islcaps.html (476 words)

	ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE UPRISING
		It is a historically foregone conclusion that Imam Hussein (a.s.) was fully aware of the fact that his opposition to the Ummayyad policy and the strong stance he took against it would only lead to his martyrdom in the way of Allah, whether he remained in the city of Medina, Mecca or any other city.
		Thus, the key elements that would promote a historical shock in the body of the ummah, that would leave its marks on the present and future of the ummah, had to be ripened.
		The women succeeded in uncovering the deviated policy adopted by the Ummayyad house to steer the life of the people as they wished, mislead the ummah, and deceive the weak-willed people among the ummah.
	www.al-shia.com /html/eng/books/history/imam-husain-bin-ali/11.htm (2229 words)

	Traveling to Damascus, Syria
		Old Damascus is surrounded by a wall and towers, in addition to eight gates, six of which are attributed to Roman times while the other two are Islamic.
		The Ummayyad Mosque, one of the best preserved mosques in the world from 8C., famous for its golden mosaics and the head of John the Baptist.
		Saint Ananias Church, and St. Paul Church where St. Paul was descended in a basket from the wall and left Damascus to Europe to preach Christianity.
	www.reuter.net /syria_private_tours/damascus.htm (249 words)

	Imam Al Sadiq
		This was a result of revolts within the Islamic realm, in particular the uprising which was aimed at overthrowing the Ummayyad Caliphs, and the bloody wars which finally led to the fall and extinction of the Ummayad dynasty.
		The end of the Imamate of Imam Jafar Sadiq was coupled with the end of the Ummayyad dynasty and the beginning of the Abbasid Caliphate.
		Hisham, the Ummayyad Caliph, had orderd the arrest of Imam Jafar Sadiq and had him brought to Damascus.
	www.alulbayt.com /home/sadiq.htm (1107 words)

	dialognow \| Civil and thoughtful dialog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During 73 Hijri Hajjaj rebuilt the Holy Kaaba (strange man) and left for Medina and bitterly persecuted several companion of Holy Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and he even went to the extent of putting lead-seal on the hands of Jabir bin Abdullah (RA), Anas ibn Malik (RA), and Sohal ibn Saad (RA).
		Between 132 Hijri to 136 Hijri THE ABBASSAYDS (Muslims) ousted UMMAYYADS (Muslims) and the leader of Abbassayds, Abu Abbas Al Saffah and his companions and started the campaign of bloodletting against the Ummayads due to which streets of Damascus became red with blood.
		They did not even spare the graves of Ummayad's and desecrated the deadbodies by putting the dead bodies on cross and whipping them publicly; some of the carcasses were put on fire.
	www.dialognow.org /node/view/944 (1149 words)

	\| Victory News Magazine \|Tale Of Hussain's Martyrdom \| Forward \| (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When Othman, an Ummayyad, assumed the mantle of caliph, Abu Sufian hurried to the grave of Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib, who was martyred in the battle of Uhud.
		He was successful in assassinating Imam Hassan (A) through poisoning by his wife Ju'dah bint al-Ash'ath, having promised her marriage from his son Yazid.
		They unveiled their true colours in unprecedented dishonesty and cruelty against the Imam, members of his family and companions at the battle of Karbala - as detailed in this tale; a glaring demonstration of enmity, oppression, ruthlessness, and brutality was meted out by the Ummayyad rule.
	www.victorynewsmagazine.com /HussaynForward.htm (1315 words)

	troovel.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A central feature of this cluttered and clamorous city is the Ummayyad Mosque, entered by passing through the Al-Hamidiyah Bazaar.
		The history of the mosque in many ways traces the history of Damascus; built on the site of a temple to the ancient Aramean god Haddad, the original temple was adapted and enlarged by the Romans and used as a temple to Jupiter.
		Ghota, the fruit orchards surrounding Damascus, is at its best during the blooming of apricot, plums, cherries and other trees in early spring.
	troovel.com /country/syria/1439/ResortsExcursions/en (1258 words)

	IMAM HUSSEIN (A.S.) IN KARBALA'
		The Ummayyad commander encamped, in a military broad line, in front of the camp of Imam Hussein (a.s.).
		It was not long before the Ummayyad army blocked his way and forced him to encamp at a place called Karbala'.
		On the desert of Karbala' Imam Hussein (a.s.) emerged as a symbol for free men, and a slogan for the revolutionaries throughout the ages and generations.
	www.al-shia.com /html/eng/books/history/imam-husain-bin-ali/10.htm (3107 words)

	Interfaith forums - Mark of the Beast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		At the core of the split is the story of the Ummayyad clan and Ali, the Commander of the Faithful, and his succession of sons.
		The Ummayyad were the dominant economic and political powers of the Arabian area before Islam and regained their place early in the spread of Islam - and when they did they did not largely follow the Qur'an's rules.
		The rule of Islam, always affected by man's obstinancy to the Word of God, in the form of at first the Ummayyad dynasty, and then dynasties after them in their image, last down from the founding of Islam when it was opposed by the Ummayyad down some 1260 years is the other date/calculation you convolute.
	www.comparative-religion.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-3205.html (15103 words)

	9 days in Jordan
		Breakfast and transfer to East of Jordan The Romans were not deterred by the desert climate and built a chain of fortresses along the ‘limes arabicus’, the frontiers of their new Arabic province.
		Most of the castles you can visit nowadays were built by the caliphs during the Ummayyad period.
		Qasr al-Mushatta is the largest and most richly decorated Ummayyad castle in Jordan.
	www.jordanbeauty.com /offer.html (881 words)

	Mosques
		The first House (of worship) appointed for men was that at Bakka: Full of blessing and of guidance for all kinds of beings.
		Built by the Prophet upon his arrival to Madina, the mosque was later expanded into its existing form through three distinguished stages: by the Ummayyad (661-750 AC), Ottoman (1299-1923 AC), and finally today's Saudite dynasty.
		Built during the reign of the 5th Ummayyad caliph
	koran.topcities.com /Mosques/Mosques.htm (891 words)

	The American Muslim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This dynasty lasted until 1031, when Cordoba was declared a republic and the rest of Andalusia disintegrated under the so-called 'Taifa' kingdoms.
		Ibn-Hazm chronicled the decline and breakup of the Ummayyad Caliphate.
		As a teenager in 1013, he was driven from his home in Cordoba, only to return seven years later to see the demise of the central government under pressure from the disorderly Berbers.
	www.theamericanmuslim.org /2002nov_comments.php?id=P144_0_16_0 (1395 words)

	Middle East Times
		In fact, a book was published on this subject and its huge implications by Martin Hinds and Patricia Crone in 1987, God's Caliph, and it is one of the most important scholarly works in the last 20 years on early Islamic history.
		A new generation of historians argues there are simply too many problems with the source material to write a convincing history of early Islam, the Arab conquests, the early caliphs and the Ummayyad dynasty.
		We can only be sure of the outlines.
	www.metimes.com /articles/normal.php?StoryID=19970321-035610-6745r (997 words)

	Journal of Humanities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The influence of Nahaj-al-Blaqah of Imam Ali (P.B.U.H.) in the prose writings of Arabs is also discussed and authenticated by the acknowledgements of such scholarly authors as Ibn AbilHadeed and Muhammad Abduh.
		The author reviews the Ummayyad dynasty from cultural and scientific points of view, as well as the impacts of Shi'i Imams on the social affairs of that period, and the stands of the Shi'i Poets against the Ummayyad Khalifs is mentioned.
		There is a section that discusses about the Iranian poets who wrote their poems in Arabic language, and a section in which the significant contributions of some sermons, such as those of Imam Hussein, Hazrat Zainab and Imam Sajjad to prose writing are discussed.
	www.ihcs.ac.ir /publications/joh/spring2000/spring.htm (1370 words)

	TARIKH - E - IMAMAT
		Husayn was dismissed from his position and later executed when he secretly took part in Abu Rakwa's revolt.
		Abu Rakwa was an Ummayyad prince from Spain who had taken refuge in North Africa with the Zanata people, the traditional enemies of the Fatimids.
		His original name was Walid bin Hisham; he was called Abu Rakwa because he carried a leather bottle and lived like a Darwaish.
	ismaili.net /Source/1043.html (19183 words)

	Cuba News: Castro tours Damascus, Syria, praises Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Castro also toured the Great Ummayyad Mosque where he was briefed on its history and ongoing rehabilitation work.
		Saladin's tomb is located on the northern side of the mosque.
		Castro said it was a great honor for him to visit the Ummayyad Mosque, "which symbolizes religious tolerance in Syria."
	www.canfnet.org /News/archived/010917newsc.htm (245 words)

	Are There Any Early Hadiths?
		Hammam bin Munabbih was a student of Abu Hurrairah and well-known among the scholars of the hadith to be trustworthy.
		An example is the Sahifah of Hammam bin Munabbih, (d.
		[8] Beeston et al., Arabic Literature To The End of Ummayyad Period, op.cit, pp.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Hadith/hadith.html (671 words)

	The First Five Caliphs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Gave yearly stipends to Muhammad's friends and dependents, the Companions, and finally to all Arab warriors, working to keep Arabians in Arabia.
		Assasinated by those gathered to force his abdication for caving in to the Ummayyads
		Began the Ummayyad Caliphate which lasted until 750.
	www.op.org /steinkerchner/fenwick/the_first_five_caliphs.html (124 words)

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