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Topic: Unaccusative verb

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French grammar

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Unaccusative verb
		In linguistics, an unaccusative verb is an intransitive verb whose (syntactic) subject is not a (semantic) agent; that is, it does not actively initiate, or is not actively responsible for, the action of the verb.
		An unaccusative verb's subject is semantically similar to the direct object of a transitive verb, or to the subject of a verb in the passive voice.
		Unaccusative verbs tend to express a telic and dynamic change of state or location, while unergative verbs tend to express an agentive activity (not involving directed movement).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Unaccusative_verb (750 words)

	Intransitive verb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unaccusative verbs, where the subject is the patient (such as fall and die).
		In a number of languages, the unergative and unaccusative distinction is reflected in certain features of the verb; for example, in some Romance languages like Italian and French, unaccusative verbs form their complex tenses with different auxiliaries.
		English is rather flexible with regards to verb valency, and so it has a high number of ambitransitive verbs; other languages are more rigid and require explicit valency changing operations (voice, causative morphology, etc.) to transform a verb from intransitive to transitive or vice versa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intransitive (842 words)

	French verbs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French verbs are a complex area of French grammar, with a conjugation scheme that allows for three finite moods (with anywhere from one to five synthetic tenses), three non-finite moods, three voices, and two aspects.
		Most verbs are conjugated by adding various endings to the verb stem, where the stem is obtained by removing the ending from the infinitive; however, -er, -ir, and -re verbs are all conjugated differently from one another, and there are many irregular verbs.
		The exceptions are all reflexive verbs and fourteen commonly used verbs of motion or change of state, as well as their derivatives.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_verbs (2147 words)

	Ergative and Unaccusative Verbs (L322) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Given the binary V -- VP1 -- VP2 hypothesis, an unaccusative verb assigns its argument to the complement of V -- the VP1 position.
		Unaccusative verbs assign theme or patient to the internal position; there are a large number of unaccusative verbs: break, crack, melt, cook, thaw, shine, fall, grow (all of these verbs* must be intransitive to be unaccusative).
		Unaccusative verbs assign the theta role theme or patient to their complement--the sister to the head:
	www.sfu.ca /person/dearmond/322/322.ergative.unaccusative.htm (383 words)

	Unaccusatives and International Graduate Students
		In sentence (1), with a transitive verb in the active voice, the grammatical subject is the agent and the grammatical object is the theme.
		In (5) and (6), the use of the passive is incorrect with the unaccusative (+T) verbs because the students improperly implied the presence of an agent in the propositions.
		Yip argues that the unaccusative and passive forms "are collapsed as one undifferentiated meaning, which is mapped onto a single IL form, namely the passive." Thus, acquisition of unaccusative (-T) verb forms depends on the learner’s ability to distinguish between the semantic meanings of unaccusative verb forms and passive verb forms.
	www.tc.columbia.edu /academic/tesol/Han/JDPurdy.htm (2467 words)

	[No title]
		By contrast, the unaccusative analysis assumes that the external role of ÃÃcroitÄÄ is missing, as in (31a), and the sentence is derived as in (31b).
		With agentive verbs, this is the will of the agent, with others, like ÃÃshudderÄÄ, the internal cause is also some inherent properties of the shudderer "typically an emotional reaction", and with "emission" verbs like ÃÃglowÄÄ or ÃÃbuzzÄÄ it is other internal properties of the participant like being able to reflect light or generate noise.
		Verbs like ÃÃswimÄÄ or ÃÃrestÄÄ require an animate (agent) subject, Since in reflexive predicates the agent role is syntactically realized, it can control the PRO of such verbs, as in (67c) and (68b).
	www.tau.ac.il /~reinhart/ling_dl/Lexic_96.doc (14093 words)

	Glossary
		The subjects of transitive verbs are always marked with A and their objects are always marked with P. The subjects of intransitive verbs are marked either A or P depending on the situation.
		An intransitive verb that usually has a theme subject and expresses change of state or existence, such 'break', 'die', 'bleed', etc. The past participle of the verb can be used as an adjective (see also unergative).
		An intransitive verb that usually has an agentive subject and expresses a volitional act, such as 'sleep', 'laugh', 'fly', etc. The past participle of the verb cannot be used as an adjective (see also unaccusative).
	pueblacity.com /ego-pdf/ng/lng/glossary.html (4929 words)

	Language in India
		In (10) uNT∂ and irun-nu are the finite verbs respectively, and hence var-unnu and van-nu have to be nonfinite.
		On the contrary, what it has is an interpretation that is relative to the finite verb in the sense that the action denoted by the conjunctive participle is in some sense prior to that denoted by the finite verb.
		For instance, Rajarajavarma (1895) begins the discussion on verbs by illustrating the three tense forms, goes on to claim that the present is formed by an auxiliary and hence there are only two tenses, namely past and future, and then finally states that only past tense is a “pure tense form” in Malayalam.
	www.languageinindia.com /nov2003/ciefl10.html (8756 words)

	ergativeverbs
		Semantically, they can be differentiated in that the subject of an unaccusative verb “does not actively initiate or is not actively responsible for the action of the verb” (Internet 1) but bears the semantic role of theme or patient that is usually associated with the object.
		Oshita showed that the passivized unaccusatives cannot be regarded as overgeneralized adjectival passives (as suggested by Hubbard 1994) because the majority of examples gleaned from his research corpus “express an action, not a state as in the case of adjectives” Oshita (1995:17).
		Especially interesting are the verbs arrive (in dark blue), whose share decreases from roughly a third to about one ninth, and happen (in light green), whose share increases from a quarter to roughly a third.
	home.allgaeu.org /ndoell/work/ergativeverbs.htm (4109 words)

	School of Communication at Northwestern University :: Communication Sciences and Disorders :: Abstracts
		Second, if verb movement (including movement of auxiliaries) is problematic for speakers with agrammatic aphasia, then a hierarchy in the production of auxiliaries in yes/no questions, auxiliaries, and finite verbs in declarative sentences in English would be expected, since the former has been moved and the two latter are in base-generated position.
		This study examined the relationship between verb retrieval and verb-argument-structure properties in seven agrammatic aphasic patients using tasks requiring access to the verb's lexicon for both comprehension and productionlike processes.
		The aphasic subjects, however, produced obligatory one-place verbs correctly significantly more often than three-place or complement verbs in the elicited condition and a consistent hierarchy of verb difficulty was found in both the confrontation and elicited conditions.
	www.communication.northwestern.edu /csd/research/aphasia/abstracts/?textOnly=1 (4492 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.1760: Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995)
		Under the Unaccusativity Hypothesis, these two observable classes of intransitive predicates represent two hypothetical classes of intransitive verbs: the unaccusative verbs and the unergative verbs, associated with different underlying syntactic configurations (an initial-stratum entity of RG or a deep structure entity of GB).
		The Unaccusativity Hypothesis was introduced by Perlmutter in the context of the Universal Alignment Hypothesis, which suggests that the syntactic expression of arguments is always determinable on the basis of the meaning of the verb.
		To support their central thesis that unaccusativity is both syntactically encoded and semantically predictable, the authors, in chapter 2 of the book, provide an extensive study of the unaccusative diagnostic, the English resultative construction, which is meant to give evidence for the syntactic encoding of unaccusativity.
	linguistlist.org /issues/6/6-1760.html (2098 words)

	Lexicon of Linguistics
		Semantically, its subject does not actively initiate or is not actively responsible for the action of the verb; rather, it has properties which it shares with the direct object of a transitive verb (or better, with the grammatical subject of its passive counterpart).
		In syntax, unergative verbs are characterized as verbs with an °external argument.
		This means that there may be affixation rules which attach an affix to the class of 'transitive verbs' or to the class of 'abstract nouns', but rules which attach an affix to both the class of 'Transite verbs' and the class of 'abstract nouns' are ruled out.
	www.u-grenoble3.fr /lebarbe/Linguistic_Lexicon/ll_u.html (821 words)

	Probus-versdef
		The postverbal NP cannot be scrambled among the dependents of the complement verb of raising verbs in the unaccusative inversion; this is illustrated in indicative clauses in (10) and in subjunctive clauses in (11):
		Verbs agree with preverbal subjects in number and person since preverbal subjects realize the first argument of the verb and are nominative.
		Verbs agree in number, not in person, with postverbal subjects in stylistic inversion and with objects in unaccusative inversion since both of them realize the first argument and are not nominative.
	www.llf.cnrs.fr /Gens/Marandin/Marandin-GoingRomance.htm (5743 words)

	Abstract
		Rather, I argue that subjects of unaccusatives are merged as the subject of their own Small Clause as shown in (1b), uniting them with copular constructions in Russian and other languages.
		The role of theme, the role assigned to the subject of unaccusatives, is associated with the incorporation of a lower predicate into a higher V position, yielding the semantics commonly associated with unaccusative predicates, e.g., change of state, change of location, change of condition, etc. This is the analysis I adopt for unaccusatives in Russian.
		In Russian, a verb may show singular agreement with the first conjunct of a conjoined nominative subject if the conjoined subject is postverbal and the sole argument of an unaccusative verb.
	aatseel.org /program/aatseel/1999/abstract-170.html (618 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Subjects of unaccusative verbs pattern syntactically together with objects of transitive verbs, while subjects of unergative verbs share many characteristics of subjects of transitive verbs.
		These are the availability of the resultative -ly adjective and the ill-formedness of the -no/-to construction with an unaccusative verb, as exemplified in (1-3).
		For example, verbs whose single participant denotes an inanimate participant are impossible in the -no/-to construction.
	venus.ci.uw.edu.pl /~glip/glip1/adam/cetnarowska.txt (380 words)

	Dictionary.com
		An ergative verb (also called unaccusative verb) in English is a verb whose action affects the subject, rather than the object, of the verb.
		A normal verb's "patient" is its object, whereas an ergative verb's patient is its subject.
		In languages such as Inuit, the objects of transitive verbs and subjects of intransitive verbs are typically marked by the same linguistic forms, i.e., in which the object of the verb acts, while the subject is affected by the action.
	dictionary.reference.com /help/faq/language/g45.html (144 words)

	[No title]
		Second, the theme theta role of the second verb in a CSVC is discharged to a null pronominal object, not directly to the object of the first verb, nor to the trace of an operator.
		The verb that can be doubled is (by hypothesis) the verb that moves to higher head positions, and this must be the head of the construction, given the nature of Xo-movement.
		The verb is followed by the particle zì: Musa bé etsi (yin) du zì Musa come yam PRT cook PURP ‘Musa came to cook the yam.’ We assume that this zì is a nonfinite functional head that is selected by the matrix verb of motion bé.
	equinox.rutgers.edu /people/faculty/baker/CSVC2.doc (20138 words)

	ABSTRACTS
		In Spanish, unaccusatives show a discourse neutral word order of VS. Unaccusatives can appear with an SV order when a change in order is motivated by discourse factors comprising the information structure.
		Applying a quantitative analysis, this paper shows that transitive, unergative and unaccusative verbs can be successfully differentiated by looking at the position of their subject.
		The fact that unaccusative verbs are underlying objects could account for the higher percentage of postverbal occurrences in Spanish.
	www-scf.usc.edu /~sanchezm/Abstracts.htm (2704 words)

	Linguist List - Reviews Available for the Book
		Ergative verbs (or constructions in the broadest sense of the word) are conventionally defined as verbs that, when intransitive, show the 'same' type of NP as their 'subject', that occurs as an 'object', if the verb is used in a transitive construction.
		Accusative verbs, on the other hand, are conventionally defined as verbs that, when intransitive, show the 'same' type of NP as their 'subject', that also occurs as a 'subject' in corresponding transitive constructions.
		Not surprisingly, these verb classes are then paralleled to the classes of intransitive 'active' and inactive' verbs, as described in the tradition of the famous Sapirian patterns (Sapir 1917).
	linguistlist.org /pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=48791 (5249 words)

	College Syntaxis voor B1 17-5-04 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Again we see that with intransitive verbs there are two classes: with most intransitives the subject never appears in the genitive (see (8a)), but there are some whose subject is genitive when the sentence is negated (see (8b)).
		In other words, like objects of passive and unaccusative verbs, the subject of a transitive or unergative verb is supposed to undergo A-movement to the spec-IP subject position.
		Spec-VP cannot be assigned Accusative by the verb, because the verb does not govern this position (as it does not c-command it); hence the subject has to move to the position associated with Nominative case, spec-IP).
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~packema/teaching/hons-foundation-synsem/lecture-2.htm (2075 words)

	Lexicon of Linguistics
		Semantically, its subject does not actively initiate or is not actively responsible for the action of the verb; rather, it has properties which it shares with the direct object of a transitive verb (or better, with the grammatical subject of its passive counterpart).
		Furthermore, unaccusatives cannot be passivized, as opposed to unergatives (in languages with impersonal passives).
		In syntax, unergative verbs are characterized as verbs with an °external argument.
	www.sunmoon.ac.kr /~inheejo/Lexicon/ll_u.html (821 words)

	week12
		The subject of an unergative verb is usally an active participant, but the object of an unaccusative verb is typically a passtive participant.
		The current explanation is that unaccusative verbs somehow are incapable of providing the accusative Case to their object.
		Since unaccusative verbs are shown to have an object, the fact that the head N of the object NP can merge with the verb follows straightforwardly from syntax.
	ling.wisc.edu /~yafei/courses/309_01/week12.html (1917 words)

	SILEWP 1997-006
		For example, (32a) is called twice for a verb taking two NPs; (32a) then (32b) is used for a verb taking an NP and a PP; and two instances of (32b) are needed for a verb subcategorizing for two PPs.
		Accusative Case is assigned by a verb to its NP complements, by a preposition to its complement, and by the complementizer for to the subject (the specifier) of the nonfinite clause which follows it.
		The verb agreement features are not known at the I' level, as they are in non-questions, since the verb that agrees with the subject is up in the C position.
	www.sil.org /silewp/1997/006/SILEWP1997-006.html (8166 words)

	A semantics for durative adverbials
		The semantic contribution of the Voice-head is to establish a thematic relationship between the DP argument of the Voice-head and the situation (the event or state) given by the VP.
		A verb contributes its specific verbal meaning (without a thematic relation to the argument of the Voice-head) and generally licenses the realization of a theme argument.
		Moreover, it is assumed in Kratzer (1994) that the Voice-head assigns accusative Case to the argument of V. A transitive or unergative verb is thus construed of a (generally agentive) Voice-head and an unaccusative verb.
	www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de /asw/SuB99/abstracts/Haida.html (842 words)

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