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Topic: Underclass

	AEI - Short Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By underclass, I mean a population cut off from mainstream American life--not cut off from its trappings (television and consumer goods penetrate everywhere), but living a life in which the elemental building blocks of a life--productive work, family, community--exist in fragmented and corrupted forms.
		Most members of the underclass have low incomes, but its distinguishing characteristics are not poverty and unmet physical needs, but social disorganization, a poverty of social networks and valued roles, and a Hobbesian kind of individualism in which trust and cooperation are hard to come by and isolation is common.
		Associating with the children of the underclass was bad for our children, and we reacted as worried parents always react, determined to do whatever is necessary to protect our own children and to hell with high-flown sentiments about the greater social good.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.14891/pub_detail.asp (10151 words)

	The underclass - an essay by Jake Gordon : jakeg.co.uk
		The exact requirements to classify as being of the underclass are not an exact science, and for the purpose of this writing it shall be accepted that the underclass refer to those who are in some way socially excluded and dependent upon the state.
		The main argument pertaining to the underclass is that of blame - 'to whom should one point the finger?' Here we have two main schools of thought: that of the pathological explanation; and that of structural causation.
		It is far more simple to say that the underclass cut themselves off from society through their behaviour and attitudes than it is to argue that it is a tangled web of complexity at work across multiple levels of the structure of society.
	www.jakeg.co.uk /essays/underclass.htm (1537 words)

	ASU Symposium - Historical Perspectives on the American "Underclass" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The "underclass" is, after all, not a scientific concept, despite some early pretensions to that lofty designation.
		What is the "underclass?" It seems immediately apparent that, as commonly used, the notion of the "underclass" does not encompass the majority of American poor, who are white.
		The point is that the "underclass" is in the eye of the beholder, and those who must have their values scrutinized in this debate do not all reside in the central city.
	www.angelo.edu /events/university_symposium/1992/hirsch.htm (4288 words)

	Destroy The Underclass
		It is hardly surprising that the children of the underclass see being a gangster as a more realistic and attractive alternative to being a footballer, boxer or rock star.
		The underclass need freeing from the desperate straits that capitalist societies put them in, they need to be enabled to become fully rounded people, that means they need to cease to be the proletariat.
		The underclass should be eliminated not for their own good, I don't care about them, but for the good of the rest of society.
	mwillett.org /Politics/under.htm (3170 words)

	Article \| A New Latino Underclass
		Gang crime is exploding nationally - rising 50 percent from 1999 to 2002 - driven by the march of Hispanic immigration east and north across the country.
		The rise of underclass behavior among the progeny of Mexicans and other Central Americans must be part of that debate.
		On the final component of underclass behavior - school failure — Hispanics are in a class by themselves.
	www.manhattan-institute.org /html/_dmn-new_latino_underclass.htm (1441 words)

	Fortune Americas Underclass: What to Do Text
		The voices, reported in the press, are the voices of the underclass, and their message is that the troubles of this group at the very bottom of the American social ladder need fixing fast.
		Underclass teens have babies for a host of reasons, of which ignorance of birth control appears to be only a minor one.
		It is to release underclass people from their imprisonment in so shrunken and self-defeating a version of humanity and to restore them to the community-to the commonplace relations and activities and aspirations that generations have deemed the source of much of fife's meaning and dignity.
	www.maryellenmark.com /text/magazines/fortune/206K.html (5900 words)

	Entropy Manor » Blog Archive » The Underclass
		Unemployment in the underclass is not caused by lack of jobs or of job skills, but by the inability to get up every morning and go to work.
		Whether those in the underclass are there because they lack skills, motivation or knowledge is irrelevant.
		Because transforming the underclass into working poor families would be the first giant step in abolishing poverty.
	www.entropymanor.com /?p=590 (426 words)

	NoodleFood: The Underclass
		I hate labels such as "Underclass" for the simple reason that it allows those people to wallow in their own misery while waiting for government programs to fix things for them.
		In fact, the whole point of the label "underclass" is to differentiate those unworthy people from the respectable and self-responsible poor.
		The people that constitute the underclass are not the victims of injustice or bad luck, as some impoverished people may be.
	www.dianahsieh.com /blog/2005/12/underclass.html (1052 words)

	Morality and the underclass (Udolpho)
		I know that Udolpho smokes, but I also know that the man is smart enough not to rise up with the snarky prenumeric objection that I am claiming that he is an underclass dweller because he smokes, and because he is not an underclass dweller, my whole claim is ridiculous and false.
		Ilkka writes, "I take Panu's observation seriously, since both men are otherwise very similar in their opposition of the underclass values permeating through society via useful idiots in the pseudointellectual classes." The problem here is that anti-smoking ordinances are just about the only real evidence of "underclass values" being held at bay.
		Unless you accept the tautology that underclass behavior is any behavior exhibited by the underclass, this "broken window" theory does not hold up to scrutiny.
	www.udolpho.com /weblog/?id=01024&title=Morality-and-the-underclass (2661 words)

	Tne "Underclass" and Structural Racism
		William Julius Wilson, a sociologist, refers to the urban poor as the "underclass".
		The primary issue facing members of the underclass is "joblessness reinforced by an increasing social isolation in an impoverished neighborhood".
		Community revitalization endeavors have separated questions of race and class from economic development and housing initiatives. They have oversimplified existing problems by saying that a cure for urban ills rest in the residents' ability to change their community by simply identifying existing assets and building community capacity.
	www.utexas.edu /lbj/rhodesprp/01_02/divide/under.htm (255 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Politics \| Underclass 'is a myth'
		Politicians are wrong to talk about a permanent "underclass" in society, according to a report by a left-wing think tank.
		The charity warned that high rates of divorce and relationship breakdown are contributing to a "hidden underclass" of up to 400,000 people without a permanent address.
		The term "underclass" first gained popularity on the US right in the 1980s to describe people cut off from society by their poverty, race or drug problems.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/uk_news/politics/2220748.stm (653 words)

	The Inner City Underclass
		This book attempts to examine the growing fl underclass that exists in America's inner cities, and the author is direct in explaining that his goal is to offer a Liberal alternative to the currently popular Conservative analysis of, and proposed solutions to, this situation.
		The remainder were left behind and became the core of the fl inner city underclass.
		Single women having kids they can't support without AFDC is seen as a consequence of the loss of jobs: their men are either in jail or unemployed and thus "unmarriageable".
	users.ox.ac.uk /~mert2049/politics/blair-innercityunderclass.shtml (1689 words)

	PPI: Shrinking Underclass by Will Marshall
		The underclass, you may recall, was the concept popularized in the 1980s to describe inner-city neighborhoods plagued by high rates of unemployment, school dropouts, crime, out-of-wedlock births, and welfare dependence.
		By the early 1990s, the underclass phenomenon and the growing concentration of poverty in urban neighborhoods had provoked rising public angst about social welfare policies that failed to promote responsible behavior.
		The underclass and high-poverty neighborhoods aren't entirely overlapping categories; the former is defined by behavior, the latter by income.
	www.ppionline.org /ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=114&subsecid=236&contentid=253461 (724 words)

	USNews.com: The White Underclass
		The rise of the white underclass was heralded last fall by Charles Murray, a libertarian social critic with the American Enterprise Institute.
		He pointed out in the Wall Street Journal that 22 percent of the children born to white women in 1991 were born out of wedlock, a rate close to the 23.6 percent illegitimacy rate that prevailed among fls when Daniel Patrick Moynihan drafted his famous 1965 report presaging the breakdown of the fl family.
		Using this standard, underclass neighborhoods are those with high rates of female-headed families, welfare dependency and labor force and school dropouts.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/news/articles/941017/archive_012096_2.htm (588 words)

	Untitled Document
		“Underclass” is not synonymous with “fls.” There is a large and, I gather, growing fl middle class.
		It is responsible for crime, almost all crime, which carries with it the cost of the prisons, police forces, decay of the cities, welfare both open and hidden, and a decline in the tenor of life.
		The beneficiaries of affirmative actions, though they are seldom of the underclass, are frequently of the same racial groups.
	www.fredoneverything.net /UnderclassRevolt.shtml (1246 words)

	OpinionJournal - Extra
		Both sides are unwilling to face reality: We haven't rediscovered poverty, we have rediscovered the underclass; the underclass has been growing during all the years that people were ignoring it, including the Clinton years; and the programs politicians tout as solutions are a mismatch for the people who constitute the problem.
		Both trends are welcome, but neither has anything to do with the proportion of children being born and raised without fathers, and that proportion is the indicator that predicts the size of the underclass in the next generation.
		And behaving self-destructively is the hallmark of the underclass.
	www.opinionjournal.com /extra/?id=110007348 (1331 words)

	TIME.com: The American Underclass -- Aug. 29, 1977 -- Page 1
		The underclass has been doubly left behind: by the well-to-do majority and by the many fls and Hispanics who have struggled up to the middle class, or who remain poor but can see a better day for themselves or their children.
		Thus the underclass minority produces a highly disproportionate number of the nation's juvenile delinquents, school dropouts, drug addicts and welfare mothers, and much of the adult crime, family disruption, urban decay and demand for social expenditures.
		But the underclass is so totally disaffected from the system that many who would not themselves steal or burn or mug stand by while others do so, sometimes cheering them on.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,915331,00.html (782 words)

	PSI: Publications: Understanding the Underclass
		Recent debate on social policy in the US has focused on the idea that there is a growing underclass of people concentrated in poor neighbourhoods where public services and community networks have broken down, and where rates of crime are high and rising.
		They are said to be an underclass because they are not integrated into the economic and social structure, and have little stake in society.
		It critically examines the idea of an underclass, presents new analyses of British data, and considers the implications for policy from the perspectives of both the Right and the Left.
	www.psi.org.uk /publications/publication.asp?publication_id=193 (258 words)

	The Dream and the Nightmare: The Sixties Legacy to the Underclass (Social Class)
		The crowning blow is that the government and most traditional charities are reinforcing the social dysfunction by blaming society and the economy instead of focusing on the attitudes and beliefs necessary to exit out of the situation.
		The underclass surely has accepted the educated class's bias against "dead end jobs." Frequently, the underclass chooses crime as an alternative to work because crime is easier and more remunerative.
		The success of Asian immigrants is further proof that the underclass is a function of faulty and self-defeating attitudes and behaviors.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/812186/posts (4656 words)

	TheStar.com - Fears of an underclass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A critical feature of an underclass is an inability among the second-generation — those born into poverty — to make better lives than their parents.
		Canadians have never felt much need to examine the growth of an underclass, secure in the belief that Canada kept the door of opportunity open for all.
		Indeed, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests the symptoms of an underclass can now be found in Canada's largest cities.
	www.thestar.com /NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_PrintFriendly&c=Article&cid=1096280571875&call_pageid=968332188774 (1866 words)

	The "Underclass" Revisited : A Social Problem in Decline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nevertheless, the dangerously self-destructive behaviors that gave rise to the underclass debate, and particularly the geographic concentration of these ills in central cities, were legitimate topics of public concern.
		Several researchers attempted to measure the underclass (Danziger and Gottschalk 1987; Jencks 1991; Van Haitsma 1989), but the most sustained research effort was made by the Urban Underclass Project at the Urban Institute.
		These researchers readily admitted that their measure fell short of an ideal representation of the concept, yet they argued that it was the best measure that could be constructed from available census data, and therefore the only measure that could be broadly applied to all U.S. neighborhoods.
	www.brookings.edu /views/papers/200505jargowsky.htm (599 words)

	Drug kingpins and the underclass - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		Exhortations from mainstream society and loud service-club appeals to the underclass to "change your ways", to get a skill, uplift one's chances of a better future are usually lost on those who don't even bother to listen anyway.
		The man in the underclass is convinced that the nine-to-five is a con, the "work ethic" a catch phrase, and the appeals to societal order merely an attempt to corral and control his energies.
		The big companies provide talk, the politicians provide the burps and the area parson is the ideal man to lead the hymn singing when another member of the permanent underclass fails to reach 22 years old.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /columns/html/20040602T230000-0500_60707_OBS_DRUG_KINGPINS_AND_THE_UNDERCLASS.asp (1018 words)

	THE UNDERCLASS & CIVILIZATION WARFARE
		What all this has created in the underclass is a culture where men have not only been economically marginalized, but in fact have been made financially dependent on women; and the rage that this has led to among them is being greatly underestimated by feminists and their liberal elite allies.
		Increasingly, males in the underclass are perceiving a situation where the welfare system, gender preferences, and the police are all arrayed against them in a kind of conspiracy which has left them not only marginalized, but totally powerless.
		Moreover, there is a growing amount of evidence which suggests that the "warrior elites" of the new underclass are already moving into situations which have the potential of actually legitimizing their control of large swaths of America’s inner cities - and even of extending that control beyond the inner city.
	www.antipasministries.com /html/file0000161.htm (4384 words)

	VDARE.com: 04/10/05 - The Coming White Underclass
		And yet whites have not had an "underclass" as such, because the whites who might qualify have been scattered among the working class.
		Instead, whites have had "white trash" concentrated in a few streets on the outskirts of town, sometimes a Skid Row of unattached white men in the large cities.
		But the white illegitimacy rate is approaching that same problematic 25% region at a time when social policy is more comprehensively wrongheaded than it was in the mid-1960s, and the cultural and sexual norms are still more degraded.
	www.vdare.com /sailer/050410_underclass.htm (2409 words)

	The Last Underclass by Dean Warren
		Much of 'The Last Underclass' deals with a pressing and serious scientific, political and sociological issue: whether stem cell research and therapeutic cloning could be the first step on the slippery slope to eugenics, designer babies and, ultimately, vastly prolonged lifespans.
		Nevertheless, the 'slippery slope' argument, which seems to underpin 'The Last Underclass', is a difficult one for stem cell research's supporters to refute.
		On the other hand, on numerous occasions 'The Last Underclass' seems to regard genetic scientists and their research as inherently dangerous - or at least dominated by hubris.
	www.computercrowsnest.com /sfnews2/02_may/review0502_4.shtml (1306 words)

	Employment Policy, Community Development, and the Underclass
		The difficulties in achieving a consensus regarding the definition of the underclass cannot be minimized.
		In this paper, I consider as members of the underclass, individuals residing in urban centers, mostly in inner city areas.
		At the end, consideration is given to various proposals for public action to alleviate the problems of the underclass, including community development that can be achieved via a network of community development financial institutions.
	ideas.repec.org /p/wpa/wuwpma/9802016.html (482 words)

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