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Topic: Underground colonization

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	Space Colonization Encyclopedia Articles @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There is a strong scientific interest in colonizing Mars due to the possibility that life could have existed on Mars at some point in its history, and may even still exist in some parts of the planet.
		It may also be possible to colonize the three furthest gas giants with floating cities in their atmospheres.
		Worse still, it could be said that the objective of colonizing space adds fuel to the patriotic dogma of conquest, and thus reinforces negative national prejudice rather than helping to unify earth.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/Space_colonization (2749 words)

	Colonization of the Moon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some space colonization advocates such as the Mars Society believe colonizing the Moon would be much more difficult than colonizing Mars, and that focusing resources on colonizing the Moon would therefore distract from a more effective space colonization effort.
		As an alternative to excavating, it is possible that large underground extinct Lava tubes might exist on the Moon.
		In Dan Simmons' Hyperion universe, the Moon is one of several hundred colonized celestial bodies; however, it is left almost entirely abandoned as 99% of the existing colonized planets are preferable to the moon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon (5539 words)

	Safe Harbor - For Teachers
		Underground Railroad activity intensified after 1850 as African Americans, even those who were free, migrated to Canada.
		Underground Railroad – The Underground Railroad was neither underground nor a railroad, but a secret network of safe houses and antislavery activists - fl, white, and Native American - who helped slaves escape to freedom.
		The Underground Railroad reached a peak from 1830 to the beginning of the Civil War, though it was operating as early as the 1500s, when the time the first African captives were brought to Spanish colonies in the New World.
	www.wqln.org /SafeHarbor/Teachers/Glossary.htm (527 words)

	Underground Railroad: Colonization
		In 1822, the American Colonization Society established a colony on the West Coast of Africa that eventually became the nation of Liberia.
		Vermont’s Colonization Society was formed in 1819 at the State House in Montpelier.
		In Vermont, the Colonization Society continued to meet until 1868--with the emancipation of slaves, support for the movement ended.
	www.vermonthistory.org /educate/col.htm (678 words)

	E. Statement of Historical Contexts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term "underground railroad" had no meaning to the generations before the first rails and engines of the 1820s, but the retrospective use of the term in this study is made so as to include incidents which have all the characteristics of underground railroad activity, but which occurred earlier.
		The most common underground railroad route was likely to be an established route between one town and another with the fugitive in disguise or hiding under the cargo of a wagon, a flat boat, a ship.
		It has often been noted that the underground railroad was neither "underground" nor a "railroad." In its period of greatest activity, from 1830 to 1861, its activities encompassed individual decisions to flee from American slavery, individual acts of support or betrayal, and loosely-organized networks of assistance.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/underground/themee.htm (17164 words)

	Safe Passage \| National UGRR Resources & Links
		Kentucky's Underground Railroad: Passage to Freedom is a multimedia project of Kentucky Educational Television in which fugitives, anti-slavery advocates and descendants tell their stories about the history of slavery in Kentucky.
		Underground Railroad provides an overview of several facets of slavery, from the Fugitive Slave Act to methods of escapes, Dred Scott, and John Brown.
		Underground Railroad in York County, Pennsylvania was critical for slaves because the county bordered the Mason-Dixon line.
	www.safepassageohio.org /links/ugrrlinks.asp (2412 words)

	[No title]
		Such groups like the American Colonization Society (ACS), mostly "viewed colonization as a means of uplifting the free [African] and of extending Christian missions to far-off lands." By the 1820s, abolitionists in England and the United States established two African colonies, Sierra Leone and Liberia, as a means to rid African Americans from White society.
		Abolitionists were crucial to the operations of the underground, but not all of them participated in or sanctioned its activities.
		Evidence is unclear when the "underground" began; however, Henrietta Buckmaster, author of Let My People Go, asserts that "the first fugitive slave who asked for help from a member of his own race or the enemy race drove the first stake in that `railroad'" (Buckmaster 1992: 11).
	afgen.com /underground_railroad2.html (1262 words)

	World War 2: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ
		Underground courts of justice were organized with a written code establishing its composition, procedures, and the manner of carrying out sentences.
		Several dozen of the surviving fighters were able, with the help of the Polish underground, to escape the ghetto area and continue the fight.
		The Warsaw Uprising, on the other hand, was a struggle of the Polish underground which, between August 1, 1944 and October 2, 1944, conducted an armed struggle aimed at liberating Warsaw and its 1,000,000 inhabitants from the German occupation at the time the Soviet army was approaching the city limits from the east.
	www.warsawuprising.com /faq.htm (2075 words)

	Safe Harbor - The Film
		The Underground Railroad did not stop at county lines or state borders, so it was important to place our story in a wider context.
		At the core of the Underground Railroad is an argument about the nature of American slavery and the moral and cultural dilemma it presented.
		Colonization societies, intent on removing African Americans to Liberia, had chapters in western Pennsylvania long after they were disbanded in other states.
	www.wqln.org /safeharbor/Film.htm (450 words)

	Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed. - Thir-Val
		The office of the treasurer had its antecedent in English government which codified the organization, purposes, and general responsibilities of the business corporation during the 17th century when activities in worldwide colonization and trade exploded.
		A trust is a tool that an individual or institution uses to transfer property to a beneficiary.
		The term "underground economy" refers to the part of the economy that generates income, but goes untaxed.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /encyclopedia/Thir-Val/index.html (1068 words)

	Operating Underground Railroad
		The debate in Congress in 1819 and 1820 over whether Missouri should enter the Union as a slave or free state made it clear to the entire nation that the slavery issue was not going to simply evaporate in the American republic.
		For free fls, the formation of the national American Colonization Society persuaded them to organize for the abolition of slavery rather than act individually.
		The Colonization Society wanted federal government funds to pay the costs of settling free fls in an African colony they founded and called Liberia.
	www.cr.nps.gov /NR/travel/underground/opugrr.htm (398 words)

	Subject Category - civil, page 3
		The goal of the American Colonization Society, which was founded in 1816, was to "return" former slaves and free fls to Africa.
		Although abolition sentiments were not universally popular, 19h-century Ohioans spoke out against slavery and risked their own lives to help slaves escape to freedom through the Underground Railroad, an organization surrounded by legend due to its covert nature.
		Underground Railroad activity was most active in communities along the Ohio River and in the Western Reserve.
	worlddmc.ohiolink.edu /OMP/Subject?subject=civil&pg=3 (630 words)

	Underground Railroad in Jersey City
		Jersey City's first and three-time mayor Dudley S. Gregory was a member of the American Colonization Society in the tradition of the Whig Party.
		Colonization was viewed as an alternative to abolition and might even benefit the welfare of the slaves by removing themselves outside the United States.
		From their home that served as a "station" on the Underground Railroad in the Greenville section of Jersey City, they helped numerous slaves escape.
	www.njcu.edu /programs/jchistory/Pages/U_Pages/Underground_Railroad.htm (1876 words)

	[No title]
		Colonization refers to the antebellum process of redistributing mostly freed fl men, women, and children to the continent of Africa, where they were to live and co-exist in the land of their ancestors.
		Proponents of colonization argued though that the colonists could be used as missionaries, who could bring some sense of civility to the African continent.
		Therefore, colonization’s roots are embedded in the ideals of racism and hatred.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~mgagnon/students/Ward.htm (3194 words)

	Underground Railroad News--August 26, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Friends of the Underground Railroad [FOUGRR] and members of the National Park Service's Network to Freedom Program are gathering in the city of Baltimore during Underground Railroad Week, September 13-18, 2004.
		Joining Elizabeth Rankin-Fulher, the President of the Friends of the Underground Railroad will be FOUGRR board members and Underground Railroad enthusiasts from Kansas, Ohio, Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Washington, DC and Virginia are expected to attend the Underground Railroad Gathering.
		Tales of the Underground Railroad: On the Erie Canal, a documentary focusing on "The political, economical, historical and geographical elements that drew fugitive slave activity to the Great Lakes and the Erie Canal, including the commercial slip which connected the canal with the Buffalo's Inner Harbor.
	www.afrolumens.org /ugrr/040826.html (989 words)

	KET's Underground Railroad - Westward Expansion and the Development of Abolitionist Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The colonization movement enabled influential slaveholding -politicians like Henry Clay to favor sending free fls and man-umitted slaves back to Africa, while allowing them to also distance themselves from supporting the principle of immediate abolition.
		The Kentucky Colonization Society, organized in 1829, absorbed colonizationist groups that surfaced as early as 1823.
		The Kentucky Colonization Society condemned slavery "as a great moral and political evil," while at the same time being composed primarily of conservative slaveholders who could not reconcile moral gain with the economic loss of slaves.
	www.ket.org /underground/history/westexpansion.htm (2174 words)

	Abolitionists
		Founded in 1817, most members of the American Colonization Society came from religious groups, especially the Society of Friends, in the North or were slaveowners from Upper South states like Kentucky and Virginia.
		The American Colonization Society also pressured the federal government to compensate slaveowners who freed their slaves.
		As a result of this, Underground Railroad stops existed throughout Ohio and other free states, providing runaway slaves with safe houses all of the way to Canada.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=569 (1383 words)

	Peder Anker \| the ecological Colonization of Space \| Environmental History, 10.2 \| The History Cooperative
		The skeptical minority argued that space colonization was unrealizable or unethical, yet nevertheless adopted terminology, technology, and methodology from space research in their efforts to reshape the social and ecological matrix onboard Spaceship Earth.
		Yet, as this article argues, when space colonies became the model for Spaceship Earth, all human beings became "Space natives" colonized by ecological reasoning: Social, political, moral, and historical space were invaded by ecological science aimed at reordering ill-treated human environments according to the managerial ideals of the astronaut's life in the space colony.
		Inside these underground cabin ecologies, people were to survive for years, months, or weeks (depending on their military importance).
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/eh/10.2/anker.html (11650 words)

	Gilder Lehrman Center \| Online Resources
		The Underground Railroad, as traditionally understood, was a loose organization of abolitionists, anti-slavery societies, and vigilance committees based in the Northern states that provided aid to escaped slaves once they had escaped the Southern slave states.
		While still in the South, fleeing slaves had to operate beneath the Underground Railroad, and rely on their own sources of aid and information to escape, with only the hope of further assistance once in the free states.
		The National Park Service is implementing a national Underground Railroad program to coordinate preservation and education efforts nationwide and integrate local historical places, museums, and interpretive programs associated with the Underground Railroad into a mosaic of community, regional, and national stories.
	www.yale.edu /glc/info/links.html (1349 words)

	Underground Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The world’s cities may be overcrowded, and the suburbs that surround them choked by unchecked sprawl, but there’s a huge amount of undeveloped space, right at our feet, underground.
		The first wave of projects, which we are in the middle of right now, are subway extensions, underground highway re-siting projects, and high-security depots for petrochemicals.
		The low operating costs of underground space mean that competition among landlords can force rents down quite far.
	fhapgood.fastmail.fm /underground.htm (1302 words)

	Bacteria - Article - Red Colony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hydrogen could be found in underground aquifers of water, two miles underground.
		They could pump water up from underground aquifers by the same way we drink water upside-down.
		They could be used as a building material or could mine deep underground like they already do here on earth.
	www.redcolony.com /art.php?id=0107190 (664 words)

	Final Gallery
		Ever since I started doing assignments for TAS I have read about all their future projects, which would eventually lead to their goal of colonization of Mars.
		Many people believe there is a possibility of there being underground water on mars.
		I think that if there did turn out to be water underground then it wouldnât be in sufficient amounts.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /has/Students/finalgall.cfm?id=572 (601 words)

	Space colonization
		Its size is similar to Earth, it has large water reserves, and has carbon (locked as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere).
		Space and Human Survival: My Views on the Importance of Colonizing Space (http://www.sylviaengdahl.com/space.htm) Sylvia Engdahl discusses the "critical stage" where a level of technology allows both space colonization and human extinction.
		Warm-Blooded Plants and Freeze-Dried Fish (http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97nov/space.htm) Freeman Dyson predicts that space colonization will only be affordable after a hundred years; and that biotechnology, not propulsion, will be the enabling factor.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Space_colonization (1557 words)

	Digital Archives
		These Web sites are not endorsed by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, nor has the Freedom Center in any way authenticated the information they may contain about the Underground Railroad.
		The mission of this Web page is to focus on a specific area of history life of African Americans 1800-1870 to guide teachers and students through factual content of this era in history, and also show how to conduct research using a variety of sources and strategies.
		Sandford, Rebellions, Slave Narratives, and the Underground Railroad.
	www.freedomcenter.org /learn/underground-railroad/digital-archive/digital-archives.html (854 words)

	Christianity
		This is also true of Asia where many of the underground house churches intend to send hundreds of thousands of missionaries out over the next decade.
		During the Crusades, Christian atrocities against Jews in German and Hungarian towns, later also in those of France and England, and in the massacres of non-combatants in Palestine and Syria initiated a tradition of Christian anti-Semitism, which was further bolstered by the blood libel cult, and continued into the 1500s by the Spanish Inquisition.
		The European colonization movement was endorsed by the mainstream European Christian churches.
	christianity.ask.dyndns.dk (5128 words)

	Abolition, Colonization, and the Underground Railroad
		Several Middletown citizens, both white and fl, served as underground railroad conductors, sheltering slaves who were fleeing the South in search of freedom in Canada or elsewhere.
		Wesleyan’s first President, Willbur Fisk, believed that slavery was wrong, but maintained that the solution to the problem of slavery lay in the voluntary emigration of fls to Africa, rather than in the abolitionist movement.
		Despite the intense rhetoric of the colonization movement, in the period from 1830 to 1850, only ten fl people from Connecticut sailed to Liberia.
	www.wesleyan.edu /libr/schome/amezion/case2b.htm (872 words)

	The SF Site Featured Review: Mars Underground
		The year is 2031, and the colonization of Mars is in its infancy.
		Carter Jahns, the forward-thinking architect of the colonization effort, grasps the opportunity to completely reinvent the rules of society with enthusiasm.
		Hartmann is also known for his planetary research, he is a member of the Mars Global Surveyor science team and he is well-known as an astronomical artist.
	www.sfsite.com /10b/mars19.htm (532 words)

	Underground (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Long known as a stop on the Underground Railroad, Andover residents did not stand squarely behind the abolition movement, said Mofford.
		It supported the American Colonization Society, which preached buying the fls' freedom, converting them and sending them back to Africa.
		The exhibit is titled "Slavery, Anti-Slavery, and the Underground Railroad in Andover." Mofford's findings are displayed in portable Plexiglass and metal screens.
	www.andovertownsman.com /news/20030717/ED_001.html (557 words)

	AAP Bibliography: Race & Gender
		Beck, Warren A. "Lincoln' and Negro Colonization." Abraham Lincoln Quarterly.
		Foster, Charles I. "The Colonization of Free Negroes in Liberia, 1816-1835." JNH.
		"The Underground Railway: A Reevaluation." The Ohio Historical Quarterly.
	americanabolitionist.liberalarts.iupui.edu /racegen.htm (3210 words)

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