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	Underground mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Mine development was always by the "bord and pillar" method, the bords being the underground roadways from which the coal was extracted, and the pillars being the coal in between, which had to be left to support the overlying rocks.
		In overseas mines where this system was developed, it was generally possible to mine most of the pillar coal as well, by developing "panels" of 50 to 100 pillars before starting to mine the outer pillars and retreating back to the main driveages, allowing the roof to collapse in a controlled fashion.
		Longwall mining is a method of underground coal mining in which two long parellel bords are driven laterally from the mine's main headings and connected by a shorter crosscut, to define a block of coal typically more than 200 metres wide and a kilometre long.
	www.griffincoal.com.au /UGMining.html (544 words)

	Ohio Underground Mining Fact Sheet
		Underground mine operators must notify surface owners, owners and occupants of structures, wells, buried oil, gas, or utility lines of their intent to extract coal beneath their property by sending written notice directly to the owner/occupant at least six months prior to the beginning of mining beneath the property.
		In addition the notice must indicate the timing of mining activities beneath the property, the name of the company staff to contact regarding the mining activities, the information that the surface owner may review, and the location(s) of where the subsidence control plan of the underground operator may be examined.
		Underground mining may not be conducted beneath, or adjacent to public buildings or facilities, churches, schools or hospitals, or impoundments with a storage capacity of twenty acre feet, unless a specific demonstration can be provided to the chief showing that such facilities will not be materially damaged by subsidence.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /mineral/coal/miningfactsht.htm (1358 words)

	VI Underground Coal Mining etc
		Early room-and-pillar mines did not include retreat mining; they relied on manual labor to cut the coal at the working face and the coal was hauled from the mine by horse and wagon.
		The room-and-pillar mining method is used in all of Pennsylvania’s underground bituminous coal mines including longwall mining operations, where it is used to develop the haulage and ventilation systems, and to delineate and support the longwall panels.
		Mine layout in this early period was radial, typically incorporating two shafts sunk from the surface to the coal seam with perpendicular entries driven for a distance of 125 to 250 feet from the shafts.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/deputate/minres/bmr/act54/sec6.htm (1908 words)

	Mining
		In the case of longwall mining of coal, self-advancing roof supports, made of hydraulic jacks and metal plates, are moved ahead, allowing the ceiling in the mined area to cave in as the miners work back towards the tunnel entrance.
		Underground mining does not require as extensive a reclamation process; however, mine operators and environmental engineers still must ensure that ground water remains uncontaminated and that abandoned mines will not collapse.
		Workers in underground mines spend time traveling from the mine entrance to their working areas, so that their paid workday is slightly longer than that of surface mine workers, 8 hours versus 7 1/4-hour shifts.
	www.bls.gov /oco/cg/cgs004.htm (4811 words)

	InfoMine / UndergroundMine - Underground Mining Technology for the Mining Industry
		Underground coal mining may post increase to 35% in 2010 from 33% in 2004 in terms of tons produced and relative proportion of the total US production.
		Drilling in South African mines are moving from the traditional pneumatic rock drills to electric drills, Mining Weekly wrote.
		While mining using the block caving method, the location of cave front is often unknown, causing dilution in the stopes being mined and subsequently affecting metal recovery rates.
	technology.infomine.com /UGmine (1019 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Interpretative Rule Related to Subsidence Due to Underground Coal Mining
		Definition of Surface Coal Mining Operations--Section 701(28) The prohibitions of section 522(e) of SMCRA apply to ``surface coal mining operations.'' Thus, determining the scope of the prohibitions requires an understanding of the definition of the term ``surface coal mining operations'' in section 701(28).
		It accounted for 38 percent of the underground mining in 1993, and is forecast to increase its share to 48 percent by 2015.
		Longwall mining is a low-cost underground mining method, and in some instances, may be the only economically feasible underground mining method when the coal seam is deep or the roof is extremely fragile.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-GENERAL/1999/December/Day-17/g30893.htm (15911 words)

	Underground Mining: Longwall Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In longwall mining, a cutting head moves back and forth across a panel of coal about 800 feet in width and up to 7,000 feet in length.
		Longwall mining is done under hydraulic roof supports (shields) that are advanced as the seam is cut.
		The roof in the mined out areas falls as the shields advance.
	www.umwa.org /mining/lwmine.shtml (104 words)

	Kid's Page: Places to Stay Away From: Underground Mines
		Mine atmosphere or mine air maybe contaminated with gases that are poisonous and may displace the necessary oxygen to support life.
		Underground holes and shafts may be manmade or caused by caving ground.
		Mines and caves are cool in summer and warm in winter, generally offer a good food supply, and often furnish shelter for snakes, spiders, scorpions, insects, and other dangerous animals.
	www.msha.gov /KIDS/ABANDON/UNDER.HTM (914 words)

	Underground Mining: Room and Pillar Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Most underground coal is mined by the room and pillar method, whereby rooms are cut into the coal bed leaving a series of pillars, or columns of coal, to help support the mine roof and control the flow of air.
		In retreat mining, the workers mine as much coal as possible from the remaining pillars until the roof falls in.
		In continuous mining, a machine known as a continuous miner cuts the coal from the mining face, obviating the need for drilling and blasting.
	www.umwa.org /mining/ugmine.shtml (216 words)

	underground coal mining on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		UNDERGROUND COAL MINING [underground coal mining] see coal mining.
		Deadly coal mining method comes under scrutiny Cutting away coal pillars that hold up underground mines is legal, but it has killed 17 miners in the last seven years.
		Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme is elevated in association with underground coal mining.
	encyclopedia.infonautics.com /html/X/X-undercoal.asp (768 words)

	Underground Coal Mining Southwest Virginia
		This is a mine in operation which shows the supply track and conveyor belt.
		A high voltage cable runs from outside the mine to the underground distribution center, and from there individual cables go to various pieces of mining equipment.
		After the coal mine has advanced to the mine limit - pillars, or blocks of coal that support the top, are extracted as the mining process retreats.
	home1.gte.net /sosborne1/underground.html (468 words)

	Encyclopedia of American Industries - Mining
		This industry includes auger mining, strip mining, culm bank mining, and other surface mining, by owners or lessees or by establishments that have complete responsibility for operating bituminous coal and lignite surface mines for others on a contract or fee basis.
		This industry includes underground mining by owners or lessees or by establishments that have complete responsibility for operating bituminous coal under-ground mines for others on a contract or fee basis.
		Establishments primarily engaged in mining common salt are classified in SIC 1479: Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining, Not Elsewhere Classified.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /industries/Mining/index.html (1276 words)

	[No title]
		Mine subsidence can be defined as movement of the ground surface as a result of readjustments of the overburden due to collapse or failure of underground mine workings.
		The zone along the perimeter of the mine that experiences hydrologic impacts is said to lie within the “angle of dewatering” or “angle of influence” of the mine.
		Cifelli and Rauch (1986) studied a high-extraction mining operation in north-central West Virginia and concluded that base-flow streams were significantly impacted where at least ten percent of their watershed was undermined and subsided, and had dried up where at least 25 to 30 percent of their watershed was so affected.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/deputate/minres/bmr/act54/sec8.doc (7406 words)

	Underground Mining Practice - Course Introduction
		A comprehensive treatment of all aspects of underground mining, from exploration, feasibility, design and development...
		Underground Mining Practice is based on the author's 50 years of experience as a mining engineer in operations, consulting, teaching and research, specializing in mining and geotechnical engineering, mine planning, audits and training, and development, review and monitoring of mining RandD programs.
		Discuss the roles of exploration, feasibility studies, mine planning, information systems, development, ground control, explosives, fragmentation, production and delivery systems, ventilation, backfill, drainage, geotechnical investigation, and mine layout design in the development and operation of an underground mine.
	www.edumine.com /xutility/html/menu.asp?category=xcourse&course=XumPrac (436 words)

	Renseignements internationaux - UNDERGROUND MINING EQUIPMENT
		There are also several underground mines of coal and other minerals, that are small to medium-sized operations, but that present considerable business opportunities.
		This mine, which is called "Fazenda Brasileiro," has an output of nearly 4,800 kilograms of gold metal annually and one million metric tons of run of mine.
		Serra Grande operates two underground mines in central Brazil (Mina III and Mina Nova), nearly 300 Km west of Brasilia in the municipality of Crixás.
	strategis.ic.gc.ca /epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/fr/gr-72109f.html (1701 words)

	Underground Mining Core
		Graduates are prepared to work for mining contractors in entry level positions and, with additional underground experience, to advance to become development and production miners.
		The course provides an introduction to the purpose of mine ventilation systems, the types of systems used in underground mines and the components of mine ventilation systems.
		Building on the knowledge and skills gained in MINE 144 (Ore Movement 1), you will learn the safety procedures and skills needed to operate additional types of track and tramming ore handling equipment (slushers, mucking machines and ore trucks).
	www.siast.sk.ca /siast/educationtraining/academicpartner/undergroundminercore.htm (934 words)

	mining: Underground Mining Methods
		A major factor in the decision to operate by underground mining rather than surface mining is the strip ratio, or the number of units of waste material in a surface mine that must be removed in order to extract one unit of ore. Once this ratio becomes large, surface mining is no longer attractive.
		The objective of underground mining is to extract the ore below the surface of the earth safely, economically, and with as little waste as possible.
		A modern underground mine is a highly mechanized operation requiring little work with pick and shovel.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0859659.html (313 words)

	AllRefer.com - mining (Metallurgy And Mining: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		These resources include ores, which contain commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminum; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale.
		When a mineral deposit is found, it is studied to determine if it can be mined profitably.
		If so, the deposit can be worked or extracted by a variety of mining methods.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/mining.html (215 words)

	Creede Underground Mining Museum
		Mining was the area's main industry through the years until 1985, when the Homestake Mining Company closed down the Bulldog Mine.
		The concept for an underground mine began with Bob Louth in 1976, when he proposed building an underground fire station.
		By 1992, the mining portion of the museum was completed and most of the displays were in place.
	www.museumtrail.org /CreedeUndergroundMiningMuseum.asp (205 words)

	mining
		Mine - 1907 Dec. 6, Monongah, W. Va.: coal mine explosion killed 362.
		Homesteading rock: a defense of free access under the general mining law of 1872.
		The 1872 mining law and the 20th century collide: a rediscovery of limits on mining rights in wilderness areas and national forests.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0833309.html (289 words)

	Underground mining methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Once the shallowest level is mined, they fill all of the tunnels with a mixture of sand and cement.
		(159 kb) -- a mining method in which most of the ore is mined, but parts of the orebody are left behind to act as supporting pillars to hold up the rock overhead.
		Room-and-pillar mining is commonly used for large flat orebodies such as salt deposits, coal, limestone, and other similar mines.
	pangea.stanford.edu /~kurt/kurt-mining-methods.html (1054 words)

	Tony Stentz - Research Projects
		The objective of the Automated Underground Mining project is to develop and commercialize robotics technologies for semi-automating continuous mining machines and other underground mining equipment.
		The primary benefit of this work is economic, by improving the productivity of each mining machine (in terms of tons of coal mined per shift) and by allowing the operator to run the machine from a safe distance, thus reducing associated costs for worker exposure, health benefits, and liability.
		Due to the cramped nature of the mining environment and the airborne dust particles, operators are unable to see well enough to control the equipment accurately.
	www.frc.ri.cmu.edu /~axs/miner.html (548 words)

	Interesting Facts About Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The first coal mine in America was opened in Virginia, in the Appalachian bituminous field, during the 1750s; the mining of anthracite began in the late 1700s.
		Extensive mining in the United States commenced about 1820; until 1854 more than half of all the coal that was produced in the U.S. was Pennsylvania anthracite.
		His major inventions were recognized as milestones in the history of underground mining mechanization.
	www.miningmatters.org /Interesting%20Facts%20About%20Mining.htm (943 words)

	405 KAR 8:040. Underground coal mining permits.
		There is no exact federal counterpart to this requirement for alternative water supply information for underground mines, although a close parallel is found in the subsidence control plan requirements at 30 CFR 784.20(b)(8), which require a description of measures to be taken to replace adversely affected protected water supplies.
		Where aquifers may be adversely affected by the mining operation, the structural geology, lithology, thickness, and areal extent of the aquifers; and structural geology and lithology of strata, and thickness of each stratum, whether located above or below the coal seam to be mined, which lie between the coal seam and the aquifers.
		Where the area has been previously mined, the measurements shall extend at least 100 feet beyond the limits of mining disturbances, or any other distance determined by the cabinet to be representative of the premining configuration of the land.
	www.lrc.state.ky.us /kar/405/008/040.htm (10629 words)

	Underground Coal Mining Southwest Virginia
		My Grandfather Cantrell started working in an underground mine in 1922, at the age of 16, and brought home $3.40 a day.
		My husband has also worked in an underground coal mine for approximately 23 years and continues to do so at this time.
		Underground mining is still a means of survival for many families in the area.
	mysite.verizon.net /sosborne1 (361 words)

	2002 NAICS Definitions: 212112 Bituminous Coal Underground Mining
		Bituminous coal underground mining or mining and beneficiating
		Semibituminous coal underground mining or mining and beneficiating
		Subbituminous coal underground mining or mining and beneficiating
	www.census.gov /epcd/naics02/def/ND212112.HTM (172 words)

	Amazon.com: Rock Mechanics : for underground mining: Books: B.H.G. Brady,E.T. Brown (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It consists of five categories of topics on the science and practice of rock engineering: basic engineering principles relevant to rock mechanics; mechanical properties of rock and rock masses; design of underground excavations in various rock mass conditions; mining methods and their implementation; and guidelines on rock mechanics practice.
		Throughout the text, and particularly in those sections concerned with excavation design and design of mining layouts, reference is made to computational methods of analysis of stress and displacement in a rock mass.
		For professional practitioners, not only will it be of interest to mining and geological engineers but also to civil engineers, structural and mining geologists and geophysicists as a standard work for professional reference purposes.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0412475502?v=glance (773 words)

	Robotics Institute: Automated Underground Mining
		Coal is mined using an ensemble of machines.
		A continuous mining machine uses a spinning cutter head with "teeth" to break coal away from the face.
		The coal is deposited in shuttle cars for haulage to a permanent conveyor system and out of the mine.
	www.ri.cmu.edu /projects/project_67.html (162 words)

	Bruce Ford Equipment (Earthmoving Mining Drilling Underground Mining Equipment)
		Turning to The Machine Hound® for your used Earthmoving, Mining (including Underground Mining) and Drilling equipment needs, offers the Main Advantages to You...
		Working closely with many of Australia's largest publicly listed mining companies and just as many one and two man contractors, world-wide supply is our specialty.
		For all earthmoving, mining and drilling applications - indeed all forms of industrial and automotive applications.
	www.brucefordequipment.com.au (318 words)

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