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Topic: Unequal Treaties (China)

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Unequal Treaties

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	Unequal Treaties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term Unequal Treaties, mainly used by China, refers to a series of treaties signed by several Asian states, including the Qing Empire in China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Joseon Korea, with foreign powers, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
		China considered these treaties "unequal" because in most cases China saw itself as being forced to pay large amounts of reparations, open up ports, cede lands (such as Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula to the Great Britain), and make various other concessions of sovereignty to foreign "spheres of influence", following humiliating military defeats.
		For China and Korea, the wait was somewhat longer, with China's unequal treaties completely dissolved only following Hong Kong's handover in 1997 (though it was agreed on in 1984 following talks between Deng Xiaoping and the British).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unequal_Treaties (461 words)

	Chinese History - Qing Dynasty æ¸ event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		China has been - and still is - a vast imperium that challenges the economical and political abilites of the ruling class.
		China had lost her sovereignity over the import taxes, a field that normally provided the state treasury with a large income.
		China's trade balance was critically endangered by these facts, and moreover by an inflation of the silver currency against the gold standard that was adopted by the Western countries.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Qing/qing-event.html (4545 words)

	History of China
		China reacted to intrusions from the West--and from a newly modernized Japan (to which China lost a war in 1895)--in a variety of ways, sometimes maintaining the traditional status quo, adapting Western functions to Chinese substance, or rejecting Chinese tradition in favor of Western substance and form.
		China's population itself had surpassed 1 billion people by 1982 and was experiencing an annual rate of increase of 1.4 percent.
		China has had a perennial concern with being surrounded by enemies- -the Soviets to the north and west, the Vietnamese to the south, and the Indians to the southwest--and has sought increasingly to project itself as a regional power.
	worldfacts.us /China-History.htm (2482 words)

	China: A Country Study
		China had taken it for granted that its relations with Europeans would be conducted according to the tributary system that had evolved over the centuries between the emperor and representatives of the lesser states on China's borders as well as between the emperor and some earlier European visitors.
		In 1727 the Treaty of Kiakhta delimited the remainder of the eastern portion of the SinoRussian border.
		In 1951 the UN declared China to be an aggressor in Korea and sanctioned a global embargo on the shipment of arms and war materiel to China.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/Comparative/SOURCES/china.htm (15633 words)

	Session 45: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the years of Republican China’s rising nationalism, different military factions and political interest parties intensively employed circular telegrams, public statements, newspaper columns, interviews and other means to articulate their views of the treaty question in their bids to compete for the legitimacy of their claimed political ideas.
		Replete with political meanings, the propaganda war around "the unequal treaties" in connection with "down with imperialism" featured some of the attributes of the factional and political culture then, indicative of what the important concepts and slogans were and what the deep reasons for China’s backwardness were in the minds of the Chinese people.
		By reinterpreting China’s past, the propaganda war in the early twentieth century made the unequal treaties become a cultural symbol with political implications, and thus played a significant role in reshaping the political landscape of Republican China.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1998abst/china/c45.htm (1634 words)

	China Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		China's development was influenced by the alien peoples on the frontiers of Chinese civilization, who were sinicized into the Chinese polity (see fig.
		China reacted cautiously to the signing of a nuclear arms treaty by the Soviet Union and the United States and refused to hold its own summit with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
		But China remained skeptical of Vietnamese government announcements that it would withdraw 50,000 troops from Cambodia by the end of 1988, and China's leaders continued to pressure the Soviet Union to exert more influence on Vietnam to secure an early withdrawal of all Vietnamese troops from Cambodia.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/china/china_history_introduction.html (3924 words)

	China Institute NEH Summer Institute
		China and the World participants will learn the basic themes of Chinese history and explore the give-and-take of ideas, people and events that were instrumental in shaping China and the societies with which China came into contact throughout history.
		China Institute will provide letters certifying successful completion of the institute as well as a description of the program's scope and requirements for all participants who would like to apply for in-service credit from their individual school districts.
		China Institute was chartered by the Education Department of the State of New York on January 21, 1944.
	www.chinainstitute.org /educators/neh.html (3483 words)

	[No title]
		Her book is a multiple interrogation: of theory's resistance to China, of the China field's resistance to theory, and of the location of "those ethnic peoples whose entry into culture is, precisely because of the history of Western imperialism, already 'Westernized'" (xi) within the larger critique of Western cultural and discursive hegemony.
		Extraterritoriality, whereby a foreign national in China was subject only to the law of his/her native country, has the effect of rendering problematic Bhabha's "repertoire of conflictual positions that constitute the subject in colonial discourse" (204).
		Kristeva's China, an instrument in a critique of the West, is thus subsumed under the West in an instancing of the power relationship her project purports to condemn.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/pmc/pmc-v2n2-connery-china.txt (4772 words)

	China Refutes Distortions about Christianity
		The movement, which advocates self-administration, self-support and self-propagation among the Protestant churches in China, is a patriotic movement formed spontaneously by Chinese Christians who sought to defend themselves against the invasion and bullying of colonialists and imperialists in the early days, according to the official.
		This is because the Chinese people detested the suppression of colonialists and imperialists, disapproved of unequal treaties, and viewed Christianity under the protection of the treaties as a "foreign religion," he said.
		The All-China Federation of Young Men's Christian Association, backed by 1,577 religious leaders, openly publicized the "Three-Self Declaration" together with 40 church leaders, signifying that Chinese Christians were in support of the new China.
	www.china-embassy.org /eng/zt/zjxy/t36493.htm (1266 words)

	Table of contents for China's unequal treaties
		China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History Dong Wang Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction 1.
		Tracing the Contours of the "Unequal Treaties" in Imperial China, 1840-1911 2.
		Implementing and Contesting International Law: The "Unequal Treaties" and the Foreign Ministry of the Beijing Government, 1912-1928 3.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0512/2005012495.html (174 words)

	China
		China has established friendly relations with all countries, though its policy of pretending to be a strong military power while not having the potential has resulted in the negation of its friendly foreign policy as other countries become wary of its military power.
		China was one of the strong supporters of nuclear disarmament, gaining it credibility in the diplomatic circles, but its decision to test a nuclear device only three days later has undermined any gains.
		China has defended the nuclear test saying it had conducted the least number of nuclear tests among the nuclear powers, which is correct according to available statistics.
	www.nti.org /db/china/engdocs/eanpbib2.htm (14128 words)

	The Second Opium War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Treaty negotiations followed and resulted in an agreement opening numerous new ports for trade, legalising the opium trade and various other provisions as demanded by the westerners.
		The treaty was agreed locally but the Emperor's court in Beijing refused to ratify it.
		In due course, the Emperor was obliged to ratify the treaty and attempt to begin to repair the damage caused.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/east_asian_history/111392 (434 words)

	key dates of modern china
		The Treaty of Nanjing (1842) is the first of many unequal treaties between China and Western nations.
		China enters the nuclear age with a successful rest of the atomic bomb.
		China's youth are urged to destroy old customs, old habits, old culture, and old thinking, to attack teachers, leaders, and parents.
	alpha.fdu.edu /core/corec/chinadates.html (1295 words)

	[No title]
		After Mongol rule in China, leaders were eager to restore pure Chinese culture, therefore outlawing large trade-ships from leaving the country.
		Unequal treaties (19c) Because of the Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were required to: Pay reparations to Britain.
		Spheres of Influence were established by Western European countries in China, which bothered the Chinese and led to a series of uprisings.
	www.historyteacher.net /EuroCiv/FinalReview/terms-China.doc (708 words)

	U.S.-CHINA: TAIWAN ARMS LATEST SOURCE OF BILATERAL TENSION
		China and the international community are therefore left with the impression that the U.S. rejection of Taiwan's request for the Aegis-level destroyers was a factor in its negotiations to bring the hostages home as soon as possible.
		With China revealing its great potential as a superpower through rapid economic development over the past 20 years, the United States seems to feel that its hegemony is being threatened in the Pacific region.
		China is continuing to address the U.S. administration as if the latter were still sympathetic to its pleas...adding one provocation after another....
	www.fas.org /news/taiwan/2001/taiwan-010425-china.htm (7515 words)

	China Needs Protectionism and the Ideas of Friedrich List
		In the view of these nationalist critics, the WTO agreement with the United States is tantamount to a surrender of China's sovereignty, and opens the door to forces that are trying to split and destroy China through a combination of economic, political, and military pressures.
		During visits to China last year, this author often posed the question to Chinese scholars and officials: "Given the enormous internal difficulties which a further reduction of tariff protection and other economic liberalization measures will create for China, why are you so eager to join the WTO?" I never received a really satisfactory answer.
		In the meantime, China should pursue a foreign policy of cooperating with those nations and tendencies around the world, which are opposed to the kind of "unipolar" world order, the rule of a tiny minority over the globe, which Zbigniew Brzezinski, George Bush, and others stand for.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/2000/jbt_china_2719.html (8073 words)

	Unequal Treaties - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Unequal Treaties - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Unequal Treaties, international agreements extorted from China, Japan, Thailand, Korea, and other Asian countries by imperial powers, during the...
		These treaties, collectively known in China as the unequal treaties, were to guide Chinese relations with the West until 1943.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Unequal_Treaties.html (127 words)

	China's Confession
		China's antiquated customs were at a low level, the West's science and technology at a mid level, while the highest level was reserved for those who believe in Christ--a personal God who offers both just punishment and merciful forgiveness.
		D13) China's defeat by Japan was not the consequence of poor military tactics, but the result of moral decay and political corruption.
		D25) Sun said, for China it was not 'difficult to practice what we know,' rather it was 'difficult to know what to practice.' For three thousand years the Chinese placed their faith in the wrong object and worshiped the wrong person.
	www.chinasoul.com /e/e-wk/episode04.htm (1708 words)

	Chinese boys wear
		China is one of the oldest civilizations on earth.
		China seized control of Tibet in 1956, but this is not reciognized by many other countries.
		China is the largest country in terms of population and one of the largest countries in terms of area.
	histclo.com /country/other/co-china.html (2073 words)

	CHINA Negotiates the 'Unequal' Treaties (1858)
		In 1858 China was in the midst of civil war with the Taiping rebels as well as embroiled with Britain and France in the Second Opium war.
		It was a foregone conclusion that they would also insist on establishing a diplomatic residence at the capital Peking that would preclude the hitherto arduous and unsatisfactory negotiation with provincial officials who lacked plenipotentiary powers.
		Now the barbarians have repudiated treaties, occupied our (provincial) capital city [i.e., Canton], abducted our high official and every red-blooded man is gnashing his teeth in bitter anger, wanting to eat their flesh and use their hide for blankets.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob52.html (1368 words)

	[Regents Prep Global History] Imperialism: China
		In the early 1800s, the British treasury was being depleted due to its dependence upon imported tea from China.
		Eventually several European nations followed suit, forcing China to sign a series of unequal treaties.
		Extraterritoriality guaranteed that European citizens in China were only subject to the laws of their own nation and could only be tried by their own courts.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/global/themes/imperialism/china.cfm (411 words)

	China – foreign relations - List of Items - MSN Encarta
		China – foreign relations - List of Items - MSN Encarta
		United Nations – veto power given to most powerful nations
		Although 1942 was the first year in which China had military allies against Japan, the Chungking government faced increasing difficulties after the rapid Japanese conquest of lands to the south and severance of the Burma Road supply route.
	encarta.msn.com /refedlist_210088029_39/Unequal_Treaties.html (77 words)

	TIME.com: Treaty Riot -- Dec. 31, 1928 -- Page 1
		In China the interminably postponed program equivalent to "Farm Relief" is what Chinese call "Abrogation of China's Unequal Treaties with the Powers." Every succeeding Government for decades has promised to seek revision or abrogation of the "Unequal Treaties;" but only the new Nationalist Government at Nanking has taken actual steps to do so.
		The actual words of the President of China, as he rose to the climax of his speech, amid frenzied cheers were:
		If within the next three years the Unequal Treaties are not abrogated, and if by that time every foreign soldier has not left the soil of
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,928405,00.html (738 words)

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