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	Paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A paradox is an apparently true statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition.
		Paradoxes that arise from apparently intelligible uses of language are often of interest to logicians and philosophers.
		Paradoxes which are not based on a hidden error generally happen at the fringes of context or language, and require extending the context or language to lose their paradox quality.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paradox (923 words)

	Paradoks - Wikipedia
		Unexpected hanging paradox: The day of the hanging will be a surprise, so it cannot happen at all, so it will be a surprise.
		Elevator paradox: Elevators can seem to be mostly going in one direction, as if they were being manufactured in the middle of the building and being disassembled on the roof and basement.
		Paradox of hedonism: When one pursues happiness itself, one is miserable; but, when one pursues something else, one achieves happiness.
	id.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paradoks (2225 words)

	Unexpected hanging paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The unexpected hanging paradox is a paradox involving logic.
		It is alternatively known as the hangman paradox, the fire drill paradox, or the unexpected exam paradox.
		Wright and A. Sudbury, "the Paradox of the Unexpected Examination," Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 1977, vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unexpected_hanging_paradox (710 words)

	List of paradoxes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Drinker paradox: In any non-empty pub, there is a customer such that, if he or she drinks, everybody in the pub drinks.
		Supplee's paradox: the buoyancy of a relativistic object (such as a bullet) appears to change when the reference frame is changed from one in which the bullet is at rest to one in which the fluid is at rest.
		Epicurean paradox, or Problem of evil: The existence of evil seems to be incompatible with the existence of an omnipotent and caring God.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_paradoxes (1982 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Philosophy: Philosophy of Logic: Paradoxes
		Curry's Paradox - Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by J. Beall.
		Paradox or Fallacy - A discussion on paradox, with the goal being to determine what is paradox and what is fallacy.
		Paradoxes and Dilemmas - Common paradoxes and dilemmas, particularly of the social type: the Voting Paradox, Prisoner's Dilemma, Newcomb's Paradox, Unexpected Hanging, Execution Paradox, and the Self-Amendment Paradox.
	www.dmoz.org /Society/Philosophy/Philosophy_of_Logic/Paradoxes (351 words)

	The Unexpected Hanging
		He passes his sentence, "You will be taken from this place, and hanged from the neck until you are dead.
		He continues, applying the same reasoning to the fifth day, and then to the fourth, and so on, concluding that he cannot be hanged on any day according to the judge’s instructions.
		He is hanged on the morning of the third day.
	www.logicalparadoxes.info /unexpectedhanging.html (276 words)

	Some paradoxes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In this paradox, Epimenides, the Cretan, says, "All Cretans are liars." If he is telling the truth he is lying; and if he is lying, he is telling the truth.
		The paradox is simply a proof that no village can contain a man who shaves all and only those men in it who do not shave themselves.
		The paradox arises from a disguised breach of the arithmetical prohibition on division by zero, occurring at (5): since a = b, dividing both sides by (a - b) is dividing by zero, which renders the equation meaningless.
	www.wordsmith.demon.co.uk /paradoxes (3977 words)

	NNW - The larger domain and range of mathematics AND sciences. Wow! Unexpected H (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To sharpen the paradox still more, we can consider it in a third form, one that can be called the paradox of the unexpected spade.
		Ekbom adds that he originally believed the paradox to be older than the Swedish civil-defense announcement, but in view of Quine's statement that he first heard of the paradox in the early forties, perhaps this was its origin.
		In Martin Gardner's article about the paradox of the unexpected egg he seems to have logically proved the impossibility of the egg being in any of the boxes, only to be amazed by the appearance of the egg in box 5.
	nnw.berlios.de /docs.php/intro-uh (4287 words)

	Unexpected hanging paradox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Story:A prisoner is told that he will be hanged on some day between Monday and Friday, but that he will not know on which day the hanging will occur before it happens.
		He cannot be hanged on Friday, because if he were still alive on Thursday, he would know that the hanging will occur on Friday, but he has been told he will not know the day of his hanging in advance.
		He cannot be hanged Thursday for the same reason, and the same argument shows that he cannot be hanged on any other day either.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/7997/enigma4.html (157 words)

	The Surprise Examination or Unexpected Hanging Paradox - Chow (ResearchIndex)
		1 A reappraisal of the hangman paradox (context) - Jongeling, Koetsier - 1993
		1 The paradox of the unexpected hangman (context) - Kanger - 1976
		1 The paradox of the unexpected examination (context) - Wright, Sudbury - 1977
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /160094.html (1842 words)

	Hanging - ,Hanging System for Textiles in Sturdy Condition,The Seven Wonders: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon,Arakawa ...
		Gardens hanging from the palace terraces Exotic animals This is the picture of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon in most people's minds.
		Hanging punctuation is an area of typographic design which has suffered at the hands With hanging punctuation the flow of text on the left hand side is
		Hanging was the virtually universal method of execution in America up to the Approximately 13350 people have been executed by judicial hanging from 1622
	rhxe.com /?q=hanging (531 words)

	Paradoxes and Dilemmas
		This paradox is quite representative of the general problem of the Social Dilemmas which I discuss here and has to do with the fact that an individual's vote has no significant impact on the outcome of an election.
		This paradox appears, at first glance, to be based on the concept of omniscience.
		The paradox is important in theory since some philosophers claim that Newcomb's Paradox and the Prisoner's Dilemma are essentially the same phenomenon.
	perspicuity.net /paradox/paradox.html (2955 words)

	Paradoxes Philosophy of Logic Philosophy Society
		- Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by J. Beall.
		- Common paradoxes and dilemmas, particularly of the social type: the Voting Paradox, Prisoner's Dilemma, Newcomb's Paradox, Unexpected Hanging, Execution Paradox, and the Self-Amendment Paradox.
		- A discussion on paradox, with the goal being to determine what is paradox and what is fallacy.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Society/Philosophy/Philosophy_of_Logic/Paradoxes (208 words)

	CoMagz-10 Favorite Paradoxes \| Linkadelic Magazine
		The paradox is that, contrary to (3), we might add grain after grain to our collection of sand until it truly does become a heap.
		Since the judge told him the time of hanging so it's no longer a surprise so he cannot be hanged without breaking the judge decision.
		Explanation: The Paradox describes that in spite of the fact that the enormous size of our galaxy and others makes it statistically feasible that intelligent technological civilizations are not rare, all the methods we use searching for such civilizations failed and we cannot find none.
	www.comagz.com /webmagazine/story/10_favorite_paradoxes (1273 words)

	No. 1081: Paradox
		Take the the paradox of the "Surprise Execution": On Saturday, the judge finds a prisoner guilty and condemns him to be hanged.
		Then, the prisoner realizes he can't be hanged next Saturday, because, if he hasn't yet been hanged on one of the first six days, the hangman's arrival on Saturday will be no surprise.
		Gardner, M., The Paradox of the Unexpected Hanging.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1081.htm (506 words)

	57-TAMUL
		There have been many attempts to solve this kind of paradox, without generally accepted success, but apparently always with the implication that "is true" and "is false" are meaningful statements in themselves, outside the context of SE and human action.
		The reason for the liar paradox therefore is, it seems, a neglect of the impossibility of the implied traditional ontology.
		In the unexpected hanging problem, it is the likeness of the reasoning ability of the analyst and the prisoner which causes difficulty with [the resolution of the problem].
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00001161/00/57-tamul.htm (11146 words)

	The Unexpected Execution (Hanging) Paradox - SternFanNetwork
		This paradox goes by a variety of names: "Unexpected Hanging", "Unexpected Examination", "Swedish Drill", and possibly more.
		Basically a prisoner is told that he will be hanged next week but the day of the hanging will be a surprise.
		But come Wednesday he was hanged -- much to his surprise -- as the judge promised.
	www.sternfannetwork.com /forum/showthread.php?threadid=9154 (516 words)

	Facilitating Paradox: Comment on Discussion... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Facilitating Paradox was on Blogger back then and I wasn't as versed in HTML as I am now.
		It reminds me of another paradoxical mathematical problem: if you take a finite length and divide it by half, then divide the half in half, then divide a piece of that by half, and keep dividing each by half, ad infinitum, you would see that each finite length contains infinity.
		The classic way that this problem was formulated is having Achiles or some other great Greek hero run a race in which the track is continually divided in half.
	www.facilitatingparadox.com /mt/wordback.cgi?entry_id=54 (277 words)

	philosophy: philosophy-of-logic: paradoxes Spirit And Sky
		Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by J. Beall.
		A discussion on paradox, with the goal being to determine what is paradox and what is fallacy.
		Common paradoxes and dilemmas, particularly of the social type: the Voting Paradox, Prisoner's Dilemma, Newcomb's Paradox, Unexpected Hanging, Execution Paradox, and the Self-Amendment Paradox.
	www.spiritandsky.com /philosophy/philosophy-of-logic/paradoxes (203 words)

	Paradoxes - curiouser.co.uk
		Click HERE for a definition and an expanation of what exactly is meant by the term paradox.
		Below is a list of paradoxes which you might be interest to research, some of which may be featured at curiouser.co.uk in due course.
		St. Petersburg paradox: Can it be rational to refuse a small finite entry fee for a game with a possible infinite pay off?
	www.curiouser.co.uk /paradoxes (549 words)

	Cogprints - A Dichotomic Analysis of the Surprise Examination Paradox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		SHAW, R. The Paradox of the Unexpected Examination.
		SMITH, J. The surprise examination on the paradox of the heap.
		WRIGHT, C. and SUDBURY, A. The Paradox of the Unexpected Examination.
	cogprints.org /2184 (279 words)

	John Quiggin » Blog Archive » Monday Message Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The unexpected hanging paradox is a paradox involving logic and provability.
		Samuel Johnson is reputed to have heard of one of Descartes’ paradoxes and then simply kicked a stone, deliberately stubbing his toe and saying “thus I refute Descartes”.
		This is despite the fact that his/her own charming contribution is not a paradox: it’s just a causal statement with a false premise, which I guess places it in the wife-beating genus.
	johnquiggin.com /index.php?p=1523 (4205 words)

	l.z.y./Data » Blog Archive » The bottle imp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We discussed the Unexpected Hanging paradox in Mathematical Ideas, & I noticed that the MathWorld entry on this subject also mentioned The Bottle Imp (1893), a short story by Robert Louis Stevenson.
		The paradox is supposedly that though everyone knows there’s an endpoint to the bottle-resale business, the bottle will still get sold.
		This entry was posted by lzydata on Tuesday, September 2nd, 2003 at 5:49 pm and is filed under Mathematics.
	lzydata.djourne.net /?p=612 (375 words)

	Ephilosopher
		"This essay examines the effects of a change from traditional to working ontology on some conceptual problems that are under discussion in the literature : the liar paradox [2], the announced surprise paradox [3], the measurement problem [4], and the uncertainty relation.
		Some aspects of these puzzles appear to be by-products of the use of traditional ontology [5]- as it is implied, for instance, in naïve realism [6] - where conceptual tools have a (mind-independent) life [7] of their own.
		Holtzman JM, A Note on Schrödinger's cat and the Unexpected Hanging Paradox.
	www.ephilosopher.com /print.php?sid=454 (247 words)

	A Procedural Solution to the Unexpected Hanging and Sorites Paradoxes - Shapiro (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abstract: The paradox of the Unexpected Hanging, related prediction paradoxes, and the sorites paradoxes all involve reasoning about ordered collections of entities: days ordered by date in the case of the Unexpected Hanging; men ordered by the number of hairs on their heads in the case of the bald man version of the sorites.
		The final result is paradoxical because it conflicts...
		Shapiro, A procedural solution to the unexpected hanging and sorites paradoxes, Mind 107 (1998), 751--761.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /42367.html (383 words)

	Math Forum Discussions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		paradox in terms of the possibility <> and necessity [] operators.
		paradox properly." It is therefore futile to try to write an article
		on the paradox that does not elicit this reaction from a large number
	mathforum.org /kb/thread.jspa?threadID=1214921&messageID=3949770 (371 words)

	American Mathematical Monthly - January 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A teacher announces that there will be a surprise exam next week; the students argue by backwards induction that this is impossible, and yet when the exam occurs the students are totally surprised, thus vindicating the announcement.
		This "surprise exam paradox" is the subject of nearly a hundred papers in prestigious philosophy journals.
		Many of these papers connect the paradox with interesting and nontrivial mathematics, including Gödel's incompleteness theorem and game theory.
	www.maa.org /pubs/monthly_jan98_toc.html (351 words)

	Citebase - The surprise examination or unexpected hanging paradox
		Kvart, The paradox of surprise examination, Logique et Analyse 21 (1978), 337-344.
		Shaw, The paradox of the unexpected examination, Mind 67 (1958), 382-384.
		Smith, The surprise examination on the paradox of the heap, Phil.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:math/9903160 (2977 words)

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