
	Where results make sense

Topic: Unfree laborers

Related Topics

Shanghai (verb)

White slavery

Kidnapping

LSD

Big Sur

Stanislav Grof

California

1950s

1960s

In the News (Mon 28 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Unfree labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Unfree labour occurs either: without payment; for minimal pay; payment in goods which are not desirable and which cannot be exchanged, or; purely in return for the cancellation of a debt or liability (which may have been incurred by a parent or other relative).
		Unfree labour is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have travelled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their, physical, ethnic or cultural differences to the general population.
		Serfs are sometimes referred to as unfree labourers, although there are a number of reasons why they are usually excluded: in general, serfdom has usually occurred in pre- modern societies or societies undergoing a rapid modernisation or industrialisation, or it has been a relic of those societies.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/unfree_labour (1010 words)

	Slavery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unfree labour is now the preferred term of many scholars, because of the wide variety of ambiguities that may be attached to words like "slavery".
		In sweatshop labor cases, unfree labourers are often told that they are working off a debt, but have no access to an accounting for that debt, and no right to take any higher-paying or less supervised employment.
		In the early 1990s evidence of illegal "forced labor and debt bondage " amounting to slavery was unearthed in the Amazon region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Slave_labor (3840 words)

	Debt bondage
		The feudal system is a political and economic system based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture.
		Peonage means an unfree labour system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full.
		Debt bondage is a form of disguised slavery in which the subject is not legally owned, but is instead bound by a contract to perform labor to work off a debt, under terms that make it impossible to completely retire the debt and thereby escape from the contract.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/d/de/debt_bondage.html (1020 words)

	David Northrup \| Free and Unfree Labor Migration, 1600–1900: An Introduction \| Journal of World History, 14.2 \| ...
		Besides their common concern with Western-constructed labor migration, the three authors also struggle to extract larger meaning from labor migrations that are documented almost exclusively from Western sources and whose interpretation has been dominated by the horrors of the African slave trade and the rhetorical idealism of abolitionism and working-class Marxism.
		The push of labor unions repositioned the definition of acceptable labor practices still further, resulting in numerous changes in the terms to which free laborers might legitimately be subject.
		Conditions of service in the overseas colonies varied, but the perspectives of the laborers exerted a powerful influence on employers and colonial officials who were eager to persuade the indentured immigrants to stay beyond the terms of their first contracts.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/14.2/northrup.html (2135 words)

	World History Connected \| Vol. 1 No. 2\| Essay Review
		The terminology of "free and unfree labor" (which originated in studies of American labor history) may be unfamiliar, but it can be useful in discussions of the wide variety of labor systems in a World History classroom and course.
		Slavery, or unfree labor, has a long history in Asia and was widely accepted for centuries.
		Unable to hold onto free laborers and without a modernized infrastructure to replace human labor, southerners resorted to the authoritarian control of "the Negro" to solve their "labor problem," supplementing it with convict labor, and debt peonage/share-cropping.
	worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu /1.2/br_lintvedt.html (1257 words)

	Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Unfree labour is a generic term which includes all forms of slavery and similar labour systems.
		Freed people suffered some minor legal disabilities that show in fact how otherwise open the society was to them—they could not hold certain high offices and they could not marry into the senatorial classes.
		Much of the wealth of classical Athens came from its silver mines, which were worked by slave labor under extremely inhumane conditions.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/slavery (5702 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Feudalism
		The obvious result was the depression of free classes into unfree, and the barbarization of the Empire.
		In a word, the middle class disappeared; the Empire was split into two opposing forces: an aristocratic bureaucracy and a servile laboring population.
		All statutory enactments to chain labor to the soil proved futile.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06058c.htm (6880 words)

	JWSR - Volume III, Number 1 - Book Review
		Finally, these chapters richly describe the resources and identity brought to the "unfree labor" relationship by peoples who were once free and know the difference through their memories, social institutions, and habits of the heart, as Robert Bellah and his associates would describe them.
		She revises our understanding of the hacienda-wage labor system by demonstrating that wage labor appeared in the pre-hacienda era on other agricultural units.
		Here English and French, labor market forces, cultural and ideological factors, and masters and servants are juggled in a whirlwind of supposedly comparative profiles.
	jwsr.ucr.edu /archive/vol3/v3n1r4.php (1750 words)

	Unfree Labor, Subsistence, & Dependent Development (was RePostscript...)
		While chattel slavery and other forms of unfree labor may be thought of as transitional forms in the process of proletarianization, most slaves and other unfree laborers like peons on haciendas were not separated from land and subsistence agriculture.
		Upon such unfree laborers, therefore, market discipline did not work directly (hence the use of force on laborers), for they had to neither sell their labor power in nor buy consumption goods from the market to reproduce themselves (as slaves, peons, etc.).
		Underdevelopment of Latin America was overdetermined by (A) the hacienda economy's ability to block the development of the domestic mass market and (B) plantation owners' dependence upon export; A and B mutually reinforced each other -- the root of dependent development.
	www.mail-archive.com /pen-l@galaxy.csuchico.edu/msg57959.html (600 words)

	National Park Service Research and Eduation: Scholarship on Southern Farms and Plantations
		A servant's passage across the Atlantic was paid for by someone else, in exchange for the servant's labor for a certain number of years.
		Many were skilled laborers, as the essays in The Other Slaves: Mechanics, Artisans, and Craftsmen (1978), edited by James Newton and Ronald Lewis, describe.
		Delving into the role of women in the slave community, Jacqueline Jones's Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women Work and the Family from Slavery to Freedom (1985) presents the labor of fl women as significant to our understanding of labor history, and especially to the development of fl working families.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/resedu/slavescholarship.htm (18165 words)

	PEN-L message, Unfree Labor, Subsistence, & Dependent Development (was RePost
		In the case of enclave economies the relations of the foreign companies with the hegemonic center were even more exploitative and were complemented by the fact that purchases by the enclave were made directly abroad.
		Unfree Labor, Subsistence, and Dependent Development (was RePostscript...), Yoshie Furuhashi Mon 18 Jun 2001, 16:15 GMT
		Re: Re: Unfree Labor, Subsistence, and Dependent Development (was Re Postscript...), Louis Proyect Mon 18 Jun 2001, 18:21 GMT
	archives.econ.utah.edu /archives/pen-l/2001m06.3/msg00176.htm (678 words)

	The History Cooperative \| Conference Proceedings \| Interactions: Regional Studies, Global Processes, and Historical ...
		Another source of African labor that the company utilized, and one which it was created to help facilitate the exchange of, was slave labor.
		The company employed slaves in the same manner that it employed free laborers, as canoemen, skilled and unskilled laborers, and the extent of its free labor use was related to the numbers and condition of its slaves.
		The purpose of their labor was to prevent the new spur being built from being ¥damaged by the rains. The appointment of Charles Bell Esquire as governor called for dashees for various local groups and individuals with the company slaves receiving eight gallons of brandy.
	www.historycooperative.org /proceedings/interactions/reese.html (4891 words)

	The English Peasants' Revolt of 1381
		With the resulting labor shortage and wage increase, the peasants began to realize that they were important in society.
		The years after the Statute of Laborers were filled with military defeats, financial crises, and governmental corruptions which increased the peasants' growing antagonism.
		This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they labored or did any other works for their lords, they would be paid for it.
	www.loyno.edu /history/journal/1986-7/milone.htm (4144 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The distinctions between the unfree classes were based on amount of land held.
		Unfree peasants could not sell their land without their lord's permission.
		Freemen and sokemen differed from unfree peasants in being able to sell or give away their land if they wished.
	glorantha.temppeli.org /digest/belldigest/vol07p02.txt (5547 words)

	The Journal of American History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Analyzing personal compositions of laboring and small-owning white men - almost the only autobiographical records produced by such men that survive - he tries to recover the mentalité of the menial.
		Although they were unfree - indeed, enslaved people continued to be unfree migrants as they were forced to move across the South - she finds that they withheld deference.
		Brown suggests that eighteenth-century Americans may have been both unfree and undeferential - that hostility to deference in American history sprang less from a new freedom born of the decay of European hierarchies than from the widespread unfreedom of condition in early American society.
	www.indiana.edu /~jah/issues/851.shtml (965 words)

	mountain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		So it was not accidental that the region's surplus producers concentrated their land and labor resources into the generation of wheat and corn-- often in terrain where such production was ecologically unsound.
		However, Southern Appalachia's largest group of unfree laborers were slaves who supplied long-term labor to one of every three farm owners and who accounted for one of every five agricultural laborer households.
		Consisting of 215 mountainous and hilly counties in nine states, this large land area was characterized in the antebellum period by nonslaveholding farms and enterprises, a large landless white labor force, small plantations, mixed farming, and extractive industry.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /faculty_archives/mountain_slavery/mountain.htm (4706 words)

	Joshua: Slavery and Forced Labor Today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Deep in the inaccessible recesses of the Brazilian Amazon, forced labor -- "the functional equivalent to slavery," according to Human Rights Watch/Americas -- is exploited to cut and bum the rain forest for pastures on large, sometimes unmapped, ranches.
		Living conditions in the labor camps are deplorable with plastic sheeting for tents and no sanitary nor medical facilities.
		The workers are recruited by labor contractors from homeless shelters and soup kitchens.
	gbgm-umc.org /umw/joshua/may5354.stm (578 words)

	American America History - Capitalism: The cause of slavery in the American South
		Thus the manipulation of slave labor became the answer for capitalism, and from the use of fl slave labor, tension began to rise between the slaves brought from Africa, and the land holders of the South.
		The use of slave labor, was a coerced, cash-crop system of labor from which slavery became an economic necessity because for a person who owned land they needed workers, and these workers were predominantly Negro slaves brought in sold from Africa.
		Although their main means of money and profit was the forced labor unit of slavery on the plantations, these other quick scheme ideas forced planters into believing that slave holding was more profitable.
	www.123helpme.com /view.asp?id=23123 (962 words)

	Liberalism, Freedom
		When liberalism set out, in the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century, to abolish the serfdom and subjection of the peasant population in Europe and the slavery of the Negroes in the overseas colonies, not a few sincere humanitarians declared themselves in opposition.
		Unfree laborers are used to their bondage and do not feel it as an evil.
		If a nabob of yore could be placed in the circumstances in which a common man lives today, he would declare without hesitation that his life had been a beggarly one in comparison with the life that even a man of moderate means can lead at present.
	www.mises.org /liberal/ch1sec2.asp (1026 words)

	Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History - - Unpaid Household Workers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It was with the rise of wage labor and capitalist production that women's household work began to be clearly differentiated from market-oriented work, because the latter gradually moved out of the household domain into that of the capitalist firm.
		If additional income was needed to make ends meet, families usually sent their children into the labor force; conversely, young women and men postponed marriage until the prospective husband earned enough to support a full-time homemaker.
		First, numbers of middle- and upper-class women pursued higher education in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the goal of becoming better mothers; however, achieving this goal backfired as, once educated, growing numbers of women decided to utilize their skills in labor-force careers and, increasingly, tried to combine their careers with marriage.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/women/html/wh_016502_unpaidhouseh.htm (1752 words)

	April 2002 marks the 500th anniversary of the slave trade 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It was common for the bodies of the dead, the near-dead, and the living-but-intransigent to be cast into the ocean from the decks of slaving vessels.
		In fact, the institution grew as a legally-sanctioned enterprise that was considered absolutely essential to maintaining the needed supply of laborers demanded by plantations and farms in the Western Hemisphere.
		As regional cash crops took hold, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, or cotton, the insatiable demand for labor in these areas was met by the slavers who had become quite expert at the carrying trade in the Atlantic basin.
	www.goldeproductions.com /classic/history/history3.htm (1212 words)

	SAILENT VIOLENCE IN NEPAL
		The problem of child labor and exploitation is and has been rampant for centuries in Nepal.
		Kamaiya labor, a permanent labor-bondage relationship with landlords, are "unfree" laborers.
		Many of social evils such as ‘bonded’ labor and child labor are the direct result of landlessness.
	www.kathmandu.org /svn.html (2173 words)

	Anthology of World Literature : Discovery Modules : 10 : Overview
		Historians use the term "unfree labor" to designate the economic status of the vast majority of the human beings who have lived on the earth.
		Nevertheless, it seems clear that white remains the color of sanctity and as such imposed an extra burden on the psyche of the slaves who were born fl and laborers who were flened in the inhuman work that they were forced to perform.
		As you examine the depictions of unfree laborers in Volume E, notice whether the author, like Melville or Tolstoy, emphasizes the spiritual elevation associated with the most positive connotations of service or, like Douglass, instead dwells on the exploitation of one human being by another.
	www.wwnorton.com /nawol/discovery_modules/dm10_1.htm (2785 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates (Library of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This book focuses on the relationship between economic growth in Third World agriculture and the employment of bonded labour, the ways in which the latter contributes to the process of workforce restructuring/recomposition, and the implications of this for the kinds of political action undertaken by rural labour.
		The first half is devoted to a presentation of fieldwork data from Peru and India, while the impact of the non-/mis-recognition of unfree labour on debates about the political economy of agrarian change is considered in the second part.
		By contrast, it is argued that the incidence of unfree labour is much greater than generally supposed, may be increasing in specific contexts, and that in certain situations rural employers actually prefer this kind of workforce.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0714644986 (378 words)

	Boston Globe Online / From the Archives / Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A comparison of fl with native, English, and other immigrant laborers, hers is a richly illustrative history that asks big questions about race and power, citizenship, and rights.
		The backbreaking laundering by the servant became a labor of love for the wife; the patriotic spinning by the Daughters of Liberty was just another burden for the slaves of Washington or Jefferson.
		The racial division of labor continues to define merit in ways that elevate white applicants over fl ones, while deindustrialization and government devolution have threatened the tangible gains of the civil rights movement, including the growth of the fl middle class.
	www.boston.com /globe/search/stories/books/jacqueline_jones.htm (981 words)

	\| Contents \| Journal of World History, 14.2 \| The History Cooperative
		They illuminate different stages in Western attitudes toward slavery and other forms of unfree labor, and they shed light on the attitudes of slaves, convicts, and indentured laborers themselves.
		Indeed, Indian "convict workers" filled a critical need for labor in Southeast Asia, playing an especially significant role in carrying out the public works projects that were so essential to the establishment and consolidation of the British Empire in the region.
		In comparing the adjustments to a free labor economy in the post-emancipation United States South and in slaveholding Cuba, this essay reveals certain parallels and divergences.
	historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu /journals/jwh/14.2 (484 words)

	Topic 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Through the period of the American Revolution, this included whites who were forced to labor as indentured servants.
		A pamphlet to be circulated in England entitled “A Guide to Those Considering Migration to America as Servants” written in 1705 by an indentured servant in America who has already served his/her time.
		A letter by a Virginia planter in 1685 to a fellow plantation owner discussing the relative merits of indentured servitude and slavery as systems of labor.
	history.smsu.edu /GHummasti_internet_class/Topics/topic4.htm (851 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)