
	Where results make sense

Topic: Unfree labour

Related Topics

Chattel slavery

Slavery

Indentured servant

Slavery in Colonial America

Slavic peoples

Immigration to the United States

Free the Slaves

United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

Plantation

Lycee

Tibetan Government in Exile

Islamic world

History of slavery in the United States

Abe Lincoln

The Bureau

In the News (Sun 6 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Unfree labour (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-3.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		'''Unfree labour''' is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage.
		Unfree labour is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have travelled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their, physical, ethnic or cultural differences to the general population.
		Serfs are sometimes referred to as unfree labourers, although there are a number of reasons why they are usually excluded: in general, serfdom has usually occurred in pre-modern societies or societies undergoing a rapid modernisation or industrialisation, or it has been a relic of those societies.
	unfree-labour.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1020 words)

	Unfree labour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families.
		Unfree labour is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have travelled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their physical, ethnic or cultural differences to the general population, since they are unable or unlikely to report their conditions to the authorities.
		Another historically significant example of forced labour was that of political prisoners, people from conquered or occupied countries, and prisoners of war, especially during the 20th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unfree_labour (1459 words)

	\| Reviews / Comptes Rendus \| Labour/Le Travail, 50 \| The History Cooperative
		Free labour is not inherent to the free market; on the contrary, employers and lawmakers have been quite willing, even eager, to perpetuate unfreedom in labour contacts.
		The essential difference between free and unfree labour, as the traditional narrative has it, is that unfree labour is labour that can be compelled with the force of law.
		Labourers could be, and were, routinely imprisoned for contract breaches or compelled to perform their contracts.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/50/br_17.html (1129 words)

	j_spot the Journal of Social and Political Thought, volume 1, number 2, June 2000 \| Labour and Bondage in Andhra ...
		For labourers coming from landless and small peasant households struggling to subsist, the maistries are practically monopoly creditors and monopsony buyers of their labour power in the absence of alternative sources of credit and employment.
		According to the Bonded Labour Abolition Act, a person is presumed to have entered into the contract in consideration of i) advance of money by the person/ascendants/descendants from the employer, or ii) in consideration of being born a certain caste, or...for a specified/unspecified period of time, based on oral or written contract.
		Ravinder, A. "Labour Migration: A Dimension of Poverty," unpublished M.Phil.
	www.yorku.ca /jspot/2/wkolsenrvramana.htm (10402 words)

	Labor camp - WebArticles.com
		In Communist Romania, labour camps were operated for projects such as the building of the Danube-Black Sea Canal and the dessication of the Great BrÄila Island, on which enemies of the regime were "re-educated" by forced labour.
		Penal labour is a form of the unfree labour.
		Another historically significant example of forced labour was that of political prisoners and other persecuted people in labour campss, especially during the 20th century.
	www.webarticles.com /print.php?id=334 (827 words)

	Comte and Dunoyer Chap. 3
		Hodgson concluded that the transition to free labour might be made via a two stage reform: the first introducing piece work to increase the productivity of slave labour; the second a system of profit sharing with the master via some kind of tax or tribute on their work.
		Firstly, the slave's labour is not as closely supervised and thus the slave's attitudes and behaviour more closely approach that of a free labourer or "at least creates in him the illusion" of being a free labourer.
		He found the level of the division of labour, investment in tools and equipment, and the quality of manufactured goods quite inadequate and he laid the blame at the feet of the slave system, concluding in fact that a sophisticated division of labour was incompatible with slave labour.
	homepage.mac.com /dmhart/ComteDunoyer/Ch3.html (10959 words)

	home
		An 1892 manifesto, for example, maintained that one of the reasons that indentured labour should not be used was that the “permanent existence of a large servile population amongst us, not admitted to the franchise, is not compatible with the continuance of our free political institutions”.
		Another factor encouraging the phasing out of indentured labour was the concern that governments would have to cover the expenses for indentured labourers wishing to return to their homelands after their term had expired, due to the increasing instability of certain colonial economies, such as Jamaica, whose sugar economy was faltering.
		By in large, it was not the recruiters or those recruited that caused the abolition of indentured labour, nor indeed was it primarily in the hands of the British Indian government nor the receiving colonies.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/migrations/five4.html (2400 words)

	Marcel van der Linden \| Labour History as the Historyof Multitudes \| Labour/Le Travail, 52 \| The History Cooperative
		Labour historians, therefore, need to perceive their task in far broader terms than they have generally done thus far and should study all dependent workers from the 16th century to the present.
		Several authors have argued that unfree labour is fundamentally compatible with capitalist relations.
		Although the relative importance of "free" wage labour gradually increased, capitalism continued to accommodate various modes of labour control, ranging from share-cropping and self-employment to forced labour and outright slavery.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/52/linden.html (3137 words)

	Ian Randle Publishers - Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This made the liberal meaning of freedom irrelevant for Caribbean former slaves: freedom meant merely a shift in the locus of authority, from the slave master to the state, and later on to the hegemony of the United States.
		Bolland begins to explain how labour and peasant resistance developed into a West Indian identity in the years 1934- 1939, but it is a fragmented narrative.
		The ideal was carried on by the Caribbean Labour Congress of 1945—1952, though it became diluted as its leadership reached out to Dutch and French Caribbean territories and participated prominently in Pan-Africanist meetings in the metropole.
	www.ianrandlepublishers.com /review34.htm (1156 words)

	Sawyer Seminar
		However, because of the way that labour history as a field is often tied to national academic communities, it has been difficult to formulate a history that explains the transformation of work and the lives of people within the global economy.
		The labour history of the global economy is complex and requires a carefully collaborative approach that can unite the scholarship of a variety of disciplines flourishing in different countries.
		Labour history suffers from a problem of national myopia because of the field’s ties to national trade unions and institutions.
	www.utoronto.ca /csus/sawyer/proposal.htm (4355 words)

	Boutang's From Slavery to wage labour reviewed by Barchiesi
		The urgency of this labour of conceptual renovation is dictated to the author by the awareness that he is confronting what he himself calls a ‘new continent’ that had been excluded from the official maps of the varyingly codified Marxist orthodoxy for a long time.
		Forms of servile, enslaved or indentured labour are far from representing mere archaisms, transitory adjustments or residues of backwardness in ‘traditional’; societies destined to be wiped out by ‘modernisation’; in the name of which a large part of last century’s reformisms supported various colonial and neo-colonial regimes-.
		The questioning of the concept of ‘wage labour’ leads Moulier Boutang to a conclusion that has an enormous theoretical relevance and political significance: the proletariat as abstractly unitary subject of capitalist oppression intended in Marxian vulgate as the premise of liberation and teleological horizon of resistance tends to disappear from view.
	www.generation-online.org /t/imprisonedbodies.htm (2393 words)

	International Labour Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The project is a direct response to the ILO Convention 182 on The Worst Forms of Child Labour, and to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work which explicitly tasks the organization to provide support to its social partners in their efforts to eradicate forced labour.
		Marginal families are those families that are not yet trapped in unfree labour caused by debt, but are susceptible to it.
		To reduce influence of debt traps on bonded labour and forced child labour, by providing micro-finance (savings and credit) opportunities to meet the contingencies of very poor families, that are most susceptible to the bondage trap.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/region/asro/newdelhi/programs/indebt.htm (622 words)

	Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour by David Eltis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		All the papers are about aspects of the history of unfree labour, but since this subject is as amorphous a topic as the history of war or sex, it is not enough to give the work focus.
		Moreover, beneath most of the sophisticated expositions there is a strong tendency to view servile labour in terms of villains and victims.
		Slavery is defined and discussed as part of a continuum of unfree labour that includes serfdom and debt peonage.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/722/slavery32.html (696 words)

	Bonded Labour and the Tea Plantation Economy
		The migrant nature of its labour and social divisions have also contributed to the economic and social exclusion of the plantation labour.
		With the institution of labour laws and the PLA in the tea plantation industry, it is the women who have been the prime target of deprivation and exploitation.
		They are all party to the sin of employing forced labour and not allowing a free labour market to develop thus rendering tea labour unfree.
	www.revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv6n2/tea.htm (2014 words)

	Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The genesis of the capitalist labour relation is analysed by means of an enquiry that runs from the XIVth century to the first half of the XXth century with rigour and coherence of exposition.
		wage labour, and unfree labour often occupied a complementary position with the latter in the vast field of strategies aimed at disciplining subaltern classes.
		On the contrary, juridical and political forms of control on labour are given in this book a central position in the vast weaponry of strategies through which capital continuously tries to solve, with only partial success, the dilemma posed by the worker?s ?faculty to flight?.
	info.interactivist.net /print.pl?sid=03/01/19/1822207 (1113 words)

	SSHRC Proposal 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Indenture was a special form of labour mobilization under colonial rule introduced in the British Empire soon after the abolition of slavery in 1838 and ended in 1917.
		Indian labour was intended to support sugar and other types of plantation agriculture during and after indenture, although the permanence of settlement was problematic.
		The survival of the plantation economy depended on a regular supply of labour and the British government was persuaded by the colonial governments to ensure that there was no interruption in the supply of labour.
	www.unb.ca /web/anthropology/indprop.htm (3042 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Labor
		Labour (childbirth), the process of childbirth, especially the period from the start of uterine contractions to delivery
		Manual labour, physical work, may or may not be as a profession
		Trade union, also called organized labour or a labour union, an association of wage-earners meant to maintain or improve conditions of employment
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Labor (201 words)

	History On-Line
		Corresponding changes in labourers' gender relations, which put more of the onus of family maintenance on to women and daughters, were found to facilitate the unfreedom of females.
		In this study the political economy of labour and development is considered, via treatment of the respective roles of labour unions, state and capital in the rural context.
		Female labour was cheaper and less free than male labour because men shifted more of the responsibility for family provisioning on to women by spending more outside the home and by refusing wage work as a protest against low, tied wages.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Resources/Books/03066150.html (7032 words)

	Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism: Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System after World War II Canadian ...
		These were of two types: trade schools (RU) for skilled labour, which took young teenagers for two years of occupational training; and factory training schools (FZO), which gave older teenagers six-month courses in the so-called mass trades, in other words, poorly-remunerated, low-skill jobs in some of the least attractive sectors of the economy.
		Not surprisingly, the trade schools were able to recruit volunteers for 80 per cent of their student bodies, while the ratio of volunteers to conscripts in the FZO was roughly the reverse.
		As a caveat, while the collective farms complied with the draft, a severe rural labour shortage led many rural officials to shelter runaways from the schools, which were widely hated by the students and functioned as virtual places of incarceration.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200408/ai_n9443475 (820 words)

	Subcontracting Labour in Asia: Historical And Global Perspectives
		We have selected papers focusing on labour in subcontracting arrangements in Europe and Asia, past and present, with a special emphasis on labour relations at the lowest end of the subcontracting linkage.
		Debates on paths of development on labour relations takes the evolutionary view on the development of subcontracting: the expansion and contraction of subcontracted labour relations follows several succeeding phases.
		Some forms of subcontracted labour have been conceptually linked with unfree labour which then places this topic closely to the debates on 'free' and 'unfree' labour.
	www.iisg.nl /~clara/subctr.htm (736 words)

	Rethinking Worlds of Labour: Southern African labour history in international context
		African labour was unfree, migrant, unskilled and subject to racial discrimination and prejudice.
		A transnational approach, in which labour history is rethought at a regional level, at a comparative level, and as a part of a broader global history, has potentially enormous implications for historical studies and contemporary concerns.
		Labour migration, gendered labour and the sphere of reproduction
	www.h-net.org /announce/show.cgi?ID=147499 (1159 words)

	Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A monument celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the [[British Empire in 1834, erected in Victoria Tower Gardens, Millbank, Westminster, London]] Slavery can mean one or more related conditions which involve control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other forms of coercion.
		Many left wing thinkers have also discussed the idea of "wage slavery", although it is also generally accepted that payment of a wage signifies "free labour", with the quite different disadvantages experienced by such workers.
		In sweatshop labor cases, unfree labourers are often told that they are working off a debt, but have no access to an accounting for that debt, and no right to take any higher-paying or less supervised employment.
	slavery.iqnaut.net (8345 words)

	Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures was a mixture of debt-slavery as a punishment for crime and the of prisoners of war.
		Undoubtedly a majority of slaves were condemned agricultural or industrial labour and lived hard In some of the city-states of Greece and in the Roman Empire slaves were a very large part the economy and the Roman Empire built large part of its wealth on slaves through conquest.
		In September of 2002 a report to the Ministério de Trabalho (Ministry of Labor) stated that between and 2001 approximately 3 500 slave labourers had freed and that it was estimated that 500 people remained in such conditions at time (O Globo 2002).
	www.freeglossary.com /Slavery (5803 words)

	Dr Kirsty Reid
		Specialises in the history of convict transportation to the Australian penal colonies, in imperialism and unfree labour and the history of crime and punishment.
		She is currently completing a book on female convict transportation to Van Diemen's Land which covers topics as diverse as gender and poverty in nineteenth-century Britain and Ireland, the ideas of the mid-nineteenth century colonial reformers, and convict and plebeian culture in the colonies.
		She is happy to consider dissertation proposals from students interested in working on Britain and Australia, and upon topics that touch upon themes such as gender and sexuality, crime and punishment, and colonialism and unfree labour.
	www.bris.ac.uk /Depts/History/Staff/reid.htm (293 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)