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Topic: Ungulate

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	Ungulates: AllAboutMammals.com
		Ungulates are digitigrade; they walk on their toes.
		The word ungulate is from the Latin word unguis, which means nail, claw, or hoof.
		Perissodactyls are odd-toed ungulates (a much smaller group) - some of these include horses, zebras, rhinoceroses, and tapirs.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/mammals/classification/Ungulates.shtml (544 words)

	What is an UNGULATE?
		Modern ungulates have taken this to the extreme: the metapodials (the bones between the wrist/ankle and the digits) are often as long as the other parts of the legs.
		Since the hoof was the defining character of the ungulates, feet were the focus of researchers trying to decipher their origins.
		Originally placed at the base of the ungulate lineage, continued research suggested that the paenungulates were more specialized than the true ungulates, nesting them firmly in the ungulate family tree.
	www.ultimateungulate.com /WhatIsAnUngulate.html (1369 words)

	UNGULATE INFO AND TIPS
		There is some dispute as to whether ungulate should be treated as an actual cladistic (evolution-based) group, or merely a phenetic group (similar, but not necessarily related), in light of the fact that all ungulates do not appear to be as closely related as once believed (see below).
		In addition to hooves, most ungulates developed reduced canine teeth, bunodont molars (molars with low, rounded cusps), and an astragalus (one of the ankle bones at the end of the lower leg) with a short, robust head.
		Ungulates diversified rapidly in the Eocene, but are thought to date back as far as the late Cretaceous.
	www.ihabits.com /ungulate (652 words)

	Enrichment, Committees, AAZK
		The classification of ungulates describes a wide array of animals, ranging from rhinos and duikers to zebras and peccaries, all of which are as different as camels are to dik-diks.
		Ungulates, while not exempt from developing stereotypic behavior, are not as well documented for producing some of the more undesirable or self-mutilating behaviors as seen in some of the primate, bird or carnivore species.
		Ungulates, which are highly sensitive, flighty animals are successful in their natural environments due in part to their ability to escape predators.
	www.aazk.org /committees/enrichment/comm_enrichment_ungulates.php (2255 words)

	Ardastra gardens, zoo & conservation center \| Nassau, Bahamas
		Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla) — horses, zebras, tapirs and rhinos.
		Some ungulates have done well under human intervention with their domestication in agriculture, however, many have gone extinct or are on the verge of extinction because of humans.
		Ungulates have been bred to the extent that they no longer resemble their wild relatives and many ungulates have escaped from their farms and therefore they have been introduced to many countries through out the world as ferel populations.
	www.ardastra.com /ungulateinfo.html (1827 words)

	What is an Ungulate?
		Ungulate is a term used to refer to any type of hoofed mammal.
		Deer, antelope, horses, and llamas are all examples of ungulates, which can be distinguished because they walk on their toes, which have hardened into hooves through millennia of evolution.
		Ungulate species such as horses were ridden by many ancient cultures and continue to be used for recreation and transportation today.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-an-ungulate.htm (417 words)

	Ungulate Enrichment
		The classification of ungulates describes a wide array of animals, ranging from rhinos and duikers to zebras and peccaries, all of which are as different as camels are to dik-diks.
		Ungulates, while not exempt from developing stereotypic behaviour, are not as well documented for producing some of the more undesirable or self-mutilating behaviours as seen in some of the primate, bird or carnivore species.
		Ungulates, which are highly sensitive, flighty animals are successful in their natural environments due in part to their ability to escape predators.
	www.torontozoo.com /meet_animals/enrichment/ungulate_enrichment.htm (2103 words)

	Ungulate research at the Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center
		In general, ungulates roam widely among distinct seasonal ranges so that, for most species, no single conservation area is large enough and diverse enough to fully encompass their habitat needs.
		Following a $3.5 billion effort to eradicate brucellosis from livestock in the United States, wild ungulates in the Yellowstone area comprise one of the last remaining disease reservoirs and jeopardize the brucellosis-free status of livestock in three adjacent states.
		Although ungulate habitat-use patterns have been intensively studied in selected parts of this ecosystem, tools are needed to extrapolate this information in a way that facilitates landscape-level planning and impact assessment.
	www.nrmsc.usgs.gov /research/ungulate_research.htm (1792 words)

	Ungulate - Glasgledius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In addition to hooves, ungulates developed reduced canine teeth[?], bunodont molars (molars with low, rounded cusps), and an astragalus[?] (one of the ankle bones at the end of the lower leg) with a short, robust head.
		Ungulates diversified rapidly in the Eocene, but are thought to date back perhaps as far as the Late Cretaceous.
		Most ungulates are herbivores, but a few are omnivores or predators (e.g.
	www.glasglow.com /E2/un/Ungulate.html (108 words)

	Ungulate-Forest Relationships in Olympic National Park: Retrospective Exclosure Studies
		Ungulates influenced the recruitment and morphology of vine maple.
		Ungulate effects on establishment of overstory species were variable; browsing appeared to affect recruitment of Pacific silver fir and western red cedar following clearcut logging, but effects on other species were unclear.
		The importance of ungulate herbivory in determining forest composition is discussed in relation to the scale of other processes.
	www.onrc.washington.edu /clearinghouse/metadata/woodward/woodwar3.html (1882 words)

	Ecological effects of ungulate grazing
		The ecological impact of ungulate grazing is not only determined by the productivity of the system, but also of the type of grazer, the degree of herbivory and the grazing history.
		The aim of the current project is to improve our understanding of how sustained selective grazing by ungulates affects succession rates of vegetation, interspecific plant competition, grazing induced plant chemical defence, soil processes and the nutrient flow through terrestrial food chains (vegetation, herbivores and predators).
		Understanding the impact of ungulate grazing or browsing on the functioning of terrestrial food chains is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity and for ecosystem management.
	www.zoo.uib.no /eng/research/groups/anpl/index.php (555 words)

	Ungulate teeth, diets, and climatic changes at the eocene/oligocene boundary
		Although, like other mammals, ungulate generic diversity increases in the early Eocene, the ungulate diversity increases to a maximum at the end of the middle Eocene, but the general curve of mammalian diversity decreases in the middle Eocene.
		Semi-lophed ungulates were fairly abundant in the late Paleocene and early Eocene, but underwent dramatic diversification in the late middle Eocene, almost doubling their generic diversity by the end of the period.
		Fully lophed ungulates did not appear until the latest Paleocene, and were of only moderate diversity, and of fairly small size, through the early and early middle Eocene.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/EEB/Janis_abstracts/Zoology.html (593 words)

	Even-toed ungulate - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		They are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls.
		Nevertheless, artiodactyls were far from dominant at that time: the odd-toed ungulates (ancestors of today's horses and rhinos) were much more successful and far more numerous.
		Even-toed ungulates survived in niche roles, usually occupying marginal habitats, and it is presumably at that time that they developed their complex digestive systems, which allowed them to survive on lower-grade feed.
	www.recipeland.com /facts/Even-toed_ungulate (385 words)

	ParkGraze-Collaborators
		In place of traditional techniques based upon static estimates of forage supply and animal forage requirements, ungulate impacts on vegetation are predicted, as well as ungulate population responses to climate and herbivory driven forage supply.
		Francis has published 38 papers and 4 book chapters on ungulates -- 20 of these papers deal with elk or their habitats, and he has received 8 DOI awards, mostly for the elk work.
		Francis' areas of expertise include ungulate population dynamics, ungulate sightability models, cascading trophic effects of wolves on ungulates and habitats, restoration of mountain sheep, trophy-hunting effects on mountain sheep, ungulate-vegetation interactions, and ecosystem effects of ungulate herbivory.
	www.nrel.colostate.edu /projects/parkgraze/collaborators.htm (966 words)

	Future Wolf Management In Idaho \| Idaho Outfitters And Guides
		Whereas, draft 17 infers that where declines in ungulate populations are attributable to wolf predation, the preferred management tool would be "hunting" similar to other large mammalian predators; and
		Whereas, limitations on wolf management where wolves occupy ungulate range may relate to the loss of a significant number of family businesses, resulting in a negative economic impact on corresponding rural communities; and
		the Legislature recognizes that the reintroduction of wolves causes negative impacts on ungulate populations which causes a corresponding negative impact on the value of the outfitting businesses that are dependent upon healthy ungulate populations and
	www.ioga.org /futurewolfmanagementinidaho.aspx (696 words)

	International Wolf Center Current News
		That leads to the comforting observation that by eliminating less fit ungulates, wolves enhance the gene pool and improve the survival chances for fit individuals.
		Research in Alaska suggests that combined wolf and bear predation can limit ungulate populations to levels significantly lower than the habitat should be able to sustain.
		Alaska’s managers describe some imperiled ungulate populations as being caught in a “predator pit” that pins them at low levels for many years.
	www.wolf.org /wolves/news/live_news_detail.asp?id=1421 (1035 words)

	Wolf Retintroduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Computer models have predicted that wolves in YNP may reduce ungulate numbers by 5%-30% and also decrease fluctuations in ungulate numbers, without having devastating affects on these populations (Schullery, 1996).
		This impact was most significant because the bulk of the biomass taken was young ungulates, less than one year old.
		With the reintroduction of wolves in North America a reduction in ungulate density is expected, however this does not mean that wolf predation will exterminate ungulate populations.
	biology.kenyon.edu /stures/compsbergdahl/keystone.html (609 words)

	Ungulate Component Summary - Reports - Environment Canada
		Cattle use on the community pasture in the south block of the wildlife area and feral horse use were also measured by the faecal pellet group survey technique.
		Grassland-mid/low shrub habitat of upland and riparian sites were critical for pronghorn and white-tailed deer, but avoided heavily grazed examples of this latter type used by livestock.
		Because lands of the CFB Suffield support a significant proportion of the regional pronghorn population, an annual aerial census should be supported.
	www.mb.ec.gc.ca /nature/whp/nwa/suffield/dd02s14.en.html (255 words)

	Florida Key Deer...The Even-Toed Ungulate
		The emergence of ungulate type mammals is thought to have occurred during the mid-Tertiary period based upon the fossil record for the “Old World” tropics.
		The Key deer may be referred to as having a cloven hoof (ungulate) with two toes.
		Perissodactyla, the odd toed ungulates, consist of a small order of herbivores that are distinguished from Artiodactlya by the presence of a prominent third digit.
	jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu /fieldcourses01/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/FloridaKeyDeer...TheEven-.html (1903 words)

	The Ungulate Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Ungulate Infrastructure is founded on Many-to-Many Invocation (M2MI), a new object oriented paradigm and technology where each method invocation is broadcast throughout the network and every object that implements the method executes it.
		The Ungulate Project is a project of the Department of Computer Science at the Rochester Institute of Technology.
		Funding for the Ungulate Project is provided by grants from Laboratory for Applied Computing.
	www.cs.rit.edu /~anhinga/Ungulate/intro.shtml (364 words)

	Definition of ungulate - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		2 : of or relating to the ungulates
		Find more about "ungulate" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "ungulate" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/ungulate (46 words)

	Amazon.com: ungulate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ungulate ectoparasite removal by Black Caracaras and Pale-winged trumpeters in Amazonian forests.(Short Communications): An article from: Wilson Bulletin by Carlos A. Peres (Jul 28, 2005)
		Ungulate domestication: An entry from Thomson Gale's Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia by Jasmin, MS Chua (2004)
		Keychain with ruminant, deer, mammal, ungulate by SHOPZEUS.COM
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=ungulate&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (416 words)

	Gene expression profiles that identify genetically elite ungulate mammals patent invention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Genetically elite ungulate mammals are identified on the basis of gene expression profiles from biological samples such as liver and blood.
		Microarrays have recently been produced for studying the functions of cattle genes and gene expression changes in different physiological states, although results to date have been quite limited.
		[0014] (a) comparing expression levels of genes in tissues (e.g., blood) of ungulate mammals classified according to multiple levels of a selected phenotype (e.g.
	www.freshpatents.com /Gene-expression-profiles-that-identify-genetically-elite-ungulate-mammals-dt20050623ptan20050137805.php (2028 words)

	jumpingfish
		It drew a red line underneath and suggested ungulate instead.
		About the red ring at its edges that ungulated mesmerizingly.
		About the sky and the watermelon and the ungulating moon.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105833/2005/09/12.html (120 words)

	Draft #1 Florida Key Deer.....The Even-toed Ungulate
		The emergence of ungulate type mammals is thought to have occurred during the
		The ruminant four-chambered stomach must meet the energy requirements of a grazing ungulate by absorbing the maximum of nutrients while leaving little to waste.
		Efforts in the future may experiment with the expanding the Key deer habitat by relocating them to other non or less populated islands with similar habitats.
	jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu /fieldcourses01/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/Draft1FloridaKeyDeer......html (1079 words)

	International Conference on Forest Dynamics and Ungulate Herbivory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the effects of ungulate herbivores on forest vegetation may sometimes be apparent to even the most casual observer, there are considerable difficulties in objectively assessing the magnitude and effects of browsing, grazing, and other ungulate effects on vegetation.
		The session will summarize the current state of the art for measuring ungulate herbivory in forests, over a range of spatial scales from individual shoots to whole plants, to groups of plants, and finally to forest landscapes or regions.
		Management of ungulate herbivory includes manipulation of forest and landscape struc-ture (silviculture, land use planning), as well as direct control of ungulate numbers and dis-tri-bution (game management).
	www.fowi.ethz.ch /pgw/herbivory/schedule_day3_main.htm (561 words)

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