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Topic: Union of England and Scotland

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	Scotland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Scotland is separated from England by the Tweed River, the Cheviot Hills, the Liddell River, and Solway Firth.
		Scotland’s principal rivers are the Clyde, the Forth, the Dee, the Tay, and the Tweed.
		In the reign of William the Lion Scotland became a fief of England by a treaty extorted (1174) from William by Henry II.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sc/Scotland.html (3081 words)

	Kingdom of Scotland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scotland advanced markedly in educational terms during the fifteenth century with the founding of the University of St Andrews in 1413, the University of Glasgow in 1450 and the University of Aberdeen in 1494, and with the passing of the Education Act 1496.
		Scotland's monarch, James VI, King of Scots, succeeded to the throne of the Kingdom of England in 1603, becoming King James I of England, after the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
		By 1703 the Anglo-Scottish dynastic union, the Union of the Crowns, was in crisis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland (2428 words)

	England - MSN Encarta
		Both areas were subdued, but at a cost of the Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland and the Battle of the Boyne (see Boyne, Battle of the) and greater repression of Roman Catholics in Ireland.
		This, matched with its wealth and military success, showed that England had not destroyed itself in the internal quarrels of the previous century, but had in fact put its house in order and created the basis of ideas and power by which it would dominate the modern world.
		Scotland, angry at its exclusion from trade with the English Empire, hesitated to duplicate the act, as it had the Bill of Rights in 1689.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572205_11/England.html (686 words)

	British Academy - O Brave New World? The Union of England and Scotland in 1603 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		And although, as in England, the Reformation produced in Scotland a new definition of identity, it was focused on an elect nation covenanted with God, the nation where ‘one of the purest kirks under heaven’ could be found, rather than a nation whose religious destiny came increasingly to be identified with combat with Catholic Spain.
		England embarked on four inglorious years of war, only to find that she was utterly incapable of meeting the demands of modern warfare.
		England was, after all, already the centre of a multiple monarchy, with its satellite and reluctant kingdom of Ireland and the principality of Wales.
	www.britac.ac.uk /events/texts/BA-Union.html (8046 words)

	The history of Scotland - The Act of Union 1707
		The Scottish parliament was dissolved and England and Scotland became one country.
		Scotland kept its independence with respect to it's legal and religious systems, but coinage, taxation, sovereignty, trade, parliament and flag became one.
		The Union flag that we recognise today did not appear until 1801, after another Act of Union, when the 'old' flag combined with the red cross of St. Patrick of Ireland.
	www.historic-uk.com /HistoryUK/Scotland-History/ActofUnion.htm (301 words)

	Scotland* page
		Union with England was seen as the way to prevent destitution by means of access to England's overseas trade and colonies.
		Following the Union Scotland was transformed by rapid industrialization and Glasgow, previously a small town, became for a time the second largest city in the United Kingdom, based on the tobacco trade with America.
		In a foretaste of the 20th century horrors of ethnic cleansing, the Gaelic speaking people of the Highlands were evicted by the landlords, the former tribal chiefs, in a successful attempt to prevent further revolts of the type which occurred in 1715 and 1745.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/scotland.html (1344 words)

	Did You Know? - Union of the Parliaments 1707
		The reasons for the Union of the Parliaments (which was vastly unpopular with the ordinary Scottish people even though most of them at that time did not have the vote) were complex and varied.
		There were even uprisings in Scotland in support of James and the Jacobite cause was still bubbling away at the turn of the century.
		In addition, Scotland was excluded from England's colonial territories - indeed early moves towards a union of the parliaments stumbled in England as they were reluctant to allow open access.
	www.rampantscotland.com /know/blknow_union.htm (686 words)

	1707 Acts of Union
		The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament passed in 1707 (taking effect on 1 May) by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland.
		Article 1 of the treaty was based on the political principle of an incorporating union and this was secured by a majority of 115 votes to 83 on 4 November 1706.
		Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, an ardent pro-unionist and Union negotiator, observed that the treaty was `contrary to the inclinations of at least three-fourths of the Kingdom'.
	www.24carat.co.uk /1707actsofunion.html (1063 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scotland (AP) -- It's not just the 17th Earl of Lauderdale, barred from his family's centuries-old role as the monarch's flag-bearer in Scotland, who is miffed.
		Scotland's opening ceremonies are a blend of populism, Scottish nationalism and deference to the crown.
		England and Scotland have shared a monarch since 1603, a century before their 1707 union under a single Parliament in London.
	home1.gte.net /eskandar/scotland.html (573 words)

	Scotland Union with England
		In 1603, the Scottish King James VI inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became James I of England.
		With the exception of a period under the Commonwealth, Scotland remained a separate state, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church government.
		Following the Act of Union and the subsequent Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe.
	www.clans.org.uk /hist_8.html (581 words)

	Scottish Independence Web Server
		Scotland was considered as simply a province somewhat larger than Northumbria, and its geographical position as well as feudal ties and engagements, were adduced in support of the theory.
		In Scotland, Until it became probable that King James VI would be the successor of Queen Elizabeth, such a thing as a close political, indissoluble union was never thought about, or if it did enter the brains of some northern statesmen they took care never to give it expression.
		They would enjoy all the benefits of a complete union with England without losing one iota of their country's independence, or without political interference from the new ally, and the national vanity was gratified by seeing a Scottish king wielding the sceptre of Edward I.
	www.forscotland.com /aou.html (7798 words)

	Act of Union 1707
		The crowns of Scotland and England had become one in 1603 and Cromwell had tried to bind the countries’ political systems together fifty years later, but Scotland still wanted to govern its own religious, financial and political affairs.
		When Scotland rejected English rulings further financial pressures were applied, and when compensation for shareholders hurt by the Darien collapse was offered in return for accepting Parliamentary Union, treaties began to be drawn up.
		The Union was agreed and the commissioners for Scotland chosen by the Queen.
	www.scotclans.com /clans/1707.htm (278 words)

	The Scottish Question > The Good News : January/February 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The union of England and Scotland in 1707 is best appreciated through an understanding of what was happening on the greater European scene.
		England could lay claim to being the greatest commercial and financial center in the world, and the British empire began to form.
		For England to carry any influence in the new monetary structure, as well as other political matters, she will need to be a full partner and also enjoy the stability of its Commonwealth.
	www.gnmagazine.org /issues/gn14/scottish.htm (1043 words)

	Margaret Tudor
		She was married to James IV of Scotland on 8 August, 1503 at Holyrood House.
		It was because of this union that England and Scotland would be united under one crown 100 years later at the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
		The marriage with the Earl was dissolved in 1527.
	tudorhistory.org /people/margaret (390 words)

	United Kingdom
		The UK flag consists of three elements: the cross of St. George (red on white) for England, the cross of St. Andrew (white diagonal on blue) for Scotland, and the so-called cross of St. Patrick (red diagonal on white) for Ireland.
		The Union Jack is to be seen quite often at a ratio of 2:3, and of course appeared in this form on the 1928-1994 South African national flag.
		The Pantone colours (186 for the red and 280 for blue) are the official ones for the Union Flag and all UK derivatives (Bartram 2004).
	flagspot.net /flags/gb.html (3308 words)

	Union, Act of - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		UNION, ACT OF [Union, Act of] For the union of England and Scotland (1707), see Great Britain ; for the union of Ireland (1800) with Great Britain, see Ireland.
		The Irish Act of Union: A Study in High Politics, 1798-1801.
		Union Pacific Celebrates 140th Anniversary on July 1; President Lincoln Signed Pacific Railway Act to Create Union Pacific Railroad and Start Westward Development of the Country.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-union-ac.html (214 words)

	Treaty or Act of the Union, Scotland & England 1706 - UK History.
		That from and after the Union all forreign Salt which shall be Imported into Scotland shall be charged at the Importation there with the same Duties as the like Salt is now charged with being Imported into England and to be levied and secured in the same manner.
		That during the continuance of the Duties payable in England on Coals, Culm and Cinders, which determines 30th September 1710 Scotland shall not be charged therewith for Coals Culm and Cinders consumed there but shall be charged with the same Duties as in England for all Coals, Culm and Cinders not consumed in Scotland.
		And that after the Union the Queens Majesty and Her Royal Successors, may Continue a Privy Council in Scotland, for preserving of public Peace and Order, until the Parliament of Great Britain shall think fit to alter it or establish any other effectual method for that end.
	www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk /union.html (1088 words)

	CNNSI.com - Rugby Union - England demolishes Scotland in Six Nations - Sunday March 04, 2001 08:15 AM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scotland's lone score was a Duncan Hodge penalty early in the game as it suffered its heaviest loss to the English.
		England had plenty of possession was repeatedly denied by some standout Scottish tackling.
		Scotland almost got a try in the 50th minute only for Healey to beat Logan to a kick ahead and the visitors then lost Budge Pountney for 10 minutes in the sinbin for tripping Matt Dawson at a scrum.
	sportsillustrated.cnn.com /rugby/news/2001/03/03/england_scotland_ap (748 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Rugby Union \| Internationals \| England sweep Scotland aside
		Scotland, for their part, performed valiantly, but they never looked able to out-wit a well organised England defence at a stadium in which they have failed to register a try since 1999.
		At 13-6 down, Scotland may have been behind on the scoreboard, but led by Tom Smith and Gordon Bulloch they constantly broke the gain-line and put England on the back foot.
		With only the line in front of him, the Sale flyer duly touched down for his second and Grayson's conversion pushed England three points short of their previous record before the whistle was blown.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/2876645.stm (669 words)

	Royalty.nu - Kings and Queens of Scotland - Scottish Royalty in History
		The "Prophecy of Berchan" is a medieval verse history of the kings of Ireland and Scotland between the ninth and 11th centuries.
		The history of Celtic Scotland from the ancient kingdoms of the Picts and Scots to the downfall of Clan Donald at the end of the 15th century.
		Written around 1200 AD by an unknown Icelandic author, this saga describes the conquest of the Northern Isles (Scotland's Orkney and Shetland islands) and Caithness (a county in Scotland) by the kings of Norway during the Viking expansion of the ninth century, and goes on to narrate the history of the Earldom of Orkney.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Scotland (1422 words)

	Acts of Union 1707 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Acts of Union were a pair of Acts of Parliament passed in 1706 and 1707 (taking effect on 1 May 1707) by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland.
		In the Scottish case, union enabled Scotland to recover from the financial disaster wrought by the Darién scheme through English assistance and the lifting of measures put in place through the Alien Act to force the Scottish Parliament into compliance with the Act of Settlement.
		£20,000 (£240,000 Scots) was dispatched to Scotland for distribution by the Earl of Glasgow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707 (1413 words)

	Republic of Strathclyde
		(south-west Scotland and Cumberland in England), and the Anglo-Saxons of Lothian.
		From the late 11th Century until the end of the mid-16th Century, there were constant wars between England and Scotland, the outstanding figures in the struggle being William Wallace, who defeated the English at Stirling Bridge (1297) and Robert Bruce, who won the Battle of Bannockburn (1314).
		It should be noted that the Treaty of Union 1707 was passed by the Parliament of Scotland without the consent of the Scottish People.
	strathclyde.homestead.com /index1.html (1394 words)

	Union of the Crowns - Events Calendar
		The Union of England and Scotland in 1603 by Dr Jenny Wormald, St Hilda's College, Oxford
		Union of the Crowns 400th Anniversary Lecture 'The Promised Land?'
		BBC2 Scotland programme: King James and the Union of the Crowns
	www.unionofthecrowns.com /events (363 words)

	Margaret TUDOR (Queen of Scotland)
		On 25th Aug 1532 he swears to follow King Henry VIII of England as absolute ruler of Scotland in case of war even though his own sovereign James V is thereby afflicted.
		Henry VIII had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.
		Lady Margaret Douglas, daughter of Archibald and Margaret Tudor was thrown into the Tower of London when Henry VIII came to know that she was engaged to Sir Thomas Howard, brother of the Duke of Norfolk.
	www.tudorplace.com.ar /Bios/MargaretTudor(QueenScotland).htm (736 words)

	Union of the Crowns - Uniting the crowns - National Library of Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One of his first projects was a full legal and political union of England and Scotland.
		However, the English were suspicious of the idea; they were afraid that their Scottish ruler was planning a union that would threaten their identity.
		He encouraged England to make peace with its traditional Catholic enemies, such as Spain, leading to accusations that he was giving in to ‘popery’.
	www.nls.uk /digitallibrary/uoc/union.html (336 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| By genre \| Why we're still the best of enemies
		The Union: England, Scotland and the Treaty of 1707 by Michael Fry.
		As the 300th anniversary of the union approaches, the treaty is embedding itself in one of the great political stories of our times.
		It is indisputable that the vast majority of Scots were bitterly opposed to union (the English, said one, were 'base epicures with pork and pudding crammed').
	books.guardian.co.uk /reviews/history/0,,1928281,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=10 (1364 words)

	jamesbevan
		In England James would constantly remind the House of Commons that the first Tudor King Henry VII had united the Houses of York and Lancaster, Indeed he had acted as a symbol of union between England and Scotland, for his elder daughter Margaret had married James IV of Scotland, James VI's great-grandfather.
		He was capable of courage as King of Scotland, when embarking on a highly dangerous journey by sea during 1589 to marry his bride, Anne of Denmark, thereby revealing the strong romantic streak in his character.
		James constantly feared assassination both in Scotland and England, particularly after the gunpowder plot and after the assassination of Henri IV of France, a great king, in 1610.
	www.geocities.com /queenswoman/jamesbevan.html (2197 words)

	Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707-1830 Canadian Journal of History - ...
		Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707-1830, by Leith Davis.
		James VI of Scotland had unified their crowns by becoming James I of England, of course, but many of Queen Anne's English subjects supported further union to prevent the thrones from reverting to rival Stuart and Hanoverian claimants when Anne died.
		The Act of Union provoked English and Scottish writers, Davis argues, to fashion themselves as British writers, performing in print the acts of union that are her subject.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200008/ai_n8925123 (870 words)

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