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Topic: Union of Krewo

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	Polish History - Part 4
		The Union was concluded at Krewo in 1385.
		The Union was substantiated by economic and social reasons: the aspiration of merchants toward developing far-ranging trade; the Polish magnates sought expansion by settling the Ruthenian lands; Lithuanian princes and boyars sought to bring Polish political patterns to Lithuania.
		Quickly after the Union of Krewo and baptism of Lithuania, it turned out, however, that the incorporation [the text of the Union used the Latin term applicare] of such a different state organism into the Crown of the Polish Kingdom was impossible.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history4.htm (1589 words)

	Union of Krewo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(other names Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva) was a set of promises of Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania for marriage between him and the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland.
		Only Union of Lublin (1569) created permanent union between Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after which the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was established.
		Union of Krewo · Union of Vilnius and Radom · Union of Horodło · Union of Grodno · Union of Kraków and Vilnius · Union of Mielnik · Union of Lublin · May 3 Constitution
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Union_of_Kreva (825 words)

	A Historiographic Survey of Lithuanian-Polish Relations - B. Dundulis
		The union was a praiseworthy solution of problems in the relations between nations and states, offered by Poles, which satisfied all the proper requirements of the unified lands and led to the creation of the empire of the Jagiellonians.
		The union, he alleged, safeguarded the ethnic foundations of Lithuania — he passes over in silence the polonization which followed the union — unified her internally, and raised her to a higher level by placing her in the sphere of Western culture.
		Union with Poland was caused by the weakening of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
	www.lituanus.org /1971/71_4_01.htm (9184 words)

	Poland History
		At the Union of Krewo in 1385, Jogaila agreed that in exchange for Jadwiga's hand he would convert to Christianity, coordinate operations against the Teutonic Knights and associate Lithuania (which then included most of present day Belarus and Ukraine) with the kingdom of Poland in a permanent union.
		Polish workers understood how their economic relations with the Soviet Union had been rigged to the detriment of the Polish economy and in 1980 the Solidarity Movement exploded with a series of strikes on the Baltic Coast and in the industrial region of Upper Silesia.
		The situation was volatile but the new labor union was joined by a social movement, coalescing into an effective social force that managed to effect change with a minimum of violence.
	www.snookems.com /poland/phistory.htm (8510 words)

	Outline 7
		Instead, union with Lithuania, 1386 by means of marriage of Jadwiga to the Lithuanian king Jogailo (Jagiello).
		With Jadwiga's death in 1399, and no heir, the Union of Krewo could have been dissolved, but it was continued.
		1569 Union of Lublin joined the two states in a noble republic or commonwealth, under one elected king, with common army and foreign policy.
	www.pitt.edu /~irinal/hist200/outline8.html (1014 words)

	Poland in the classroom: Poland - A Country Study
		As Poland reeled under the assault from the west, the Soviet Union administered the coup de grace by invading from the east on September 17.
		Later in the war, the fate of Poland came to depend on the Soviet Union, which was initially the agent of deliverance from Nazi tyranny but later was the bearer of a new form of oppression.
		Solidarity, the free national trade union that arose from the nucleus of the Lenin Shipyard strike was unlike anything in the previous experience of Comecon nations.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/longhist7.html (14490 words)

	Poland - THE JAGIELLON ERA, 1385-1572
		The next major period was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under a dynasty founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Jagiello.
		Putting aside their previous hostility, Poland and Lithuania saw that they shared common enemies, most notably the Teutonic Knights; this situation was the direct incentive for the Union of Krewo in 1385.
		This farflung federation collapsed in 1526 when armies of the Ottoman Empire won a crushing victory at the Battle of Mohács (Hungary), wresting Bohemia and Hungary from the Jagiellons and installing the Turks as a menacing presence in the heart of Europe.
	countrystudies.us /poland/6.htm (411 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Poland - Jagiellonian Dynasty
		The Polish nobility, not intending to continue the union with Hungary, demanded that Louis' second daughter Jadwiga, a mere 10 year old, would be crowned Queen of Poland.
		In 1385 the UNION TREATY OF KREWO was signed with Lithuania; Jagiello ceded Podolia to Poland (1387) and was baptized according to the Catholic rite, as were his hitherto pagan countrymen (but not the Orthodox majority of the conquered provinces in his duchy).
		In 1447 he was elected king of Poland, thus renewing the Polish-Lithuanian union.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/union.html (571 words)

	Summaries in English (main texts only)
		Having examined the act of Krewo from the viewpoint of diplomacy, diplomatic, sphragistics and palaeography, and having taken into consideration the historical circumstances of its origin, the authors of the publication — R. Čapaitë, J. Kiaupienë, E. Rima, S. Rowell, and E. Ulčinaitë — drew two basic conclusions:
		The history of the Lithuanian state does not include an interstate agreement with the Polish state which could be described as the Union of Krewo of 1385.
		In this manner, a dynastic–personal union, which for several centuries was to influence the history of Central–Eastern Europe, was accomplished.
	www.semper.pl /kh/summ04.html (1400 words)

	HISTORIA.org.pl - Polski Portal Historyczny - Zapoznaj się z tym co już było... a jest zapisane tu!
		The Lublin Union of 1569 constituted the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in European politics and a vital cultural entity.
		In 1385, the Union of Krewo was signed between Louis' daughter Jadwiga and the Lithuanian Grand Duke Władysław, beginning the Polish-Lithuanian Union and strengthening both nations in their shared opposition to the Teutonic Knights and the growing threat of Muscovy.
		The personal union with the grand duchy of Lithuania to the north-east paved the way for the extension of Polish power far to the east and the creation (Union of Lublin, 1569) of a unified Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) stretching from the Baltic and the Carpathians to present-day Belarus and western and central Ukraine.
	www.historia.org.pl /index.php?id=about (2698 words)

	Central Europe Review - Regional Lumping: Why the "Baltic states"?
		Despite fighting aggression from Muscovy, the Mongol Hordes and "crusading" Teutonic Knights, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to become the largest political entity of the day, stretching from the Baltic (White) Sea to the Black Sea.
		After all, Lithuania almost set the continent alight when it became involved in the incident surrounding Czech reformer Jan Hus, who is recalled so fondly and so often in Czech history.
		The three all want to be members of NATO and the European Union, to re-establish their half-century of broken links to the West and to shake off the remnants of Soviet rule.
	www.ce-review.org /99/23/amber23.html (1561 words)

	Take a BrainSip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Union of Krewo (or Union of Krevo) was a a political and dynastic agreement between Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania and the beginning of the Polish-Lithuanian Union.
		The document was signed in the town of Krewo on August 14, 1385, and provided for the following:
		the personal union of Lithuanian and Polish lands under the sovereignty of the rulers of Poland "for all eternity"
	union-of-krewo.mestskadoprava.sk (315 words)

	Central Europe Review - A Brief History of Lithuania
		With the rise of Jogaila, brother of Kęstutis, and of Vytautas, son of Kęstutis, the fate of Lithuania was about to change forever.
		As in many other dynastic unions (such as Scotland and England), the monarch of the weaker party took over, but saw his nation crumble under the influence of the stronger side.
		Despite involvement by Britain's SIS and others, there was little assistance from the West except for a policy of "non-recognition," and the lack of a Western response to the Hungarian 1956 uprising all but ended the movement.
	www.ce-review.org /00/27/lithuania27_history.html (2749 words)

	Who we are
		Krewe was founded in 1989 by 10 Tampa Bay area professionals who had previously been members of different novice to semi-professional level rugby teams.
		Krewe continues to thrive on its founders’ love for the game and their appreciation for the camaraderie that has developed amongst its team members, as well as its fans.
		Recently, with only one loss, Krewe was ranked as a top team in the state and earned a seed in the prestigious Florida State Championship (finishing second overall).
	www.krewerugby.com /Who_we_are.html (497 words)

	Titles of European hereditary rulers
		Despite the provisions of the Union of Krewo, the Lithuanian state retained its autonomy in the form of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		In 1569, during the reign of Sigismund Augustus (+1572), the last King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from the House of Gedimin, the Poles and Lithuanians concluded pact (Union of Lublin) that united the two countries into a single, federated state, which was to be ruled by a single, jointly selected sovereign.
		Formally, Poland and Lithuania were to be distinct, equal components of the federation, each retaining its own army, treasury, civil administration, and laws; the two nations agreed to cooperate with each other on foreign policy and to participate in a joint Diet.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin/poland.html (2769 words)

	[No title]
		Union takes shape gradually over 200 years, in the 16th century becoming a political union.
		Poles and Lithuanians were able together to defeat the Teutonic Knights in 1410 Stages of Union bet Poland & Lithuania 1386 Union of Krewo: election of Jagiello as Polish King With Jadwiga's death in 1399, and no heir, the Union of Krewo could have been dissolved, but it was continued.
		Polish magnates not willing to go beyond narrow class interests contrast to Russia, where from 16th century Muscovy consolidates autocratic state, which collects taxes, exploits peasants, develops bureaucracy.
	www.pitt.edu /~irinal/hist200/files/out8.doc (879 words)

	Poland.pl - European Union Exhibition 2004 - Unions – pro-union ideas, ideas for European peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Władysław Jagiełło, King of Poland and archduke of Lithuania, and Witold, Grand Duke of Lithuania, establish the nature of the union that binds the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and also grant privileges to the Catholic Church in Lithuania and the Catholic gentry there; 2 October 1413, Horodlo.
		Cooperation between the countries of the Union of Kalmar and Polish-Lithuanian Union
		Erik, King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway – King of the Union of Kalmar – concludes an alliance with Władysław, King of Poland, and Aleksander-Witold, Grand Duke of Lithuania [with Polish-Lithuanian Union]; 23 June 1419, in castro Haffnensi/ Copenhagen.
	poland.pl /spec/exhibition2004/gallery/unions/index.htm (174 words)

	The Historial Setting: The Jagiellonian Era (1385-1572)
		On the other hand, the exclusion of the lower nobility from most of those protections caused serious resentment among that largely impoverished class, and the aristocracy passed laws in the early sixteenth century that made the peasants virtual slaves to the flourishing agricultural enterprises.
		Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the Union of Lublin, 1569 to 1667
		The sixteenth century was perhaps the most illustrious phase of Polish cultural history.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/longhist2.html (1830 words)

	Amazon.com: "Krevo Union": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Europe and Russia explains that Casimir took Rus lands to compensate for Polish losses in the west and claimed the Krevo Union was envisaged by Jagiello as the keystone in a plan of eastern expansionism.
		186, 187, 22-9, 256 treaty of (1525) 41, 47 Krasicki, Ignacy (1735-r8o1) 98 Krasifiski, Zygmunt (18i2-59) 131, 137 Krva (Krewo, Krevo), Union of (1385) 32-, 34 Kronenberg, Leopold (...
		Ottoman v1ctorv 3 Kosovo first battle of (1389) 710, 771 second battle of (1448) 16z, 716, 824 Krevo, Union of (1385) 731-2 Kristeller, PO.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Krevo-Union (342 words)

	Poland and the Origin of Slavs - Little of Slavic History
		It became a Soviet satellite country following the war, but one that was comparatively tolerant and progressive.
		Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force and by 1990 had swept parliamentary elections and the presidency.
		A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe, boosting hopes for acceptance to the EU.
	slavs.freeservers.com /Poland.html (1722 words)

	[No title]
		The last three turns of the game are dominated by Muscovy (Green), which, on an even greater scale than Kiev, expands courtesy of reinforcements, leaders, and campaign (double) moves.
		Green should do well in the final turns, as the Ottomans to the south are another Green people, though the Polish-Lithuanians (assuming the Blue and Purple players agreed to the Union of Krewo), and the Timurids (Purple) the last gasp of the steppe invaders will give them a run for their money.
		For example, the division between Vikings (who merely raid and trade) and Scandinavians (here to stay) seems artificial the game notes themselves admit that both were Swedes, for the most part.
	grognard.com /reviews1/rus2.txt (2661 words)

	Lenkijos Respublikos Ambasada Vilniuje
		1370 - Kazimierz Wielki dies as the last Polish ruler of the Piast Dynasty1385 - Polish-Lithuanian union in Krewo; Polish Queen Jadwiga of Anjou marries Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello.
		1569 - Union of Lublin: the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, linked thus far by a personal union, become a united state body: the Polish-Lithuanian Republic.
		1815 - A decision is made during the Vienna Congress to create the Kingdom of Poland (former Duchy of Warsaw), connected by a personal union with the Russian Empire; the Cracow Republic (under the "protectorate" of the partitioning powers); and the Grand Duchy of Poznan (under the Prussian rule)
	www.polandembassy.lt /en/istorija.html (3191 words)

	[No title]
		Only after one-by-one replacement is completed, any remaining "minimum units" may be placed freely in "minimum areas" and controlled areas (really freely, so - if you wish - you may put all in one area) - The Union of Krewo lasts until the end of the game.
		> UNION OF KREWO: > > - How long does it last?
		Only turn 14, or until the end of the game?
	grognard.com /errata1/rus1.txt (1580 words)

	Poland.pl - EU Exhibition 2004 - Act of Union in Krewo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Poland.pl - EU Exhibition 2004 - Act of Union in Krewo
		Gallery Unions - pro-union ideas, ideas for European peace
		Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania, with his brethren, pledges to heed the obligation he took upon himself if he marries Polish queen Jadwiga; 14 August 1385, Krewo.
	www.poland.pl /spec/exhibition2004/gallery/slide,Act_of_Union_in_Krewo,pid,98965,gid,98773,cid,.htm?sh=1 (47 words)

	These Hills Sing of Saxon Kings - Page 10 - Alternate History Discussion Board
		You see, Wenceslaus IV(III HRE) had two sons: Ottokar IV (III HRE) and Wenceslaus V. Wenceslaus V was younger, but had often demanded of his father the right to the Austrian duchies, while his older brother Ottokar IV would get Bohemia/Silesia, and Poland/Krakow.
		But Wenceslaus IV, like his ancestors, wanted to maintain the personal union that had existed for so long.
		So while his father gave him great influence throughout all of the Przemyslid realms, he refused to elevate him to Duke of Austria.
	www.alternatehistory.com /discussion/showthread.php?p=900164 (8367 words)

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