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Topic: Union of Russia and Belarus

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	Building a Russia-Belarus Union State is impossible without economic integration between the countries, which has now ...
		He said that to build a Union State, three elements were needed: the passing of a relevant constitutional act, the introduction of a single currency, which the countries had planned to finalize two years ago failed due unpreparedness on the part of Belarus, and the creation of a "common-regulation economic space".
		Russia has traditionally been the closest ally of Belarus, whose leadership has become increasing isolated in the West over clampdowns on civic and political freedoms.
		The dispute was resolved when Belarus lifted its transit duty, and Russia later cut its export duty from $180.7 to $53 per metric ton, effective from January 1, 2007, avoiding potentially crippling economic consequences for its neighbor, which has relied heavily on receipts from refining and re-exporting Russian oil.
	www.russiansabroad.com /News/news.asp?id=50376&date=undefined&nTopicId=23 (408 words)

	Union of Russia and Belarus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Union of Russia and Belarus (Russian: Союз России и Беларуси - Soyuz Rossii i Byelorusi), also known as the United State of Russia and Belarus (Russian: Союзное государство России и Беларуси - Soyuznoye gosudarstvo Rossii i Belorusii), is a supranational confederal entity consisting of Russia and Belarus.
		The creation of the Union was initiated by the president of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, in order to harmonise the political and economic differences between the two nations.
		Belarus and Russia had been collecting the Value Added Tax (VAT) in the country of origin, but from January 1, 2005 VAT is collected in the country of destination, as in most other independent countries of the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Union_of_Russia_and_Belarus (751 words)

	Russia, Belarus & Ukraine - CDI Russia Weekly #222
		In Russia and Belarus this support is evenly distributed throughout the population, while in Ukraine it is confined to its eastern regions.
		Second, the growing dispute between Belarus and Russia over their union project, launched in 1996, has failed to resolve the dilemma of what kind of union is to be created.
		Belarus and Ukraine are not "foreign" in Russian eyes, but temporarily separated regions of one spiritual-cultural space within which Russia is the "elder brother" and the Russian language the language of modernity and culture, in contrast to the Belarusian and Ukrainian languages, which Russians consider remnants of the village and the past.
	www.cdi.org /Russia/222-8.cfm (1090 words)

	Russia's Union With Belarus: Expensive and Troubling
		The union between Russia and Belarus panders to Great Russian nationalist sentiments in Moscow, and was hailed primarily by Russia's hard-liners.
		Russia's market-oriented reformers, such as First Deputy Prime Ministers Anatoly Chubais and Boris Nemtsov, as well as the Yabloko faction in the Duma, all oppose the treaty as detrimental to Russian reforms.
		Moreover, Belarus was most severely affected by the Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion in 1986; hundreds of thousands suffer from cancer and radiation poisoning.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/EM476.cfm (1226 words)

	Pravda.RU Russia, Belarus For Union Constitution, Budget (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		"I state that Belarus is a reliable and loyal partner of Russia," the president said speaking at the session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Russia-Belarus Union underway in Grodno.
		GRODRepresentatives of deputy associations of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine have established the Interparliamentary Deputy Association For the Union of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (the Russian acronym is Zubr).
		Russia and Georgia will soon complete a draft of a new bilateral treaty that is meant to cover and settle every aspect of Russian-Georgian cooperation, Georgian President Edward Shevardnadze told the nation in a radio address.
	newsfromrussia.com /cis/2001/06/05/6895.html (1652 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Belarus: Profile
		Belarus signed the Lisbon Protocol to START I in May 1992, and in early 1993 the Supreme Soviet ratified the START I treaty and the Lisbon protocol without substantial opposition or amendment.
		Belarus initially committed itself to transferring all nuclear weapons to Russia by 1994, although later agreements delayed the target date to 1995, and then 1996.
		Lukashenka's aim is to bind Russia to Belarus in an attempt to solve his country's deepening political and economic problems while avoiding real reform.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Belarus/index_6281.html (1531 words)

	Belarusian Review :: The Issue of Belarus-Russia Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is true, that the issue of relations between Belarus and Russia is too vast and complicated to be explained solely in terms of personal ambitions of one man. Obviously, political, ethno-cultural and economic factors have played a role.
		Belarus agreed to the free-of-charge use of two military bases on its soil by the Russians, and Moscow agreed to write-off a billion dollar energy debt.
		Besides, Lukashenka is smart enough to keep Russia happy by fully cooperating in the military-industrial sphere (see his statements on the day after the elections), because it gives him a chance to position himself again as a 'staunch defender of the western borders of the union state' and the nucleus of the revived empire.
	www.belreview.cz /articles/3013.html (1972 words)

	The Hindu : Russia-Belarus union suffers setback
		Prospects for a unified state of Russia and Belarus vanished into thin air this week as the simmering dispute between the two former Soviet republics over re-unification plans broke into a public row between their leaders.
		The authoritarian Belarus leader, Alexander Lukashenko, described as an "insult to the Belarusian people'' the Russian President, Vladimir Putin's stinging criticism of his proposal for creating a federation with Russia in which Belarus would be an equal partner.
		"Belarus is an independent state with all the attributes of sovereignty.'' The row broke out after a meeting between the leaders of Russia and Belarus in St. Petersburg last week, where Mr.
	www.hindu.com /2002/06/20/stories/2002062001491500.htm (364 words)

	Hoover Institution - Hoover Digest - The Lingering Dream of Empire
		In May, he called the breakup of the Soviet Union “the greatest mistake of the past century.” Lukashenko stresses that 90 percent of the populace of Russia and Belarus support the idea of the Union.
		Russia’s military operations in Chechnya are costing it $88 million a month—as much as the Russian state pays for education and twice as much as it pays for health care.
		The implications of the union state project for the development of democracy in Russia and in the Newly Independent States (NIS) are not encouraging.
	www.hoover.org /publications/digest/3493546.html (2339 words)

	Gateway To Russia - Article - Belarus says union talks with Russia deadlocked
		But since an initial pact on a "union state" was signed with great pomp in 1996, few concrete details have been worked out and a damper has been put on the project since the election of Vladimir Putin to the Kremlin in 2000.
		But Belarus is in no hurry to implement the plan, which would imply an overhaul of the many Soviet-like economic practices still in force in the country.
		Lukashenko has said he was ready for limited concessions and offered Russia's gas giant Gazprom a controlling stake in its state gas transit consortium in return for the right of the company, Beltransgaz, to produce gas in Russia.
	www.gateway2russia.com /st/art_159228.php (438 words)

	Europe's Pariah Strongman
		Poland used to rule west Belarus between the world wars and Poles residing there are staunch supporters of the opposition to the wily president.
		An angry Gazprom, the partly state-owned Russian energy behemoth, accuses Belarus of pilfering a staggering 15 billion cubic meters of gas from the transit pipeline in the third quarter of 2002 alone.
		The ever-receding prospect of union with Russia now attracts the support of the majority of the population.
	samvak.tripod.com /brief-belarus01.html (1539 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Moscow lashes out at Congress
		Belarus is a strategically located nation bordering on Russia to the east, Poland to the west, the Baltic states of Latvia and Lithuania to the north, and Ukraine to the south.
		The union of Russia and Belarus, however, has been planned for years, and cannot be reversed.
		The union of Russia and Belarus is a new political force in the world that now must enter into any international political calculations.
	worldnetdaily.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=20917 (575 words)

	ILHR - International League for Human Rights
		Russia and Belarus are adjusting their operational plans to NATO expansion and a certain cooling of relations with the block, also regarding the situation with Kosovo, Colonel-General Yuri Baluyevsky, chief of the main operational agency of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, told reporters on November 4.
		Russia and Belarus are interested in coordinating their steps concerning European integration, Ivan Antonovich, Belarusian Foreign Minister, and Alexander Avdeyev, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister, agreed at their talks in Minsk on October 30.
		Belarus opposition representatives are quite skeptical about the initiative put forward by the Belarusian Liberal Democratic Party to create an initiative group on holding a nation-wide referendum to establishing a Belarus-Russian confederation.
	www.ilhr.org /belarus/bupdate_26.html (3860 words)

	NATO Expansion
		During a visit to Russia on November 1-6, a delegation of the five largest Yugoslav parties, led by Deputy Prime Minister of the Yugoslav government and leader of the Serbian Radical Party, Vojislav Seselj, promoted the idea of Yugoslavia joining the union between Russia and Belarus.
		If the union between Russia, Belarus, and Yugoslavia is to materialize, the Orthodox Christian church could play a major role by pointing to the historical and religious integrity of Slavic nations.
		Russia's arms sales to and defense cooperation with Greece and Cyprus, while not likely to lead to their joining the union, still effectively undermines U.S. and NATO interests by fueling the long-running Greek-Turkish confrontation.
	www.bu.edu /globalbeat/nato/GIU111298.html (1172 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Russia Approves Yugoslavia Joining Union
		MOSCOW, April 16 – Russia's lower house of parliament, the State Duma, voted today to include Yugoslavia in the still-unrealized union of Russia and Belarus, a move that supporters said would force the West to be more careful in the attacks on Yugoslavia.
		But the non-binding resolution, approved 293 to 54 with one abstention, appeared to be more a symbolic expression of opposition to the NATO attacks by the Communists and nationalists who dominate the chamber than an actual move toward further military or political engagement with Yugoslavia.
		For two years, Russia and Belarus have been proclaiming intentions to form a union with economic, political and security cooperation.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/union041799.htm (420 words)

	Belarus News and Analysis \| The Significance Of The Russia-Belarus Union
		On October 21, a draft version of the Constitutional Act of the Union State of Russia and Belarus was drawn up, based on two houses: a House of Representatives (103 members, including 28 from Belarus); and a House of the Union (36 senators and 36 deputies with an equal number from each state).
		The Union State would have a prime minister, but as yet it is unclear whether it would have a president.
		However, it may be more logical for Russia to wield influence over its neighbor without formal incorporation, which would bring formidable economic obstacles -- not least the protracted issue of a common currency, the existence of a large state sector in the Belarusian economy, and the complex taxation laws in Belarus.
	www.data.minsk.by /belarusnews/102005/77.html (856 words)

	ANALYSIS: The new union signed by Russia and Belarus (04/21/96)
		Belarus was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS); in fact, it hosted the December 1991 meeting of Slavic states at which the CIS was formed in December 1991.
		In February 1995, Belarus signed a detailed Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Russia; a title ominously similar to that signed by the Soviet Union with client states (such as Afghanistan) during the Brezhnev period.
		At present, however, Belarus is not merely a poor neighbor of Russia economically, it is also a more repressive state in which privatization and a major foreign presence have yet to be felt.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1996/169602.shtml (1516 words)

	Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Russia should change its priorities and emphasize creation of a powerful, vibrant and effective Eurasian Union with those countries which are truly interested in real integration and stop wasting time and energy trying to re-animate the unviable CIS which is totally paralyzed by the deserters, like Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan.
		Russia itself was unclear what was its national interest but by default became the main integrationist force in the CIS as all the Union structures were located in Moscow.
		Russia tried to maintain the order in the ruble zone but all this was done extremely unprofessionally and irresponsibly and cost Russia dearly as some republics, such as Ukraine, as if in revenge started to cheat by flooding the neighboring states, especially Russia, with non-cash rubles which sparked hyperinflation and shortages.
	sangha.net /papers/cis.html (11222 words)

	The BEING HAD Times: Belarus/Russia Union, Lukashenka compared to Hitler, 1,705,000 Belarusian cell phone subscribers
		MDC’s charter capital is divided among Cyprus’ SB Telecom with a 49% stake, Belarus’ state-controlled fixed-line monopoly Beltelecom with 31% and Belarus’ arms and weapons exporter Beltekhexport with 20%.
		As said by Mikita Sasim, one of the most important problems in Belarus now is deficiency of independent newspapers, as far as most of the newspapers are liquidated, and radio and TV are under the total control of the authorities.
		Belarus coach Anatoli Baidachny has named a youthful squad of 20 players for the upcoming friendly against Latvia in Vitebsk on 12 November, including first-time call-ups Pavel Plaskonny and Yan Tigorev.
	bhtimes.blogspot.com /2005/11/belarusrussia-union-lukashenka.html (2752 words)

	The Hindu : Moldova moots union with Russia, Belarus
		The Hindu : Moldova moots union with Russia, Belarus
		Moldova's Communists had made accession to the Russia- Belarus union one of their main election campaign promises.
		Russia and Belarus have agreed to move towards a union state and plan to introduce a common currency by 2005.
	www.hindu.com /2001/04/17/stories/0317000i.htm (231 words)

	Russia may reduce oil production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The European Union deplored the escalation of a tit-for-tat trade row between energy power Russia and Belarus, the erstwhile ally across whose territory Druzhba pumps around two-fifths of Russia's oil exports.
		Russia said on Monday it had been forced to shut down Druzhba because Belarus was siphoning off oil to secure payment in kind for a transit tariff Minsk imposed last week.
		Russia had earlier imposed an oil export duty on Belarus to staunch annual losses of up to $4 billion it says it was suffering because Belarus has been refining duty-free oil at a steep profit, in violation of their customs union.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /world/2007-01/10/content_779880.htm (491 words)

	Russia-Belarus Union
		The 26th session of the Parliamentary Assembly of Russia-Belarus Union opened in Brest on Friday.
		Further prospects of the union state depend on the Parliamentary Assembly's efficiency," he noted.
		Belarus President and Chairman of the Supreme State Council Alexander Lukashenko will address the deputies.
	www.russiannewsroom.com /send.aspx?id=1060 (211 words)

	Russia to Aid Belarus' Economy Via Union
		Officially, the Belarus economy is not in decline.
		Belarus' gross domestic product is set to rise by 4 percent by the end of the year, less than in Russia, which reported 7.3 percent growth year on year for the first half of 2000.
		Russia's role as missionary may be unnecessary due to Belarussian President Alexander Lukashenko's skeptical view of market economics and the nature and speed of their formation.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2000/08/31/021-print.html (577 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Russia, Belarus plan military build-up (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Though Poland is currently the only official member of NATO bordering Belarus, the increase in military forces could have significant implications for Latvia and Lithuania, which also border Belarus, and which have expressed their interest in joining NATO.
		Russia and Belarus have grown increasingly close since the signing of a treaty combining the two states into a community on April 2, 1996.
		Defense is one of a number of national functions that Russia and Belarus are placing under the control of the union.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=20910 (521 words)

	Russia & Belarus - Johnson's Russia List 2-19-03
		Despite close economic and cultural ties between Russia and Belarus, public support in Belarus for union with Russia is neither unequivocal nor overwhelming.
		The predominant attitude in Belarus, at the level of both elite and public opinion, is for a union but only one in which Belarus keeps a distinct identity and has equal (or at least not too unequal) rights with Russia.
		It is hard for Russia, as by far the stronger partner, to accept the constraints of such a partnership or even to take Belarusian pretensions seriously.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/7069-12.cfm (477 words)

	Belarus-Russia Union State
		The Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation entered the way towards full-scale unity on April 2nd, 1996, when, impressing their peoples' will, the Presidents of the two countries, Alexander Lukashenko and Boris Yeltsin signed a Contract on the creation of a Belarusian and Russian Community in Moscow.
		On April 2nd, 1997, the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation signed the Contract on the Belarus and Russia Union that added a new impulse to the process of the omnibus integration of the two states.
		Major efforts by Belarus and Russia are directed at preparing and enacting the documents that form a basis for the area of economic unity.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/belarus/union.htm (548 words)

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