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	Union of the Crowns - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Union of Crowns refers to the accession to the thrones of England and Ireland of King James VI of Scotland in March 1603, following the death of his unmarried and childless cousin, Elizabeth I, the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
		The union was the outcome of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, concluded the previous year, which, in theory at least, ended centuries of Anglo-Scottish rivalry.
		"The Union of 1603", in Scots and Britons, op cit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns (2399 words)

	Union of the Crowns
		Yet the union of the ‘rose’ and the ‘thistle’ had momentous consequences, scarcely dreamed of in 1503: a disputed or weak succession in both kingdoms; claims of suzerainty, war and invasion; and an improbable dynastic union.
		The Union of the Crowns: a Challenge to English Culture.
		The attempt of James VI and I to create a ‘perfect union’ – a single state – of Great Britain was carelessly threatening to England’s sense of national identity, the integrity of common law and the very nature of authority.
	www.ed.ac.uk /news/unionofthecrowns.html (382 words)

	Union of the Crowns - Consequences of the Union - National Library of Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Union of the Crowns - Consequences of the Union - National Library of Scotland
		As a result, the Union of the English and Scottish Parliaments was accomplished in 1707 against the wishes of James’s descendants.
		Four hundred years after the Union of the Crowns, devolution has reversed some of the effects of 1707, but Scotland and England still share a monarch and have London as the Government’s centre of power.
	www.nls.uk /digitallibrary/uoc/consequences.html (287 words)

	The Union Jack -- Saint Andrew's Cross
		The Union Jack, is the Union Flag flown from the Jackstaff of a Royal Naval vessel.
		The Union Flag is sometimes used by foreign ships for this purpose, but the correct flag is the Red Ensign - a red flag with the Union Flag quartered in the upper quadrant closest to the hoist.
		The flag was the result of the union of the English and Scottish monarchies in 1603, under James the 1st (as he was in England) or James VI (as he was in Scotland).
	thecapitalscot.com /pastfeatures/unionjack.html (618 words)

	main
		Not only was the Union effectively a bloodless conquest of Scotland by her oldest enemy, to have hugely damaging consequences to Scotland and the Scots in the short and long term, but it was arrived at through some of the most despicable acts of treachery and corruption ever recorded.
		The Union of Crowns was a severe blow to Scotland.
		However, the English were unimpressed with the idea of parliamentary union, contemptuous of any plans for closer links with the despised Scots, and so the disastrous attempt to force the Scots to adopt Anglicanism (the version of the Protestant faith most popular in England) was to be his flagship policy.
	www.clannasaor.com /union.htm (4345 words)

	Wikinfo \| History of the United Kingdom
		The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was completed on January 1, 1801, with the 1801 Act of Union, under the name of the "United Kingdom".
		An Anglo-Irish War was fought between Crown forces and the Army of the Irish Republic between January 1919 and June 1921.
		Separate ordinals were abandoned when the two states merged with the 1707 Act of Union, with subsequent monarchs using ordinals based on English not Scottish history (eg, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, even though there never was an Elizabeth I of Scotland).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom (1392 words)

	The Story of Leith - XXIV. Leith after The Union of the Crowns
		But could they have foreseen the evils the Union of the Crowns was to bring in its train for them, their joy and pride in seeing their king ride forth from Holyrood amid the thunder of the Castle guns to rule over the "auld enemy" would have been sadly sobered and restrained.
		The Union of the Crowns itself, though of great benefit to England in freeing her from the menace of invasion from Scotland when she engaged in continental war, was very far indeed from being an unmixed blessing to the people of Leith and Edinburgh.
		Nor did the Union of the Crowns bring Leith any recompense of increased trade with England by way of compensation for this loss of overseas trade, for she was as much shut out from any share in English foreign and colonial trade as she had been when the two countries were under separate sovereigns.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/leith/24.htm (4103 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: Imperial Spain
		Although Isabella was crowned queen of Castile in 1474 she had to fight a civil war to secure her throne.
		Imperial Spain was born from this "Union of the Crowns." This union was regarded as a union of equals although each kingdom preserved its own social, political, and economic realities according to its own unique history.
		Castile took advantage of this weakness and dominated the union of kingdoms but Aragon would bring its wealth in administrative experience and its skill in the techniques of diplomacy and government that would prove to be invaluable once the Spanish Empire began to expand.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html (1030 words)

	Royal Insight > March 2003 > Focus > Union of the Crowns
		This is known as the Union of the Crowns.
		The Union of the Crowns is an important event.
		Although the Union of the Crowns did not bring a total cessation, it certainly helped efforts at quelling such disputes.
	www.royalinsight.gov.uk /output/Page2083.asp (374 words)

	History of DENMARK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Margaret, who unites the three crowns of Scandinavia, is the daughter of Valdemar IV, king of Denmark.
		In 1363, at the age of ten, she is married to Haakon VI, the 23-year-old king of Norway.
		For almost another century there are attempts, sometimes briefly successful, to restore the union of the three realms under a single king.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa59 (783 words)

	Union of the Crowns - Uniting the crowns - National Library of Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Union of the Crowns - Uniting the crowns - National Library of Scotland
		However, the English were suspicious of the idea; they were afraid that their Scottish ruler was planning a union that would threaten their identity.
		To James’s dismay, the English Parliament threw the plans out: the only ‘union’ that they would allow was a union of crowns.
	www.nls.uk /digitallibrary/uoc/union.html (336 words)

	Royal Union Flag
		Yet, the claims made for the Union Flag being Canada's national flag were often so official sounding that they must be dealt with: in part, to examine their validity; in part, to understand the mood of the times.
		The present Union Flag not only represents a political union of three kingdoms, that of England, Scotland and (Northern) Ireland, it is itself a union of the three flags which separately serve to represent those kingdoms: the crosses of Saints George, Andrew, and Patrick.
		From ships, the Union Flag was apparently transferred to the Company's forts where it can be seen in early illustrations such as the one by Samuel Hearne showing a view of Prince of Wales' Fort in 1769.
	fraser.cc /FlagsCan/Nation/Union.html (6367 words)

	Scottish Independence Web Server
		They would enjoy all the benefits of a complete union with England without losing one iota of their country's independence, or without political interference from the new ally, and the national vanity was gratified by seeing a Scottish king wielding the sceptre of Edward I.
		This enactment provided that should Anne die without leaving any children, the whole power of the crown was to be centred in the Scottish Parliament until it had chosen a successor to her, and the said successor was to be of the royal line and of the Protestant religion.
		That all parts of the United Kingdom forever,from and after the Union, shall have the same allowances, encouragements, and drawbacks, and be under the same prohibitions, restrictions, and regulations of trade, and liable to the same customs and duties on import and export; and that the allowances, encouragements, and drawbacks.
	www.forscotland.com /aou.html (7798 words)

	Norden
		As for the union cross, which separates the arms of the realms in several coats of arms of the time, Bartholdy is of the opinion that it was red on yellow.
		As mentioned, the union flag is described in two letters, both dating from the year 1430.
		Theoretically it is possible that the union flag was introduced as early as the year of the foundation of the union, in other words 1397, but this is not known with certainty, event though the letters from 1430 uses terms indicating that the flag was already in existence.
	flagspot.net /flags/xn_nordn.html (641 words)

	Fairest of Fair flap doesn't dim glitter of local crowns \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		But they all aspired to cross the stage to swelling applause and be crowned Miss Oceanside or Miss Oceanside Teen for 2004.
		Lemperle will be crowned Tuesday at a meeting of the Del Mar Fair board of directors, and she will be eligible for the Miss California USA pageant.
		The 22nd District Agricultural Association, which sets policy for the Del Mar Fairgrounds and is the sponsor of the pageant, concluded that in denying Lemperle the crown, the Fairest of the Fair pageant director failed to adhere to policy.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040411/news_2m11pag.html (711 words)

	Union of the Crowns 1603 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This seventeenth century ethnic-cleansing, which James called ‘kingcraft’, was eventually executed by him not in the Highlands but in Northern Ireland.Had Roman Catholicism still been in place across Britain then Henry VIII’s children from his various marriages would not have been recognised as heirs to the throne.
		The crown of England would then have gone to Mary, Queen of Scots, whose grandmother was Margaret Tudor, Henry’s sister.
		This became known as the Union of the Crowns.
	www.scotclans.com /clans/1603.htm (196 words)

	SkyMinds.Net (Scottish Politics: the Act of Union of 1707)
		In May 1st 1707, the Act of Union was ratified between England and Scotland: the Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament were suspended.
		The Queen chose an number of men to represent Scotland and England in a commission to discuss the terms of the treaty of Union.
		Since 1603 (the Union of the Crowns: still 2 different states, 2 different parliaments but one king), there was one monarch over Scotland and England so if the monarch was changed by the English Parliament, it would also affect Scotland...
	www.skyminds.net /politics/scot_union.php (679 words)

	Fletcher, Speeches by a Member of the Parliament ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Fletcher was a Scottish writer who opposed the 1707 union with England and was staunchly opposed to standing armies which he saw as a means to expand the power of the state and oppress the people.
		When our Kings succeeded to the crown of England, the ministers of that nation took a short way to ruin us, by concurring with their inclinations to extend the prerogative in Scotland; and the great places and pensions conferred upon Scotsmen by that court, made them to be willing instruments in the work.
		And as the collections of our laws, before the union of the crowns, are full of acts to secure our liberty, those laws that have been made since that time are directed chiefly to extend the prerogative.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0717 (8873 words)

	Bribery Versus Realpolitik in Understanding the Union of 1707
		William saw the importance of a union between the two countries, but, in the end, he realized that the time was not ripe to attempt such a venture.
		Given that the new King William¹s views on Union were widespread in neither England nor Scotland, one must ask how such an agreement as the treaty of Union came into being, and discover the extent to which rational and tactical weighing of choices affected the Scottish decision to unify, rather than outright bribery.
		Seton, a vocal supporter of federal union, and a staple of the opposition, switched sides in the debate and produced a pamphlet in favor of incorporating union.
	www.hfienberg.com /scots/scothisunion.html (2231 words)

	[No title]
		The history of the English Crown up to the Union of the Crowns in 1603 is long and varied.
		The Middle Ages saw several fierce contests for the Crown, culminating in the Wars of the Roses, which lasted for nearly a century.
		The end of the Tudor line with the death of the 'Virgin Queen' in 1603 brought about the Union of the Crowns with Scotland.
	www.angelfire.com /pro/lleytonhewitt/index.htm (181 words)

	Scottish Blog - July 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Union of the Crowns was plagued by these problems and ill-will from many sides even after the death of King James and the accession of his son Charles I. Furthermore, Charles I wished to convert the Scottish church to that of England.
		Although, from this description it may seem that the Union of the Crowns did not provide any positive outcomes for either party involved, there is at least one major resulting benefit, the Act of Union.
		The Union of Crowns paved the way for the merger of the parliaments of the two countries, resulting in the Scotland that we know from recent times.
	www.scottish-heirloom.com /scottish-blog/index.php/2006/07 (3618 words)

	ScotClans - Scottish History - 1707 The Act of Union
		The crowns of Scotland and England had become one in 1603 and Cromwell had tried to bind the countries’ political systems together fifty years later, but Scotland still wanted to govern its own religious, financial and political affairs.
		To the powerful who would gain this was talked of as finance due to the country, but for the ordinary people this was simple political bribery to purchase their independence.
		The Union was agreed and the commissioners for Scotland chosen by the Queen.
	www.scotclans.com /history/1707_union2.html (449 words)

	ipedia.com: James I of England Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		James VI of Scotland and James I of England, James Stuart (June 19, 1566 - March 27, 1625) was the first king of both England and Scotland, an event known as the Union of the Crowns.
		James was formally crowned at the Church of the Holy Rood, Stirling on July 29, 1567.
		In deference to the religious beliefs of most of the Scots ruling class, he was brought up as a member of the Scottish protestant Kirk and educated by men with Presbyterian sympathies, though his mother was a Roman Catholic.
	www.ipedia.com /james_i_of_england.html (1564 words)

	History News Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		LABOUR'S plans to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the Union of the Crowns appear certain to attract a year of bitter political controversy after opposition politicians set themselves firmly against the idea yesterday.
		Instead of celebrating the Union of the Crowns in a manner that seems to owe more to Disneyland than to reality, we should look again at the impact that the union had on Scotland and how we can learn from our past.
		These are the 700th anniversary of the death of William Wallace on August 23, 2005, and the 300th anniversary of the union of the parliaments on May 1 2007.
	hnn.us /comments/8541.html (473 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Scotland \| Union of Crowns hailed
		The union between Scotland and England is "a model for parliamentary democracy the world over", according to First Minister Jack McConnell.
		Mr McConnell's comments came as he hosted a dinner attended by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh marking the 400th anniversary of the Union of the Crowns.
		Mr McConnell announced earlier this year that he wanted to mark the Union of the Crowns - when King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth - to boost tourism in Scotland.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/3036926.stm (306 words)

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