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Topic: United Democratic Front (South Africa)

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	South Africa - United Democratic Front
		The United Democratic Front (UDF) was an extraparliamentary organization established in 1983, primarily in opposition to the government's constitutional proposals of that year.
		Following clashes with the government, the UDF was effectively banned--i.e., its political activities were proscribed--under the terms of the emergency regulations of February 24, 1988, and many of its affiliates were reorganized under the guise of a new political coalition.
		The Mass Democratic Movement (MDM) was the name of an informal coalition of antiapartheid groups during the 1970s and early 1980s.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12177.html (333 words)

	AFRICA
		In South Africa, fears of endless and destructive civil war have not materialized as political and social change is taking the form of a dramatic democratic transformation.
		In South Africa, U.S. involvement in the tense period preceding the elections was useful in encouraging the Inkatha Freedom Party to participate, and in helping minimize the threat of violence.
		Central Africa was a primary concern, with the aftermath of the attempted coup in Burundi, genocide, and massive abuses in Rwanda, and the situation of refugees in Zaire requiring particular attention.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA.htm (2363 words)

	United Democratic Front (South Africa) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United Democratic Front (UDF) was one of the most important anti-apartheid organisations of the 1980s.
		The UDF was formed of organisations from throughout South Africa, although support was always concentrated in the Cape, Natal, and the Witwatersrand area.
		Early in its life, the UDF adopted the Freedom Charter, a statement of the aims for a free South Africa and basis for a democratic constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa) (777 words)

	"THE UDF - A HISTORY OF THE UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT IN SOUTH AFRICA 1983-1991"
		The UDF was launched in August 1983 essentially as a front of community and sectoral social movements to oppose the apartheid regime's attempt to co-opt the Coloured and Indian communities into a tricameral parliamentary dispensation.
		It was a front of affiliates, but it was also a legal and more or less self-conscious front for the banned ANC, standing in, but without claiming to substitute for it.
		"The South Africa of the 1980s was very different from the South Africa of the 1940s or 1950s" - the urban African population was 2,2 million in 1951; 4,4 million in 1970; and 5,6 million in 1980.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/pubs/umrabulo/umrabulo19/history.html (2067 words)

	South Africa, Apartheid and Terror excerpted from the book State Terrorism and the United States From Counterinsurgency ...
		The South African military began to play an increasing role in domestic security, and the military way of destroying the enemy was transferred from the external to the internal and became more and more common practice within the country.
		South African Destabilization, a report initiated by a task force appointed by the Secretary General of the United Nations, provides an estimate of the total economic and demographic cost to the victims in neighboring countries of the implementation of South Africa's total strategy.
		Western collaboration with South Africa continued, and "it paid off." In August 1988 Foreign Minister PK Botha announced that South Africa had a nuclear capability, and in March 1993 President de Klerk acknowledged that the apartheid state had produced six nuclear bombs in 1989.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Terrorism/SAfrica_STATUS.html (5471 words)

	South Africa (10/06)
		South Africa's GDP is expected to increase gradually during the next few years, and the government recently revised upward its 2005 estimated growth to 4.3%.
		South Africa was a founding member of the League of Nations and in 1927 established a Department of External Affairs with diplomatic missions in the main west European countries and in the United States.
		South Africans (particularly the ANC leadership) also acknowledge support from and ties to the anti-apartheid movement in the U.S. From the 1970s through the early 1990s, U.S.-South Africa relations were severely affected by South Africa's racial policies.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm (5990 words)

	South Africa
		South Africa has a sophisticated financial structure with a large and active stock exchange that ranks 19th in the world in terms of total market capitalization.
		South Africa has made great progress in dismantling its old economic system, which was based on import substitution, high tariffs and subsidies, anti-competitive behavior, and extensive government intervention in the economy.
		South Africa is a contracting party to the Generalized Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
	clinton3.nara.gov /Africa/south.html (4056 words)

	Apartheid and South Africa
		In 1976 the United Nations unanimously condemned the elevation of one of the "homelands", Transkei, into an independent State because it remained dependent on South Africa.
		South African police at Alexandra Township in 1985.
		The United Nations condemned the creation of such areas as a means of consolidating the inhumane policies of apartheid, destroying the territorial integrity of the country, perpetuating white domination and dispossessing fl people of their inalienable rights.
	www.un.org /av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htm (930 words)

	PONSACS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Concepts of "legitimacy" and "accountability", which are evidenced in virtually all forms of governance, democratic or otherwise, rely upon the same premise-"rulers" require "the ruled", but the former is dependent upon acceptance by the latter of his or her right to invoke that authority.
		Sutherland suggested that an atmosphere of violence became pervasive throughout southern Africa in the aftermath of the Sharpeville crackdown and the defeat of African leadership in the newly independent Belgian Congo.
		Senti Tabajaini and Brian Hlongwas' presentation was part of their outreach tour of the United States, the purpose of which was to inform the American public, and especially youth, of the developments in South Africa.
	www.wcfia.harvard.edu /ponsacs/seminars/TransformingStruggle/geography.htm (9798 words)

	SOUTH AFRICA — The 51st State: Proposal from a South African magazine
		At present, South Africa accounts for one-third of the GNP of the entire continent, and is obviously in a position to initiate an economic surge throughout the continent.
		South Africa is not merely one more square on the chessboard: it is one of the most important of all.
		Day-to-day 'fl power' in a fl-majority South African state (or states, since South Africa is rather too populous (43 million) to become a single state) would have a powerful positive impact on fl pride in the other states — but only if the fl-majority state(s) were a success.
	members.aol.com /XPUS2/SouthAfrica.html (8272 words)

	U.S. Catholic Bishops - Social Development & World Peace (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Africa's wealth in natural resources—which should be such a rich source of blessings—has sometimes become a source of tremendous suffering.
		The United States and the international community also should continue and intensify their commitments to debt relief for the poorest countries, most of which are in Africa.
		The Church in the United States and the U.S. government should energetically support the efforts of the Church and other groups in civil society, as well as governments in Africa, in promoting universal access to quality education so that the hopes and opportunities of Africa's youth might be realized.
	www.usccb.org /sdwp/africa.htm (9100 words)

	SOUTH AFRICA
		Henning was the Director of the Documentation Centre of the University of Durban-Westville from 1979 to 1995.
		Kader Hassim and twelve others were charged with participating in terrorist activities and conspiring to overthrow the government of South Africa in 1970 as members of the African People's Democratic Union of South Africa and of the Non-European Unity Movement.
		South African Trials; Court Records of Various Appeal and Criminal Cases, Mostly on Charges of Sabotage or Political Offenses, Heard in the Supreme Court of South Africa (Appellate Division) and other Courts.
	sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu /ejab/1/southafrica.html (6389 words)

	[No title]
		The racist politics in South Africa and Southern Rhodesia, and the illegal occupation of Namibia by the Republic of South Africa constitute a grave danger to world peace.
		WILPF fully supports the United Nations in its condemnation of the governments of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia and its call for a total isolation of these two racist regimes.
		Peace is the main prerequisite for democratization of a post-apartheid South Africa and for the whole southern Africa region.
	www.wilpf.int.ch /statements/race.doc (939 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Bish. Tutu: The Question of S. Africa
		Her wards were playing in front of the house, in the yard.
		The tragedy of South Africa is that something with such a Considerable potential for resolving the burgeoning crisis of our land should have been vitiated by the exclusion of 73 percent of the population, the Overwhelming majority in the land.
		Through this lofty body I wish to appeal to my white fellow South Africans to share in building a new society, for fls are not intent on driving whites into the sea but on claiming only their rightful place in the sun in the land of their birth.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1984tutu.html (1846 words)

	Africa Policy
		A 22-year civil war between north and south took more than 2 million lives before a peace agreement that the United States helped to broker was signed early last year.
		Africa's capable reforming states and sub-regional organizations must be strengthened as the primary means to address transnational threats on a sustained basis.
		Ultimately the path of political and economic freedom presents the surest route to progress in sub-Saharan Africa, where most wars are conflicts over material resources and political access often tragically waged on the basis of ethnic and religious difference.
	www.whitehouse.gov /infocus/africa (1769 words)

	Amazon.com: "Beyond Our Wildest Dreams": The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa: Books: ...
		In hindsight, the UDF can be seen as a transitional front, preparing the ground for leaders of the liberation movement to return from exile or prison and take over power.
		Even in South Africa, writes Ineke van Kessel, who covered the anti-apartheid movement as a journalist, resistance was not the obvious option for ordinary citizens.
		IN A BOOKLET WITH BASIC FACTS on South Africa presented to Dutch tourists in the mid-1980s, the prospective visitor is offered a brief introduction to the African population.
	www.amazon.com /Beyond-Our-Wildest-Dreams-Transformation/dp/0813918685 (741 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: South Africa Report
		JOHANNESBURG, Jan. 23—A controversial opposition politician was assassinated today in South Africa's troubled KwaZulu-Natal, sparking fears of renewed political violence in the province before South Africa's second democratic election later this year.
		Long associated with KwaZulu-Natal's bloodshed, was secretary general of the United Democratic Front, an opposition party formed in 1997.
		Along the Indian Ocean coast, KwaZulu-Natal became known as South Africa's most blood-drenched region because of political violence that raged there through the 1980s and into the 1990s, even continuing after South Africa's 1994 transition from apartheid, or white minority rule, to democracy.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/s_africa/stories/murder0199.htm (328 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo DRC on the Internet
		Causes of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the way forward" by Claude Kabemba) and the complete texts of their most recent policy briefs ("From dilemma to détente: Pretoria's policy options on the DRC and Great Lakes" by Francis Kornegay and Chris Landsberg.
		The Conflict in Africa section compares the response to conflicts in Africa to the response on Kosovo, examines corporate interests in Nigeria and oil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia and Eritrea, AIDS in Africa.
		News on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html (9585 words)

	An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet s3
		South Africa: Annenberg/CPB "In this exhibit, you will learn about the history and events that have shaped South Africa's politics, culture, and people...."South Africa" is inspired by programs from The Africans http://www.learner.org/exhibits/southafrica/
		South African Voices (University of Wisconsin) "researched and brought together by Professor Harold Scheub.
		A select online bibliography of south african history (sobibsah) This is a major online database based on the comprehensive lists compiled by Mary-Lynne Suttie, Library, University of South Africa, over many years and reguarly published in the authortiative South African History Journal.
	www.lib.msu.edu /limb/a-z/az_s3.html (2289 words)

	africa-terror
		Africa in 2000 witnessed an increase in the number of terrorist attacks against foreigners or foreign interests--part of a growing trend in which the number of international terrorist incidents on the continent has risen steadily each year since 1995.
		Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels crossed the border into Guinea from Sierra Leone on 7 September and kidnapped two foreign Catholic priests who escaped their captors in early December.
		The most violent attacks occurred in May when Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels resorted to terrorism in an effort to force out UN peacekeepers who had arrived to replace a regional peacekeeping force.
	www.unitedstatesaction.com /africa-terror.htm (1118 words)

	Ian Shapiro>The MacMillan Center>Political Science
		South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), established as part of the transitional agreement, has been praised internationally as a model of how to reckon with a bitter and bloody past.
		In South Africa, the separation of powers has an obvious appeal to the elites of the late apartheid period, anxious about the radical zeal of the ANC.
		Studies of voting behaviour in South Africa are divided between those who see elections as mere ‘racial censuses’, with citizens always voting according to race or fixed identities, and those who see citizens exercising some kind of judgement or choice.
	www.yale.edu /macmillan/shapiro/2002syllabus.htm (3454 words)

	"Beyond Our Wildest Dreams": The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa by Ineke van ...
		The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa
		In hindsight, the UDF can be seen as a transitional front, preparing the ground for leaders of the liberation movement to return from exile or prison and take over power.
		Even in South Africa, writes Ineke van Kessel, who covered the anti-apartheid movement as a journalist, resistance was not the obvious option for ordinary citizens.
	www.upress.virginia.edu /books/vanKessel.html (386 words)

	An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet tz2
		Its main objective is to campaign for greater access to treatment for all South Africans, by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments.
		'Trees on the march: evidence for the movement of trees in the prehistory of West-Central Africa.' Paper presented at the SAFA Conference, Cambridge, July 2000.
		South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Videotape Collection "features 84 episodes of news broadcasts assembled by journalist Max Du Preez, covering the history and activities of the Commission.
	www.lib.msu.edu /limb/a-z/az_tz2.html (1304 words)

	HRW: South Africa: Half-Hearted Reform: The Official Response to the Rising Tide of Violence: GLOSSARY
		HRW: South Africa: Half-Hearted Reform: The Official Response to the Rising Tide of Violence: GLOSSARY
		Codesa Convention for a Democratic South Africa, a multi-lateral forum for negotiations for democracy in South Africa at which nearly all political groups are represented.
		UDF United Democratic Front, a coalition of community, labor, religious, youth and other organizations opposed to apartheid, formed in 1983 and disbanded in 1990 following unbanning of the ANC.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1993/southafrica/2.htm (418 words)

	1986: South Africa - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		1986: South Africa - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		The South African government imposed a nationwide state of emergency on June 12.
		(A previous state of emergency, imposed on parts of the country in July 1985, had been lifted on March 7, 1986.) Under the new emergency regulations, all South African security forces, including the South African...
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_1741575206/1986_South_Africa.html (147 words)

	The National Liberation Struggle in South Africa: A Case Study of the United Democratic Front, 1983-1987 - Word Power
		This study sets out to prove that the formation of the United Democratic Front in South Africa in 1983 and revolutionary developments thereafter, conformed to the strategic and tactical requirements of a Leninist/Gramscian model of revolutionary praxis, while meeting some of the strategic and tactical objectives of the ANC-led revolutionary alliance.
		It is further demonstrated that the UDF-led opposition to apartheid resulted in the organizational and ideological penetration of the Front into virtually every sector of Black civil society.
		The study demonstrates that the major forces behind the increasing political and ideological leadership of the UDF were the affiliated student and youth organizations, trade unions, civic associations and women's organizations.
	www.word-power.co.uk /catalogue/1840149558 (428 words)

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