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	United Fruit Company - Chronology
		United Fruit's Home Economics Department publishes the school teacher manual entitled "A Study of the Banana: The Everyday Use and Food Value." The manual gave a detailed description of the food value of bananas and gave suggestions of preparation.
		Samuel Zemurray, President of the United Fruit, establishes the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras.
		United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles sends a protest note to Arbenz declaring that the idemnification value calculated by the Guatemalan government was not fair.
	www.unitedfruit.org /chron.htm (7780 words)

	United Fruit Company
		The United Fruit Company owned vast tracts of land in Central America, and sometimes the Company was said to be the real power in control of those nations, the national governments doing the Company's bidding.
		According to some sources, the Guatemalan government of Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was toppled by covert action by the United States government in 1954 at the behest of United Fruit because of Arbenz Guzman's plans to redistribute uncultivated land owned by the United Fruit Company among Indian peasants.
		The impact of the United Fruit Company has inspired the poet Pablo Neruda to write a poem (in Spanish) with the company's name as the title.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/un/United_Fruit.html (433 words)

	United Fruit Company - Demopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The capital of the United Fruit Company empire was in Guatemala, in the town of Bananera, where it made its headquarters.
		The U.S. State Department and United Fruit embarked on a major public relations campaign to convince the American people and the rest of the U.S. government that Guatemala was a Soviet "satellite".
		In 1954 United Fruit gave the CIA permission to use their railroad system to smuggle arms, its Atlantic port to land equipment, its telegraph, telephone and radio network to relay messages and its properties to giver cover to the rebels.
	demopedia.democraticunderground.com /index.php/United_Fruit_Company (512 words)

	Imperialism in Central America
		For United Fruit was a giant not only in the business of agriculture but also in the role of land owner, and that was how the company secured its dominance.
		United Fruit received alternate blocks of land, with each other section going to the people of the nation where track was being laid (similar to the railroad land grant system in the United States).
		United Fruit was thus able to use much of each nation's agricultural land and at the same time reap high profits for its stockholders.
	www.landandfreedom.org /ushistory/us16.htm (615 words)

	United Fruit Company-Jacobo Arbenz
		The expropriations of United Fruit lands began in March 1953 when 209,842 acres of uncultivated land were taken by the government which offered a compensation of $627,572 in bonds.
		United Fruit contered this argument by claiming that it had tried to raise the tax value before, but was prevented to do so.
		United Fruit main shareholder, Samuel Zemurray endorsed an anti-Arbenz campaign in the American media and the U.S. Congress in order to show President Arbenz as a Communist threat in the Western Hemisphere.
	www.lossless-audio.com /usa/746640461.htm (2999 words)

	UNITED KINGDOM
		In the United Kingdom, the organic market accounts, on average, for about 1 percent of the total food market, although this share varies across sectors (tending to be highest for baby food, then fruit and vegetables and lowest in livestock/meat products).
		The United Kingdom market for organic fruit and vegetables was valued at about UK£165 million (at retail level) in 1999 (source: Datamonitor) although it is likely that it was significantly higher than this at the end of 2000.
		There are signs that the growth in demand for organic fresh fruit and vegetables may be slowing down and some of the new exotic products put on supermarket shelves are struggling to generate sufficient turnover to justify their continued stocking.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/Y1669E/y1669e0f.htm (7177 words)

	United Fruit Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United Fruit Company (1899–1970) was a major American corporation that traded tropical fruit (primarily bananas and pineapples) grown in Third World plantations and sold in the United States and Europe.
		The Guatemalan government of Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán was toppled by covert action of the United States government in 1954, after the directors of UFCO had lobbied to convince the Truman and Eisenhower administrations that Colonel Arbenz intended to align Guatemala with the Soviet bloc.
		The United Fruit Company was frequently denounced by leftist leaders and intellectuals, who accused it of bribing government officials in exchange for preferential treatment, exploiting its workers, contributing little by way of taxes to the countries in which it operated, and working ruthlessly to consolidate monopolies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_Fruit (2087 words)

	ERS/USDA Briefing Room - Fruit and Tree Nuts: Background
		Fruit and tree nuts are an important staple in the diet.
		Fruit juice accounts for nearly half of the total per capita fruit consumed annually, fresh use accounts for over one-third, and canned, dried, and frozen fruit each represent less than one-tenth.
		Similar to fruit and vegetables, increased demand for tree nuts in the United States over the last several years can be attributed to rising population and incomes, and heightened interest in health and nutrition.
	www.ers.usda.gov /Briefing/FruitandTreeNuts/Background.htm (1141 words)

	United Fruit Company
		In Guatemala, United Fruit gained control of virtually all means of transport and communications.
		United Fruit charged a tariff on every item of freight that moved in and out of the country via Puerto Barrios.
		The United Fruit Company paid its full-time employees better than any other, built housing and schools for the children of its employees, built hospitals and research laboratories.
	www.mayaparadise.com /ufc1e.htm (1751 words)

	United Fruit Company
		It begins to bear fruit at the age of ten or eleven months, and with the maturing of one bunch of fruit the parent plant is at once cut down so the the strength of the soil may go into the suckers that succeed it.
		All fruit is delivered along the railway lines, and the larger growers have tramways, the cars drawn by oxen or mules, to carry their fruit to the stipulated point.
		The fruit can be prepared in a multitude of fashions, particularly the coarser varieties of plantains, and the Fruit Company has compiled a banana cook book but has taken little pains to circulate it, the demand for the fruit being at times still in excess of the supply.
	www.czbrats.com /MiNombre/unfruit.htm (2705 words)

	Port of Los Angeles Virtual History Tour \| Berth 147 - United Fruit Company (Banana Terminal)
		The United Fruit Company terminal was designed to speed the process of transferring bananas from ships to markets, and by doing so, decrease the time spent in transit and reduce the potential for fruit damage from handling and storage.
		The only other site where United Fruit developed this type of banana system was at the Port of New Orleans, which was the major site of banana importation in the country.
		The United Fruit Company built its new terminal in San Pedro with the expectation that banana imports through western ports such as the Port of Los Angeles, would increase substantially.
	www.laporthistory.org /level3/berth_147.html (383 words)

	Guatemala and the CIA
		The Boston Fruit Company had been shipping bananas from Jamaica, Cuba, and Santa Domingo since 1885 but finding that the crops were getting thin in 1898, they decided that they needed their own land to harvest.
		The United Fruit Company is the principle enemy of the progress of Guatemala, of its democracy and of every effort directed as its economic liberation." President Arbenz expresses his bitterness towards UFCO.
		This aggressive goal for development threatened the fruit company; and the fact that Arbenz was receiving financial support from the Communist party for his goal, gave the CIA reason to investigate and overthrow him without international or American backlash.
	members.tripod.com /group_13dc/megan/Guate.html (1838 words)

	Preface to For the Record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Having been born at a United Fruit Company hospital on Guatemala's north coast and lived for several years in the division headquarters for its south coast plantations, I have always found it curious that so many scholars have consistently repeated the same accusations about UFCO's Guatemala operations.
		Ultimately, the taxes and salaries that the United Fruit Company paid, and the millions of dollars of foreign exchange earnings that it annually generated, impacted in an important way on Guatemala's economy.
		While United Fruit's complex and efficient division of labor was undoubtedly instrumental in transforming huge wilderness areas into productive farm lands, it was the employees -- Guatemalan, North American and European -- whose hard work made possible the conquest of Guatemala's disease-ridden coastal areas.
	www.macaw.com /products/preface.htm (909 words)

	United Fruit Company
		United Brands was taken over by Chiquita Brands International, Cincinnati in the 1980s and owns the largest fleet of banana boats in the world, but none of them now sail under the US flag.
		Norwegian, chartered to Atlantic Fruit Co, later to UFC, 1916 renamed Sama chartered to UFC, 1934 sold to Italy renamed Fior di Mandorlo.
		Cuyamel Fruit Co, 1929 acquired by UFC in merger, Honduras flag, 1931 transferred to Elders & Fyffes Co, 1937 sold to Denmark, renamed Knud Rasmussen and chartered to UFC, 1940 reverted to UFC renamed Toltec, Honduras flag, 1961 scrapped.
	www.theshipslist.com /ships/lines/ufruit.htm (4041 words)

	US foreign policy in Guatemala
		Under dictator Jorqe Ubico (1931-1944), American-owned United Fruit Company (UFC) gained control of forty-two percent of Guatemala's land, and was exempted from taxes and import duties.
		United Fruit was a state within the Guatemalan state.
		Important people in the ruling circles of the US, involved with United Fruit Company, used their influence to convince the US government to step in.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /US_ThirdWorld/US_Guat.html (3804 words)

	Howard Zinn's A People's History
		The United States responded with the Truman Doctrine, the name given to a speech Truman gave to Congress in the spring of 1947, in which he asked for $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey.
		The United States' response to "the rule of force" was to reduce Korea, North and South, to a shambles, in three years of bombing and shelling.
		United Fruit, offering compensation that United Fruit called "unacceptable." Armas, in power, gave the land back to United Fruit, abolished the tax on interest and dividends to foreign investors, eliminated the secret ballot, and jailed thousands of political critics.
	www.writing.upenn.edu /~afilreis/50s/zinn-chap16.html (6834 words)

	Workers World Oct. 3, 1996: Chiquita Brands in Central America
		United Brands was then the new name for the notorious United Fruit banana monopoly.
		Seven years later, United Fruit paid back its debt to the CIA by donating two of its ships to the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.
		United Fruit sold its properties in Guatemala to Del Monte in 1972 for $20 million.
	www.workers.org /ww/fruit.html (713 words)

	United Fruit and the CIA (March 17, 1999)
		United Fruit monopolized Guatemala's banana exports and owned much of the country's communications system; its control over the economy was threatened by Arbenz's programs.
		But what must have especially raised United Fruit's ire was the land reform program: United Fruit wanted $16 million for the portion of its land the government was expropriating--land which United Fruit itself valued at only $525,000--exactly what the Guatemalan government was offering for it.
		One example: United Fruit company representatives circulated pictures of mutilated bodies claiming they were victims of atrocities committed by the Arbenz regime, all the while knowing this was untrue.
	eatthestate.org /03-26/UnitedFruitCIA.htm (1099 words)

	The Experience of the Guatemalen United Fruit Company Workers
		Traditionally, the areas chosen by the United Fru it Company did not have the necessary labor force to undertake all of the necessary work; therefore, UFCO would bring in Black labor from the West Indies as was the case with their Costa Rican and Panamanian plantations.
		In the view of UFCO and the United States, this was a hostile act on the part of the government that demonstrated its attempts to use its influence against the company.
		By June 1954, the Senate passed a resol ution stating that the United States was aware of strong influence by the communists on the government of Guatemala.
	lanic.utexas.edu /project/etext/llilas/tpla/9501.html (12242 words)

	bailey83221: United Fruit Company and overthrow of Guatemala
		United Fruit officials were impressed by his quick grasp of the situation.
		United Fruit's vast holdings and monopolies on communications and transit in Central America attracted the attention of lawyers in the Justice Department's antitrust division as early as 1919.
		United Fruit will not rehabilitate plantation without assurance of stable labor costs for three years and exemption from unfavorable labor laws or exchange controls.
	bailey83221.livejournal.com /90378.html (3428 words)

	Amazon.com: Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala: Books: Stephen E. Schlesinger,Stephen ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Nevertheless, United Fruit Company, using its pull with John Foster and Allen Dulles, Secretary of State and CIA Director, respectively, managed to have their own revolution created and funded by the US Government, wrapped in a shroud of anti-communism.
		BITTER FRUIT is about the means and methods the U.S. government, through the CIA and the American ambassador to Guatemala, used to overthrow the democratically elected government of Guatemala in 1954.
		The "fruit" of the title is that of the United Fruit Company, an American concern with large land, labor and capital holdings in Guatemala and the Caribbean.
	www.amazon.com /Bitter-Fruit-Story-American-Guatemala/dp/0674075900 (2639 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		United Fruit Company (now known as Chiquita) has long exerted enormous influence throughout Central America and within the United States Government.
		United Fruit controlled roughly 40% of the most fertile land, owned a railroad, held a monopoly on electricity production and ran the port facilities in Puerto Barrios, Atlantic Coast.
		Though United Fruit owned huge tracts of land, it paid little in the way of property tax in Guatemala in part because they claimed their land was only worth a fraction of it's real value on tax receipts.
	www.west.net /~tmiller/gh/era4/united_fruit.html (202 words)

	The History of Oil Palm Breeding in the United Fruit Company
		Eventhough the major interest of the United Fruit Company since the last years of the 19th century has been the production and exportation of bananas, an interest in crop diversification is long standing.
		In 1923 United Fruit formed a Department of Tropical Research, which was located in La Lima, Honduras from 1926.
		In an early 1943 report, bunch yield, high kernel to fruit, and a high percentage of palm kernel oil to kernel were stated as the primary selection characteristics.
	www.asd-cr.com /ASD-Pub/Bol11/B11c1Ing.htm (5006 words)

	United Fruit Images Bring Research Alive - Baker Newsletter - Baker Library
		The vast array of images from the United Fruit Company in Baker Library's Historical Collections is increasingly attractive to scholars, allowing them to enrich the MBA curriculum and their own research with highly evocative historical resources.
		HC maintains an archive of seventy-five photograph albums encompassing 10,400 images from 1891 to 1962 that show United Fruit's industrial processes as well as the lives of its workers and managers.
		According to Jones, "[Our] case was concerned with the efforts of a Guatemalan government in the early 1950s to expropriate some of United Fruit's land in order to distribute to the country's large landless class.
	www.library.hbs.edu /newsletter/archives/2005-11-spotlight.html (484 words)

	:: Welcome to Born in Blood & Fire - Second Edition - Student Website ::
		The United Fruit Company was formed by U.S. businessmen operating in various Central American countries around 1900.
		Dosal explores the practices of United Fruit in Guatemala prior to the Guatemalan revolution and the 1954 coup.
		Bitter Fruit is an engaging narrative of the 1954 U.S. intervention by proxy that overthrew Guatemala's democratically elected government.
	www.wwnorton.com /web/chasteen/topics/topic05.htm (440 words)

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