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Topic: United Irish Uprising

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	Sinn Fein - MSN Encarta
		Sinn Fein is often characterized as the political arm of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a paramilitary organization.
		Foremost among these were his advocacy of a protected Irish economy, which would enable native Irish industry to flourish, and a dual monarchy, in which the British monarch would be crowned in Dublin as the king or queen of the Kingdom of Ireland.
		Following the capture and execution of the leaders of the uprising, Sinn Fein became the focus for political activity protesting against British rule in Ireland and successfully contested a series of by-elections for seats in the British Parliament.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565347/Sinn_Fein.html (559 words)

	Irish Stamps
		On the Irish Stamp the Lady Liberty is depicted in front of the GPO and carries the Irish "tri-colour" (green, white and orange) rather than the French colors (blue, white and red).
		Irish Volunteers, the military wing of the IRB, became known as the Irish Republican Army or the IRA.
		British soldiers and police units were never safe from ambush as Collins developed the tactics of urban and guerrilla warfare that have become commonplace during the 20th century.
	web.umr.edu /~greggjay/irstamp.html (2810 words)

	Irish History
		Irish voyagers are also credited with the discovery of other lands, such as the Faroe Islands and Iceland, as well documentation that the navigators of all three of Columbus's ships were of Irish origin.
		The first Irish to immigrate to what is now known as Connecticut were noblemen by the name of Riley, who settled in the Connecticut River Valley between 1634 and 1640.
		Although the Irish were often unwelcome colonists due to their religious faith, they continued come to America, helping to build up the America to the country that it is today.
	www.trincoll.edu /prog/ctpeople/Irish/history.htm (508 words)

	History-Modern Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		With the onset of World War I (1914—1918), thousands of Irish Catholics and Protestants put aside their differences to join the British fighting forces while, at the same time, many Irish were opposed to fighting alongside the British–further aggravating tensions between Unionists and nationalists on the home front.
		The new Irish Republic continued to exert its independence and, in 1949, formally withdrew from the British Commonwealth (the confederation of independent nations united under the British crown).
		Yet the Irish question remains far from resolved: the 1994 ceasefire declared by the Catholic and Protestant paramilitary groups collapsed in the spring of 1996, in the face of the I.R.A.'s refusal to surrender its arms and the British government's refusal to negotiate with the I.R.A. until such a surrender took place.
	www.bampfa.berkeley.edu /exhibits/irish/teacheresourcbody.html (1187 words)

	How the Irish Invented American Gambling Slang into Irish American Vernacular English. The Sanas (Irish Etymology) of ...
		Irish words and phrases are scattered all across American language, regional and class dialects, colloquialism, slang, and specialized jargons like gambling, in the same way Irish-Americans have been scattered across the crossroads of North America for five hundred years.
		Irish was transformed by English cultural imperialism from the first literate vernacular of Europe in the 5th century, into the underworld cant (caint, speech) of thieves and "vagaboundes" in the 16th century, and then into the countless number of anonymous Irish words and phrases in American Standard English, vernacular, slang, and popular speech today.
		In the two hundred years between the 'Flight of the Irish Earls" in 1607 and the unsuccessful United Irish Uprising of 1798, hundreds of thousands of Irish-speaking soldiers, rebels, refugees, and Gaelic aristocrats fled to France in the largest protracted Irish continental immigration in the early modern period.
	www.edu-cyberpg.com /Linguistics/irish4.html (5154 words)

	Education World® - *History : By Region : Europe : Ireland : 18th Century
		United Irishmen - Infoplease.com Encyclopedia entry examines the influence that the French Revolution excerpted on the ideology of the Irish political organization.
		United Irishmen - Labour in Irish History History of the group examines its connections with the French revolutionaries, and details British attempts to break the organization.
		United Irishmen and the Early Trade Unions Examines the often combative relationship between the movement's rank and file and the antiunion middleclass leadership.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=2631 (327 words)

	The Roots Of Terrorism In Northern Ireland
		Despite repeated atrocities by the Irish Republican Army (IRA), and other extremist groups, there remains, primarily among Americans of Irish descent, a misconception that the Irish terrorist is a "freedom fighter." My intention is to dispel the myth that this type of urban guerrilla deserves some form of romantic recognition.
		They rapidly blended with the native Irish chiefs, losing their allegiance to the King in England, and thus Ireland remained a federation of quarreling earldoms.(9: 319-330) For a while the country co-existed well enough with England, but increasing influence from London caused disaffection.
		However, today the United Kingdom is a pillar of democracy and outrageous acts of barbarism by Irish terrorists, especially the Provisional IRA, cannot be condoned.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1991/RAC.htm (4461 words)

	Irish Northern Aid, Inc./Irish History Overview
		The Irish resisted strongly and it was not until 1601 in the reign of Elizabeth I of England that the Gaelic system of law and organization was broken.
		The Irish Volunteers became the Army of the Republic, under the Ministry of Defense and pledging its allegiance to Dail Eireann.
		Three mayors of Irish cities, all members of the IRA, were killed by the British; martial law was declared through nearly half of the country; streets, shops and factories in many towns were burnt to the ground; there were executions in prisons and torture in internment camps.
	www.inac.org /irishhistory (2206 words)

	United Irish Uprising - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is believed that some 80 or more Irish soldiers in the British army planned to meet and mutiny at the powder shed behind the British garrison at Fort Townshend.
		Their plan was to kill their officers and the leading British inhabitants of St. John's assembled for worship in the Church of England cathedral on Sunday, April 20, 1800.
		The uprising in St. John's was significant in that it was the first occasion on which the Irish in Newfoundland deliberately challenged the authority of the state, and because the British feared that it might not be the last.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_Irish_Uprising (362 words)

	Karl Kautsky: Ireland (3. 19th Century Uprising)
		And this Irish struggle was successful even earlier than that of the English for the extension of the franchise.
		The dissolution of the Irish Parliament in 1801 had not moved the mass of the people, for this Parliament had represented only the Protestant large estate owners and their lackeys.
		Millions of Irish found themselves together in America, freed from the degrading effects of the misery at home, but filled with love for their native land and filled with hatred for those who had driven them over the ocean: the English.
	www.marxists.org /archive/kautsky/1922/ireland/3-uprising.htm (1611 words)

	The United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland, 1800: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
		Today in Ireland, the United Irish Uprising is regarded as the first occasion in Irish history when Protestants and Catholics joined together in a common nationalist project.
		The United Irish Rising in the St. John's garrison had several implications for the Irish in Newfoundland, and for British governance of its lucrative fishing colony.
		The uprising in St. John's was significant in that it was the first occasion on which the Irish in Newfoundland deliberately flouted the authority of the state, and because Britain feared that it might not be the last.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /society/united_irish_uprising.html (1021 words)

	Some Irish History
		However, many of the native Irish stayed and became employees of the settlers, and the Ulster Plantation became the most successful plantation in Ireland up to that time, but the ramifications of these "plantings" and conquests 400 years ago evolved into Irish troubles of today.
		Another uprising against the English in 1691 resulted in the Treaty of Limerick; it permitted Catholics to retain the right to practice their religion, but forced them to forfeit their land.
		And after this treaty was signed, a series of Penal Laws were enacted by the Irish Parliament, the expressed purpose of which was to try to rid Ireland of Catholicism by forcing the population to become Protestant.
	www.brumm.com /genealogy/walkers_moyers/trails/irishhistory.html (816 words)

	Newfoundland's United Irish Uprising -- The Wild Geese Today
		By this time, two-thirds of the population of St. John's was Irish, as were most of the soldiers in the British garrison stationed at Fort Townshend, seen overlooking the city, top left.
		AMES Louis O'Donel, the cleric who single-handedly brought down the United Irish rising in Newfoundland, was born in Knocklofty, County Tipperary, in 1737.
		When unrest came to Newfoundland in the form of United Irish agitation, it is not surprising that O'Donel came down firmly on the side of the British.
	www.thewildgeese.com /pages/unitedir.html (1469 words)

	AllAboutIrish - Heroes of Easter 1916
		Sean MacDiarmada, manager of Clarke's journal Irish Freedom, was one of the signers of the Proclamation largely responsible for the expansion of the IRB throughout Ireland in the years before the Easter Rising.
		Eamonn Ceannt was the musician among the signers of the Proclamation and led the action at the South Dublin Union.
		Michael Mallin was a leader in the Irish Citizens Army and fought at St. Stephen's Green with the Countess Markiewicz.
	www.allaboutirish.com /library/people/heroeseaster.shtm (795 words)

	The IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The 45 years between 1803 and 1848 saw the Irish population mobilised in one of the first mass movements for political reform in the history of Europe.
		The lessons of this period were not lost on succeeding generations of Irish patriots and the Fenian Movement of the late 1850s and 1860s won widespread support in Ireland and America for its programme of armed struggle to achieve an Irish Republic.
		The Irish Volunteers became the Army of the Republic, under the Ministry of Defence and pledging its allegiance to Dáil Eireann.
	users.westnet.gr /~cgian/irahist.htm (2418 words)

	Penguin Reading Guides \| Testimony of an Irish Slave Girl \| Kate McCafferty
		Still defiant even though she has just been flogged, Cot insists on telling the facts of the uprising her way, and her way turns out to be not so much an unraveling of the plot to rebel as a moving and wide-ranging personal history.
		Kate McCafferty was born in the United States and received her Ph.D. in English.
		In addition, the same inability to value the Irish as full human beings is not, unfortunately, a thing of the past: only after the Good Friday Agreement did nationalist, native (as opposed to the scions of plantation) Irish get to represent their own communities in Parliament, for example.
	us.penguingroup.com /static/rguides/us/test_irish_slave.html (1891 words)

	Famous Irish - Theobald Wolfe Tone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		He helped to create the organization known as the United Irishmen while he put aside the matter of religion entirely and fought for a free Ireland where members of all classes and religions could live together in harmony.
		The eldest son of a Dublin coach-builder, Tone was born in 1763.
		The 1798 Uprising was a military catastrophe: the French and Irish forces were severely outgunned in the field and in one battle 2,000 revolutionaries faced 30,000 English regulars.
	www.irishclans.com /articles/famirish/tonetw.html (1005 words)

	Welcome to Edward T. O'Donnell's Site
		Broadway, in other words, was a long way from the Bowery and the scene is resolved amicably as the rabbi and priest recognize each other from their service in World War I. American patriotism and tolerance wins the day as they recount ministering to soldiers of all faiths.
		The Irish and Jews in the 1920s were still viewed as strong, unmeltable ethnic groups.
		Nichols’ emphasis on the patriotism of Irish and Jewish Americans (Abie, Rosemary, the priest and rabbi all served in the Great War) is intended to underscore this point.
	www.edwardtodonnell.com /hibchronabiesirishrose.html (1221 words)

	Reviews in History:
		Maume’s argument that there is a need ‘to respect and decipher the unfamiliar and sometimes unpalatable idioms in which the maimed tried to express their situation’ is well taken.
		Maume begins his review by pointing out that the intimacy of Irish intellectual life often means that criticism is either ‘muffled by tact or excessively personalised’.
		Assumptions of Irish exceptionalism — often mirroring, as I have suggested, the yet older and stronger ideology of the ‘peculiarities of the English’ - continue to be the reigning orthodoxy.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/howeStephen.html (1399 words)

	Welcome to TheWildGeese.com -- The Epic History and Heritage of the Irish
		David Kincaid presents "The Irish-American's Song: Songs of the Union and Confederate Irish Soldiers, 1861-1865," his long-awaited sequel to "The Irish Volunteer".
		Irish history, myths and legends, news, jokes, Irish (Gaeilge) lessons, recipes, and more — covered each week in The Irish Heritage E-Mail Group.
		The hard-pressed Irish immigrant, under threat of deportation from the United States, tells WGT that he didn't need to learn about the Irish freedom struggle from books.
	www.thewildgeese.com (711 words)

	1798: the United Irishmen and the early Trade Unions
		Many of the leaders of the United Irishmen were anti-union, subscribing to the conventional wisdom that combinations artificially distorted the labour market and acted as a brake on economic growth.
		The administration used the press to depict the uprising as a religious war, whereby Catholics were attempting to throw out the Protestants (despite the fact that the leadership was mainly Protestant) and this further undermined support and lent itself to the popular sectarianism which has proved so pervasive to the present day.
		The legacy of the United Irishmen is still the memory of a great moment of defiance in the face of oppression and a reminder that Irishmen (and women, who have been excluded only in deference to 18th century sensibilities) could leave aside sectarian divisions to tackle a common enemy.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/siptu/f7_1798.html (1045 words)

	Irish Democrat : Anonn Is Anall: the Peter Berresford Ellis column : Reclaiming Robert Emmet
		He was an exceptionally talented organiser and he was supported by many of the veterans of the 1798 uprising who were determined not to commit the same mistakes as happened before.
		The Irish House of Commons would be reinstated and elections from towns and counties would be held with 300 parliamntary seats apportioned.
		While the 1803 uprising was less bloody in military terms than 1798, and its suppression did not cost the same vast number of lives of men, women and children as followed its predecessor's suppression, nevertheless, the peculiar popular concept that only Emmet paid the ultimate price is corrected here.
	www.irishdemocrat.co.uk /anonn-is-anall/reclaiming-emmet (1903 words)

	Worldandnation: Violent uprising at Guantanamo
		The clash, which took place the same day two detainees attempted suicide elsewhere in the camp, was among the most violent incidents reported at the isolated detention center, where the United States holds about 460 men suspected of links to al-Qaida or the Taliban.
		In the early evening, guards saw a detainee in Camp Four - a medium security, communal-living unit for the "most compliant" prisoners - appearing to get ready to hang himself with a bed sheet in the room he shared with nine detainees.
		Detainees in two other units of Camp Four began damaging security cameras, light fixtures and other items in a show of support for those engaged in the melee.
	www.sptimes.com /2006/05/20/Worldandnation/Violent_uprising_at_G.shtml (560 words)

	Facts - Cleveland's Irish Parade
		Twenty-five irish Republican Army Veterans of the uprising were recognized, nineteen of them being able to attend the Parade and hear their names resound over the loudspeaker of the Reviewing Stand to the thunderous applause of the audience.
		Cleveland's Parade, of course, is one of many; the original being in Manhattan, March 17, 1762, as irish militiamen on their was to s St. Patrick's Day breakfast in Hull's Tavern, played their band music and marched as enthusiastic crowds surrounded them.
		In the fall of 2000, the delegates of the United Irish Society chose the first woman to be Grand Marshall.
	www.clevelandsirishparade.org /facts.htm (800 words)

	Irish Echo Online - Arts
		Irish nationalism had long been divided by two antagonistic philosophies.
		As the Fenian's took form in the United States, James Stephens, a participant in the failed Young Ireland uprising of 1848, founded in Dublin the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood (later renamed Irish Republican Brotherhood) on March 17, 1858.
		More than 144,000 men of Irish birth (and at least as many Irish Americans) served in the Union Army and many leading Fenians had dreams of enlisting them to invade Ireland as an army of liberation.
	www.irishecho.com /newspaper/story.cfm?id=14663 (1172 words)

	Part 10 of Labour in Irish History
		The treacherous betrayal of the United Irish chiefs into the hands of the Government, had removed from the scene of action practically all the middle-class supporters of the revolutionary movement; and left the rank and file to their own resources and to consult their own inclinations.
		According to the Castlereagh papers Emmet and Despard were preparing for a simultaneous uprising, a certain William Dowdall, of Dublin, described as one of the most determined of the society of United Irishmen, being the confidential agent who acted for both.
		He fully shared in the international sympathies of that Dublin Society of United Irishmen who had elected a Scottish reformer to be a United Irishman upon hearing that the Government had sentenced him to transportation for attending a reform convention in Edinburgh.
	www.ucc.ie /celt/published/E900002-001/text010.html (821 words)

	Irish Democrat : Book reviews : Radical Politics in Modern Ireland
		The Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP), likewise, is commonly dismissed with the hackneyed detraction that it had more letters in its name than members, a misrepresentation that has stymied research into the organisation and its political thought.
		Prior to 1896, most Irish socialists paid little heed to the national question and more than a few argued against an independent Ireland, which they predicted would be a reactionary construct ruled by the priest, publican and farmer, and stony soil for socialist ideas.
		Socialist internationalism was often interpreted as entirely inimical to Irish nationalism; the problems of colonialism were ignored, or, in the case of the Independent Labour Party, home rule was supported but seen as the business of the Irish Parliamentary Party rather than the socialist movement.
	www.irishdemocrat.co.uk /book-reviews/radical-politics (2148 words)

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