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Topic: United Somali Congress

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	revolution: somali civil war
		Aideed became a prominent leader of the United Somali Congress, one of the rebelling factions.
		USC Somalian ex-patriates in Italy then proclaimed Ali Mahdi President of the Republic of Somalia, a claim recognized by very few inside the country.
		The Somalis' successful repulse of the U.N. attack led the United States to commit the lives of U.S. troops to an expensive, bloody, five-month manhunt for Aideed.
	www.boogieonline.com /revolution/multi/war/somalia.html (1447 words)

	United Somali Congress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United Somali Congress is a politico-military organization in Somalia based around the Habr Gidr clan (itself part of the larger Hawiye clan).
		It was led by Mohamed Farrah Aidid until his death in 1996: he was succeded by his son Hussein Mohamed Farrah.
		Supporters of the United Somali Congress participate in the Transitional Federal Government formed in late 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_Somali_Congress (143 words)

	USC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		United States Code, a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal Law of the United States
		United States Constitution, the supreme law of the United States of America
		United States Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/USC (162 words)

	the Genocide File - Genocide in Mogadisho ( 6&7) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In December 1990, the United Somali Congress (an armed clan based opposition group formed in 1989) infiltrated Mogadisho, bringing the civil war to the capital of the Somalia and subsequently leading to Barre regime's overthrow.
		The United Somali Congress was the last armed opposition group to enter the scene, yet the USC has transformed the national goal from establishment of a democratic government to clan oriented revenge.
		The USC leadership in Mogadisho carefully and selectively targeted the innocent Somali citizens outside their clan for extermination, while incorporating into the USC leadership clan members who were the vanguards of Siyad Barre's regime.
	www.somaliawatch.org /archivefeb01/010202301.htm (1239 words)

	S O M A L I A
		The Somali diplomat noted that although Atto has won the majority of the USC Central Committee over to his side, including Muhammad Hasan Awali and Husayn Tumbul, it is difficult for him to exclude Aydid from the Somali political equation for good.
		For their part, the responsible Somali authorities must guarantee: 2.1 that secure conditions prevail for aid agencies and their staff (as evidenced by the absence of acts such as banditry, kidnapping, extortion and other forms of violence); 2.2 that they pursue and bring to justice the perpetrators of criminal acts.
		According to eyewitness accounts from the Somali community (mostly Issaq) in Yemen, the boarding party was a commando of fifteen belonging to a so-called Mejertein "coastguard unit" of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front led by Mohamed Osman Negale, a Somali who holds a Canadian passport.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /African_Studies/Newsletters/HAB595_SOM.html (5859 words)

	Death of a Warlord: The succession
		A former United States marine who served in Somalia and who is a son of Mohammed Farah Aidid, the powerful Somali faction leader who died last week, was selected today to succeed his father.
		Their mission, to stop the looting by Somali militiamen of relief supplies meant for the starving population, was left unaccomplished.
		He will serve a two-year term as president of the United Somali Congress-Somali National Alliance, whose members are primarily from the Habr-Gedir sub-clan of the Hawiye clan, one of six in Somalia.
	www.netnomad.com /aydiidson.html (1288 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Issaq in Somalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The SNM (Somali National Movement), a rebel group opposed to Siad Barre's regime was formed in London by 400-500 Issaq exiles.
		In early 1989, Hawiye notables established the United Somali Congress (USC) in Rome with Gen. Mohamed Farah Aideed as its head.
		Somali factions allied with Hussein Aideed condemned the recent diplomatic rapprochement between Ethiopia and Somaliland.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=52001 (4143 words)

	Somalia (10/03)
		Note: In 1991 a congress drawn from the inhabitants of the former Somaliland Protectorate declared withdrawal from the 1960 union with Somalia to form the Republic of Somaliland.
		Somali is now the language of instruction in schools, to the extent that these exist.
		Somali officers of the National Armed Forces were trained in U.S. military schools in civilian as well as military subjects.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/s/36384.htm (4350 words)

	Somalia
		The Somalis have appealed for UNOSOM to return equipment that it took away but which is vital for the running of the facilities, such as tug boats, control tower communications and fire engines.
		Members of the United Nations Coordination Team were combining their resources and making arrangements to ensure that they would have the transportation, communications and evacuation facilities necessary to maximize their security and mobility.
		Many Somalis have said the presence of aid agencies actually fuelled fighting, because they injected huge supplies and sums of cash into the local economy which eventually found their way into the pockets of militia leaders.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/HAB395_SOM.html (8291 words)

	UNOSOM II
		On 3 October 1993, United States Rangers4/ launched an operation in south Mogadishu aimed at capturing a number of key aides of General Aidid who were suspected of complicity in the 5 June attack, as well as subsequent attacks on United Nations personnel and facilities.
		Somali factional leaders that the international community was not prepared to wait indefinitely for an improved security environment in which to work on behalf of the Somali people.
		He stressed to the Somali leaders that the international commitment to assist Somalia could not continue indefinitely and that it was essential that they redouble their efforts to reach agreement on the basis of pluralism and mutual tolerance.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/t-po/resource-bk/mission/unosom_ii.html (17570 words)

	[No title]
		To his Somali followers he is a savior and hero, the man whose rag-tag army took on the might of "imperialist" America.
		To the United Nations, he is a criminal and a terrorist whose guerrillas killed U.N. peacekeepers who were only trying to restore law and order in his broken land.
		Somali warlord Ali Mahdi Mohamed on Monday welcomed the election by dissidents of wealthy businessman Osman Hassan Ali "Atto" as chairman of the USC/SNA grouping previously headed by his rival General Mohamed Farah Aidid.
	www.netnomad.com /atobio.html (966 words)

	Final Project
		This reform was met with widespread opposition accompanied by government repression and the outbreak of an armed revolt that was led by the United Somali Congress in 1988.
		General Muhammad Faarah Aidid led the United Somali Congress and Executive Committee in the forming of the interim government, and effectively fragmented the country further by causing political separation between northern and southern Mogadishu.
		The government is currently under the control of an interim provisional government established by the Executive Committee of the United Somali Congress and headed by provisional government president Ali Mahdi Muhammad.
	www.fuel5.com /rhodes/finalproject.html (1140 words)

	United States PSYOP in Somalia
		The United Nations clamored for a military force to protect food shipments, the newspapers demanded that the United States be part of that force, and slowly and gradually, the American military found itself unwillingly sucked into the vortex that is Africa.
		UNOSOM II was also entrusted with assisting the Somali people in rebuilding their economy and social and political life, re-establishing the country's institutional structure, achieving national political reconciliation, recreating a Somali State based on democratic governance and rehabilitating the country's economy and infrastructure.
		Besides the earlier ongoing missions, UNOSOM II was also entrusted with assisting the Somali people in rebuilding their economy and social and political life, re-establishing the country's institutional structure, achieving national political reconciliation, recreating a Somali State based on democratic governance and rehabilitating the country's economy and infrastructure.
	www.psywarrior.com /SomaliaHerb.html (9303 words)

	Welcome to Somali Herald Online
		UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) Sept. 15, 07: With Africa lagging behind in global development goals and rich countries cutting aid, leaders of multilateral financial institutions decided on Friday it was time to mobilize resources to reduce extreme poverty on the continent.
		An Ethiopian human rights group is demanding that the United States and other international donors monitor the food and financial aid they give to Ethiopia for its impoverished Ogaden region.
		UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) - August 20, 07: The U.N. Security Council authorized on Monday an African Union force in chaotic Somalia for another six months and asked the secretary-general to develop plans for a possible U.N. troop replacement.
	www.somaliherald.com (1586 words)

	Laas Qoray Net:::.. Heelladu waa Hanaan Laas Qoray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1941, Britain occupied Italian Somaliland and in 1948 gave the OGADEN region to Ethiopia, although it was populated largely by Somalis.
		By 1950 the United Nations had voted to grant independence to Somalia, and in 1960 the two former colonies were united to form the Somali Republic.
		Armed domestic opposition to Siad Barre began in the north in 1988 with the Isaaq-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and was brutally suppressed.
	www.laasqoray.net /article.php?articleid=244 (534 words)

	CSC - Canadian Somali Congress
		We are greatly saddened by the murders of the Canadian-Somali journalist, Ali Sharmarke and Somali journalist Mahad Ahmed Elmi on August 11.
		The Canadian Somali community is the largest African Diaspora community in Canada and one of the largest amongst Somali Diaspora communities in the world.
		The CSC encourages the full participation Canadian Somalis in all aspects of society to ensure that they are fully integrated as contributing Canadian citizens and in this regard, our organization has been working closely with other organizations and individuals to realize this goal.
	canadiansomalicongress.com (693 words)

	Somalia
		Coordination of the United Nations humanitarian assistance programme was, until December 1994, the sole responsibility of the Division for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of UNOSOM, which was headed by a Humanitarian Coordinator.
		Instead, United Nations agencies presented their requirements and plans for that year through a document prepared for the Fourth Humanitarian Coordination Meeting, held at Addis Ababa from 29 November to 1 December 1993.
		The United Nations agencies nevertheless believe that they can, with the direct support of the Somali people and their leaders, collectively assist Somalia to progress into a new era of rehabilitation, recovery and development.
	www.un.org /Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4d-21.htm (1667 words)

	The General Agreement: Somalia: Peace Agreements: Library and Links: U.S. Institute of Peace
		We, the Somali participants, further express our deep appreciation for the concern of the international community for the humanitarian crisis in our country and recognize their wish for us to reach a peaceful solution to our country's severe problems.
		To commit ourselves, without reservation, to facilitating the free movement of Somali people throughout the entire country as a measure of confidence-building before the National Reconciliation Conference.
		This agreement, signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993, shall be considered binding on all the undersigned parties henceforth and all signatories shall be obliged to secure the support and implementation of this agreement amongst their movements and followers.
	www.usip.org /library/pa/somalia/somalia_01081993_gen.html (426 words)

	Somaliland Net:Somali National Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Additionally, the SNM advocated a mixed economy and a neutral foreign policy, rejecting alignment with the Soviet Union or the United States and calling for the dismantling of all foreign military bases in the region.
		However, in July 1984, at the Fourth SNM Congress, held in Ethiopia, the civilians regained control of the leadership.
		In particular, the SNM maintained close relations with the United Somali Congress (USC), which was active in central Somalia, and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), which operated in southern Somalia.
	www.somalilandnet.com /snm.shtml (1848 words)

	Somalia - Mohamed Farah Aidid and the Somalia National Alliance
		That action resulted in the United States withdrawing its forces and blocking the UN effort to reconstruct the country.
		In June 1991, Aideed was elected chairman of the United Somali Congress by a two-thirds vote, but Ali Mahdi refused to step down.
		Mohamed Siad Barre, the ex-president of the Somali Republic, whose excesses finally undid him, was cozy with Egypt and a buddy of Boutros-Ghali's when Boutros-Ghali was with Egypt's Foreign Ministry.
	www.comebackalive.com /df/dplaces/somalia/player5.htm (536 words)

	Somalia - Dangerous Days - Fielding's DangerFinder
		Aidid and the four tribes of NW Somalia adopt the Somali constitution called Xeer (pronounced "hair) two more clans join on June 4.
		Osman Hassan Ali Atto is elected as Chairman of the Somali National Alliance.
		Twenty-six Pakistani peacekeepers and 50 Somalis were killed in a battle with Aidid's men.
	www.comebackalive.com /df/dplaces/somalia/dngrdays.htm (183 words)

	Somaliuk Your Portal For News, Chat Rooms, Culture, Music, and Forums
		The population of the Ogaden - Ethiopia's "Zone Five" - consists largely of ethnic Somalis and the region is a source of opposition to the Ethiopian Government.
		The overall situation is further complicated by the fact that the United States acknowledges that some of its military intelligence comes from Ethiopia.
		However, there are suggestions that individual Somalis or even groups of Somalis may have, or have had links with the al-Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden.
	www.somaliuk.com /Indepth/power.php (1343 words)

	Somalia Civil War
		The Somali National Movement (SNM) gained control of the north, while in the capital of Mogadishu and most of southern Somalia the United Somali Congress achieved control.
		In 1992, responding to the political chaos and humanitarian disaster in Somalia, the United States and other nations launched peacekeeping operations to create an environment in which assistance could be delivered to the Somali people.
		When the United States (in 1994) and the UN withdrew (in 1995) their forces from Somalia, after suffering significant casualties, order still had not been restored.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/somalia.htm (276 words)

	GEESKA AFRIKA ONLINE & HAN -IGAD ZONE NEWS and Diaspora USA, Canada, Australia, Europe, England, Italy, Denmark, ...
		The congress for liberating Somalia from the Ethiopian invasion Djibouti (HAN) September 6, 2007
		The new U.N. envoy to Somalia made his first visit to the conflict-wracked Somali capital on Saturday to discuss the humanitarian needs of the country with government officials.
		Djibouti (HAN) September 21, 2007- Ghanim Alnajjar, the United Nations' independent expert on human rights in Somalia, is interviewed as he visits Mogadishu on Thursday, Sept. 20, 2007.
	www.geeskaafrika.com (1107 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Other clan-backed groups, most notably the United Somali Congress (USC) and the Ogadeni Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), joined forces against the government.
		The main factions were the SNM in the north, the United Somali Congress (USC) in central Somalia and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) in the south.
		By August 1992, up to one-third of all Somalis were facing starvation caused by drought and the fighting, which prevented farmers from planting crops.
	www.arab.net /somalia/so_opposition.htm (225 words)

	IRC Right Web Program
		The United States may need to evaluate its tough standards for partnerships in the Middle East; it may be time to engage some of the more conservative elements there.
		By continuing to push its objectives through groups associated with the failed coup in Venezuela, the United States is making sure that it remains a distrusted voice in Venezuela and the rest of Latin America.
		Early votes in the new Congress reveal a determined effort by Democrats to maintain party unity and also reveal a breakdown of the Republican unanimity that has dominated during much of the Bush presidency.
	rightweb.irc-online.org (2358 words)

	Somaliland.Org
		The idealism and boundless ambition of the leaders of Islamic Courts have caused reactions from Somali politicians.
		Leaders of The United Islamic Courts can learn from history by not repeating the strategic mistake that triumphant United Somali Congress leadership had committed when rebels ousted Siyad Barre from power in 1991.
		United Islamic Courts of Somalia can play a large role in facilitating the process of reconciliation by thinking through its policies in consideration of geopolitical and Somali realities.
	www.somaliland.org /opinions.asp?ID=06080206 (696 words)

	United Nations - OCHA IRIN \| Web Special \| Somali National Peace Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A modified Roman alphabet is adopted as the official orthography for the Somali language
		May 1988: The Somali National Movement (SNM) mounts an offensive in the north of the country, as a result of the regime's brutal post-Ethiopian war policies.
		All IRIN material may be reposted or reprinted free-of-charge; refer to the IRIN copyright page for conditions of use.
	www.irinnews.org /webspecials/somalia_npc/chronology.asp (1066 words)

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