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Topic: United States Executive Order 9066

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	usnews.com: The People's Vote: 100 Documents that shaped America
		Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry
		Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces
		Executive Order 10924: Establishment of the Peace Corps.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/documents/document_time.htm (454 words)

	Executive Orders excerpted from the book Inside the Shadow Government
		While the Constitution is silent on the president's authority to issue such orders, Supreme Court rulings have declared the president has implied powers to issue those orders to the executive branch necessary to discharge his constitutional responsibility to execute the law faithfully.
		A trend in executive orders after World War II is to be as vague as possible in citing the legal basis for the order.
		Lincoln later extended the order suspending the writ of habeas corpus to the entire United States; its principal targets were not Confederate saboteurs or spies but northerners who opposed the war or the draft (especially newspaper editors and writers).
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /FBI/Executive_Orders_ITSG.html (3098 words)

	Korematsu v. United States
		United States, 320 U.S. 81, we sustained a conviction obtained for violation of the curfew order.
		Consequently, the only order in effect touching the petitioner's being in the area on May 30, 1942, the date specified in the information against him, was the May 3 order which prohibited his remaining there, and it was that same order, which he stipulated in his trial that he had violated, knowing of its existence.
		The contention is that we must treat these separate orders as one and inseparable; that, for this reason, if detention in the assembly or relocation center would have illegally deprived the petitioner of his liberty, the exclusion order and his conviction under it cannot stand.
	www.tourolaw.edu /patch/Korematsu (2312 words)

	Korematsu v. United States: The U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Internment
		One of the series of orders and proclamations, a curfew order, which like the exclusion order here was promulgated pursuant to Executive Order 9066, subjected all persons of Japanese ancestry in prescribed West Coast military areas to remain in their residences from 8 p.m.
		United States, nor a case of temporary exclusion of a citizen from an area for his own safety or that of the community, nor a case of offering him an opportunity to go temporarily out of an area where his presence might cause danger to himself or to his fellows.
		The petitioner, a resident of San Leandro, Alameda County, California, is a native of the United States of Japanese ancestry who, according to the uncontradicted evidence, is a loyal citizen of the nation.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5151 (2295 words)

	Executive Order 9066: The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation
		Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066, dated February 19, 1942, gave the military broad powers to ban any citizen from a fifty- to sixty-mile-wide coastal area stretching from Washington state to California and extending inland into southern Arizona.
		Although it is not well known, the same executive order (and other war-time orders and restrictions) were also applied to smaller numbers of residents of the United States who were of Italian or German descent.
		I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Departments, independent establishments and other Federal Agencies, to assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this Executive Order, including the furnishing of medical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter, and other supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5154 (428 words)

	Floor Debate on H. Res. 56
		Whereas the conclusion of the Commission was that the promulgation of Executive Order 9066 was not justified by military necessity, and that the decision to issue the order was shaped by ``race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership'';
		Executive Order 9066 also resulted in restrictions upon the civil liberties of Italian and German Americans residing in the United States, including government-imposed curfews, detentions, prohibitions on items considered to be contraband by military authorities, and seizures of personal property.
		That executive order also resulted in restrictions upon the civil liberties of Italian Americans and German Americans residing in the United States during World War II, including government-imposed curfews, prohibition on items considered to be contraband by military authorities, and seizures of personal property.
	www.foitimes.com /internment/Housedebate.htm (8395 words)

	TOYOSABURO KOREMATSU v. UNITED STATES, 319 U.S. 432 (1943) -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez
		United States, 302 U.S., 58 S.Ct. 164, we held that when a court had imposed a sentence and then suspended its execution, the judgment was final and would support an appeal.
		United States, 302 U.S., 58 S.Ct. 164, 166.3 In applying this general principle to a situation like that of the instant case, the Second and Fourth Circuit Courts of Appeal have concluded that they lacked jurisdiction to hear an appeal from an order placing a defendant on probation without first imposing sentence.
		Footnote 1 The relevant orders are Executive Order 9066, Feb. 19, 1942, 7 Fed. Reg.
	supreme.justia.com /us/319/432/case.html (1015 words)

	Japanese-American Internment in WWII Photographs Exhibit, Univ. Utah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States was gripped by war hysteria.
		More than two-thirds of those interned under the Executive Order were citizens of the United States, and none had ever shown any disloyalty.
		Executive Order 9066 was rescinded by President Roosevelt in 1944, and the last of the camps was closed in March, 1946.
	www.lib.utah.edu /spc/photo/9066/9066.htm (261 words)

	Executive Order No. 9066
		On February 19, 1942, a "day of infamy" as far as the Constitution is concerned, Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which was the instrument by which just over 120,000 persons, two-thirds of them American citizens, were confined in concentration camps on American soil, in some cases for nearly four years.
		It was on that date in 1942, in the midst of the response to the hostilities that began on December 7, 1941, that Executive Order No. 9066 was issued, subsequently enforced by the criminal penalties of a statute enacted March 21, 1942, resulting in the uprooting of loyal Americans.
		The Executive order that was issued on February 19, 1942, was for the sole purpose of prosecuting the war with the Axis Powers, and ceased to be effective with the end of those hostilities.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/g_l/haiku/9066.htm (1611 words)

	THE EXECUTIVE ORDER
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11004 allows the Housing and Finance Authority to relocate communities, build new housing with public funds, designate areas to be abandoned, and establish new locations for populations.
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11051 specifies the responsibility of the Office of Emergency Planning and gives authorization to put all Executive Orders into effect in times of increased international tensions and economic or financial crisis.
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11310 grants authority to the Department of Justice to enforce the plans set out in Executive Orders, to institute industrial support, to establish judicial and legislative liaison, to control all aliens, to operate penal and correctional institutions, and to advise and assist the President.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/gvcon5.html (2114 words)

	Executive Order 9066--FDR's Enduring Legacy
		Executive Order 9066 authorized the federal government to incarcerate nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans--without due process--in internment camps throughout World War II.
		Executive Order 9066, a knee-jerk response to the Japanese attack, was implemented to allegedly protect the country “against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities.” However, the order indiscriminately applied to “all persons” of Japanese ancestry, regardless of age, sex, or citizenship.
		With the addition of FDR’s Executive Order 9102 – the order that created the War Relocation Authority (WRA) to administer the “relocation” while providing $5.5 million to begin the task--Japanese internment was underway.
	www.strike-the-root.com /4/powers/powers1.html (1159 words)

	Executive Order No. 9102
		There is established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President the War Relocation Authority, at the head of which shall be a Director appointed by and responsible to the President.
		Departments and agencies of the United States are directed to cooperate with and assist the Director in his activities hereunder.
		In order to avoid duplication of evacuation activities under this order and Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, the Director shall not undertake any evacuation activities within military areas designated under said Executive Order No. 9066, without the prior approval of the Secretary of War or the appropriate military commander.
	chem.nwc.cc.wy.us /HMDP/No9102.htm (451 words)

	Order without Rule
		The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
		In hindsight the issue of interning the Japanese was extremely unethical and seems logical that Executive Order 9066 would be deemed unconstitutional, yet during time of war the rules change.
		Under the authority of Presidential war-powers, executive order 9066 was “held constitutional as of the time it was made,” according to the Supreme Court’s decision on December 18, 1944 in the case of Korematsu verse the United States (www2.law.cornell.edu).
	web.pdx.edu /~jordg/orderwithout.htm (1463 words)

	Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - Our Documents
		This allowed the United States military the authority to establish military zones from which they could then exclude any persons they deemed a threat to national security.
		Taken to an extreme, the military designated the entire West Coast of the United States a military zone and began the systematic, forced removal of over 110,000 Japanese-Americans from their homes and businesses.
		They were sent to relocation centers located in the deserts of the southwest and other parts of the United States.
	www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu /odex9066.html (217 words)

	Search: 9066 executive order
		Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans.
		The Japanese-American Relocation - Executive Order 9066 - The...
		United States Executive Order 9066 was signed into law...
	www.angelfire.com /ab8/too11/search53e8.html (277 words)

	United States Executive Order 9066 biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		United States Executive Order 9066 was signed into law on February 19, 1942 (during World War II), by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, utilizing his authority as Commander in Chief to exercise war powers.
		This order authorized military commanders to declare areas of the United States as military areas "from which any or all persons may be excluded." It was eventually applied to one-third of the land area of the U.S. and was used against those with "Foreign Enemy Ancestry" even though they were native-born U.S. citizens.
		The Secretary of War was to assist those residents of such an area who were excluded with transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations.
	www.biography.ms /Executive_Order_9066.html (140 words)

	Graham’s Lullaby (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1943, Hirabayashi versus the United States was the first Supreme Court case to deal with the constitutionality of Japanese internment.
		After Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union, who were both international superpowers, began to see clear signs that the bloodless battle known as the Cold War, was on the rise.
		The United State government not only violated the political rights of American citizens, but in addition to McCarthy’s anti-communism, George Kennan, a member of the Truman administration, was the mastermind behind the “containment” of the Soviet Union.
	webclass.penncharter.com /1 (8066 words)

	Why Did the U.S. Intern the Japanese During WW II?
		February 19, 1942, FDR signed Executive Order 9066, usually referred to as the "Japanese Internment Order." The order actually called only for the creation of security zones over which the military had control of access and residence.
		A month later the actual exclusion order was released, giving "all persons of Japanese ancestry" barely a week to collect a few necessities, put affairs in order and report to "control centers," where over a hundred thousand citizens and long-term resident aliens were cataloged and put on trains to ten internment camps.
		To add insult to injury, the internees were forced to answer a questionnaire regarding their loyalty to the United States.
	historynewsnetwork.org /articles/article.html?id=585 (553 words)

	Japanese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States were subjected to the emotional venting of racial hatred and distrust, eventually leading to the incarceration of nearly 120,000 people, most of them U.S. citizens.
		During the opening months of World War II, almost 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of them citizens of the United States, were forced out of their homes and into detention camps established by the U.S. government.
		This order was carried out quickly, as Japanese Americans from all of California, Arizona, Oregon and Washington, sold what they could not carry and boarded trains to 16 assembly centers.
	home.comcast.net /~hzee/jaint/intlinks.htm (831 words)

	[No title]
		However, with the secession of seven (7) Southern States with more contemplating such action, Congress was unable to gain a Constitutional quorum needed to pass legislation other than that of adjournment.
		This could be construed as authority to revitalize Executive Order number 6102, Roosevelt's infamous gold confiscation order of April 5, 1933.
		Certainly, a chief executive has the right to issue executive orders to his own cabinet and to those agents and departments under the Executive Branch of government.
	www.federationofstates.org /EXECUTIVE.htm (2741 words)

	World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, even though it was not obliged to do so under the Tripartite Pact.
		On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed United States Executive Order 9066, leading to the internment of approximately 110,000 Japanese-Americans for the duration of the war.
		The high casualties taken by the Marines sparked off a storm of protest in the United States, where the large losses could not be understood for such a tiny and seemingly unimportant island.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-World_War_II (8617 words)

	Is That Legal?: Executive Order 9066, 64 Years Later.
		The event commemorates FDR's signing of Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, which launched the episode we now call the Japanese American internment.
		We are living in a time when the executive branch of our government is claiming truly unlimited and unreviewable power.
		Posted by: marietta at February 20, 2006 12:44 AM this is all a load of crap, the United States of America, is a bigit when it comes to tim of crisis.
	www.isthatlegal.org /archives/2006/02/executive_order.html (768 words)

	The Daily Slant
		Walter Pincus at the Washington Post just recently criticized Bush’s previous order, which imposed the same penalty on people who “act” to “threaten the peace of stability of Iraq.” While critiquing the order along the same Constitutional lines, Pincus noted that the administration meant to target insurgents, not American citizens.
		Some would argue that executive orders make little noise in the press because they make little difference: A blatant disregard of our Constitutional rights would merely give the Supreme Court a rotten bit of beef to chew and spit right back at the administration.
		United States challenged the order on constitutional grounds and got the wheels of justice rolling.
	www.thedailyslant.com /index.php/site/comments/executive_orders_and_the_state_of_exception (1187 words)

	Historical Documents and Speeches - 100 Milestone Historical Documents in the History of the United States of America. ...
		Historical Documents and Speeches - 100 Milestone Historical Documents in the History of the United States of America.
		The list begins with the Lee Resolution of June 7, 1776, a simple document resolving that the United Colonies are, and of right, ought to be free and independent states.
		As stated in the guidelines for the National History Standards, developed by the National Center for History in the Schools, Historians can never attain complete objectivity, but they tend to fall shortest of the goal when they deal with current or very recent events.
	historicaldocuments.com /100Milestone.htm (626 words)

	The Witness: The Goodness of Evil
		Unfortunately, several Supreme Court judges have publicly stated that in times of "war" the executive branch has the ability to curtail civil liberties.
		The reason for observing this solidarity action taking place this specific week is because it commemorates the anniversary of the United States' Executive Order 9066, signed by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942.
		Tens of thousands of other immigrants have fled the United States in fear of being persecuted.
	www.gracecathedral.org /enrichment/thewitness/wit_20040225.shtml (613 words)

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