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Topic: United States Space Command

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	Air Force Space Command (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The United States Air Force Space Command, created September 1, 1982, is a major command with headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado AFSPC defends the United States of America through its space and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) operations, vital force elements in projecting global reach and global power.
		Space forces support involves launching satellites and other high-value payloads into space using a variety of expendable launch vehicles and operating those satellites once in the medium of space.
		Space control ensures friendly use of space through the conduct of counterspace operations encompassing surveillance, negation, and protection.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/air_force_space_command (1025 words)

	Navy Fact File: Naval Space Command (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Naval Space Command was established in 1983 at Dahlgren, Virginia to provide a central focal point for naval space matters and more effectively guide future operational uses of space.
		The command's space reports and analyses are activated on request and are tailored to a deploying unit's operations and geographic area of movement.
		A component organization of Naval Space Command -- the Naval Satellite Operations Center, or NAVSOC -- is charged with maintaining the health and welfare of satellites that are critical to naval operations.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/factfile/commands/nsc.html (1030 words)

	SPACE.com -- Pentagon Report Calls for the United States Control of Space
		Instead, the United States must identify the capabilities required to deter and defeat adversaries who will rely on surprise, deception, and asymmetric warfare to achieve their objectives," Rumsfeld said.
		Space surveillance, ground-based lasers and space jamming capabilities, and proximity micro satellites are becoming increasingly available," the report explains.
		"The mission of space control is to ensure the freedom of action in space for the United States and its allies and, when directed, to deny such freedom of action to adversaries.
	www.space.com /news/dod_space_011008.html (1237 words)

	Threats to United States Space Capabilities
		Electronic attack on the communications, data, and command links, that couple the satellites to their ground facilities and users, is a low-cost method of denying and disrupting the use of space assets.
		Space system ground segments consist of facilities associated with satellite communications, data reception, command and control, launch, and assembly facilities, and their supporting infrastructure.
		Space mines are parked in orbits that intersect the target's orbit and are detonated during a periodic close encounter.
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/article05.html (12621 words)

	United States Space Command (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		US Space Command was disbanded on October 1, 2002 and its responsibilities were handed over to US STRATCOM.
		As one of the nation’s nine unified (multi-service) commands, U.S. Space Command coordinated the use of Army, Naval and Air Force space forces.
		The men and women of U.S. Space Command put the satellites that provide these capabilities in orbit, operated them, protected them, and ensured that the information they provide is exactly what America’s warfighters need to protect national security interests today and tomorrow.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/agency/usspacecom.htm (447 words)

	United States Strategic Command (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		USSTRATCOM is the command and control center for U.S. strategic forces and controls military space operations, computer network operations, information operations, strategic warning and intelligence assessments as well as global strategic planning.
		The command is responsible for both early warning of and defense against missile attack and long-range conventional attacks.
		The command is charged with deterring and defending against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
	www.stratcom.mil (154 words)

	US Space Command Takes Charge Of Computer Network Attack
		Space represents a fundamentally new and better way to apply military force — by promptly striking adversary centers of gravity, or minimizing or bypassing high-cost, high-risk conflicts.
		CNA is the newest mission to be added to U.S. Space Command's existing responsibilities of Computer Network Defense and coordinating all military space operations, to include missile warning, communications, navigation, weather and surveillance from DoD, civil and commercial satellite systems.
		As with any military capability, the United States will only employ CNA after careful policy and legal review, and any use of CNA will be consistent with U.S. international obligations and the Law of Armed Conflict.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/milspace-00n.html (453 words)

	IOL: Even space bits can cause damage to craft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Space shuttle windscreens have been damaged by flecks of paint as small as 0.3mm in size travelling at a mere 14 400 km/h.
		The data was supplied by USSPACECOM (United States Space Command), which operates dedicated tracking radars, and by several European sources.
		ESA's policy effort focuses on the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), comprising itself and the space agencies of China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Ukraine, Britain, the United States and Russia.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?set_id=1&click_id=31&art_id=qw1103524744607B252 (1012 words)

	US Space Command (Information Booklet)
		Air Force Space Command operates the launch wings at each base and is engaged in a major program to restore and modernize launch facilities.
		Space Force Control will be essential to the success of future United States land, sea, and air military operations.
		Assured access to, and unimpeded operation in space, and the denial to an enemy of the same, are the key tenets of space control operations.
	www.milnet.com /pentagon/spacecom.htm (878 words)

	Who Will Command the High Ground? The Case for a Separate Area of Responsibility for Space - Storming Media
		This served America well when US military space capabilities were in their relative infancy, and the primary mission of space forces was strategic warning through the ability to "see" within the boundaries of sovereign nations.
		But as the military dependence of space has increased dramatically, no US combatant command has been given responsibility for the region of space.
		Only by having a single commander leading an organization with the requisite expertise and resources for dealing with the unique responsibilities inherent to the region can the US military deal effectively with the challenges of space.
	www.stormingmedia.us /22/2227/A222793.html (244 words)

	United States Army Space Command and Theater Missile Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During this operation, Wernher von Braun and his entire team of rocket scientists and their equipment were taken back to the United States.
		During the Cold War, Army Space Command's focus was on ballistic missile defense.
		Although ballistic missile defense is still important, a new threat to deployed units around the world is that of theater missile attacks.
	www.space.edu /LibraryResearch/abstracts/joanne/scooler.html (206 words)

	The United States Air Force Space Command
		Fourteenth Air Force provides space warfighting forces to U.S. Space Command, and is located at Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Fourteenth Air Force manages the generation and employment of space forces to support U.S. Space Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) operational plans and missions.
		AFSPC bases, stations and units include: Cheyenne Mountain, Falcon, Peterson and Buckley, Colorado; Onizuka and Vandenberg, California; Cape Canaveral and Patrick, Florida; Minot, Grand Forks and Cavalier, North Dakota; F.E. Warren, Wyoming; Malmstrom, Montana; Clear, Alaska; New Boston, North Hampshire; Thule, Greenland; and Woomera, Australia.
		Missile warning and space operations were combined to form Air Force Space Command in 1982, the same year NASA launched the first space shuttle.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /pages/afspc.html (1093 words)

	Naval Network and Space Operations Command- Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Naval Network and Space Operations Command (NNSOC) was formed in July 2002 by the merger of elements of Naval Space Command and Naval Network Operations Command.
		The command operates and maintains the Navy's space and global telecommunications systems and services, directly supports warfighting operations and command and control of naval forces, and promotes innovative technological solutions to warfighting requirements.
		Requests for further information or suggestions may be forwarded by email to Naval Network and Space Operations Command Public Affairs Office or by phone at (540) 653-6111: or contact the Webmaster.
	www.navspace.navy.mil (148 words)

	Malmstrom Air Force Base - 341st Space Wing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The mission of the 341st Space Wing is to keep America free and strong by providing combat-ready people and aerospace forces.
		Team Malmstrom is an exciting, dynamic and award winning unit.
		We are very proud of the hard work, dedication and everyday sacrifices displayed by the members of our wing, its tenant units, and our families.
	www.malmstrom.af.mil (115 words)

	US SPACE COMMAND EMBLEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The dark blue disc encircled by a white band with narrow yellow borders inscribed "United States" at top and "Space Command" at bottom in dark blue letters, provides the background and symbolizes the space environment.
		The globe, as viewed from space, symbolizes the Earth as being the origin and control point for all space vehicles and represents the area of operations of the United States Space Command.
		Encompassing the elliptical globe are two yellow orbital paths crossed diagonally, each bearing a yellow polestar detailed light tan and signifying the worldwide coverage provided in accomplishing the surveillance, navigation and communications missions.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/usspc-fs/emblem.htm (168 words)

	Specks of paint can destroy spacecraft : Mail & Guardian Online
		Near-Earth missions such as the International Space Station have to carry sophisticated armour for protection, and be manoeuvred clear of larger items, such as decommissioned satellites, that will cause instant destruction in a collision.
		Together with a team of debris specialists in the mission analysis office at the ESA's operations centre in Darmstadt, Germany, and at the agency's research centre in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Flury is the point man in the ESA's efforts to mitigate the risk to missions.
		"At that time, space was empty, so no one was thinking about the problem," says Heiner Klinkrad, one of the debris specialists at the ESA who manages a database of known satellites and debris that is used to predict potential collisions with ESA satellites.
	www.mg.co.za /Content/l3.asp?ao=176990 (964 words)

	Space - Military Aspects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Space, the Dormant Frontier: Changing the Paradigm for the 21st Century.
		Tirpak, John A. Rise of Space: USAF Begins the Transition Toward a Space and Air Force.
		Tirpak, John A. The Fight for Space: The Air Force is Working on the Integration, Not the Separation, of Air and Space.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/milspace.htm (2315 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Protecting the Space Shuttle from Meteoroids and Orbital Debris (1997)
		Unlike the vast majority of flight rules, which place safety first and then allow exceptions in limited cases, this flight rule places mission needs first and requires those who provide the collision warning to prove that action needs to be taken.
		NASA Flight Rule C4.3.2–1, Space Station Translation Maneuvers During Joint Shuttle Operations, states that debris avoidance maneuvers will not be performed during docked operations.
		USSPACECOM and JSC (United States Space Command and Johnson Space Center).
	books.nap.edu /books/0309059887/html/41.html (582 words)

	Communications Today: Naval Network And Space Operations Command Created - Brief Article
		Units of the Naval Space Command and Naval Network Operations Command have merged to create an integrated organization to operate and maintain the U.S. Navy's space and global telecommunications systems and services.
		The Naval Network and Space Operations Command (NNSOC) will oversee shipboard networks, the Navy's satellite communication systems and overseas communications networks, as well as the Navy's portion of the Navy-Marine Corps Intranet, military sources said.
		Rear Admiral John Cryer, the unit's first commander, said the new organization will consolidate the strengths of its predecessors to provide "crucial leadership" in fleet support and in responding to telecommunications requirements.
	findarticles.com /cf_dls/m0BMD/144_8/89821825/p1/article.jhtml (206 words)

	Headquarters, United States Special Operations Command (Unclassified)
		Brigadier General Najah Hussan Al-Shamary commands more than a thousand Iraqi special operators that are personally trained by U.S. Army Special Forces in a country where violence is normal, but change for the better is becoming the norm.
		Those were the orders I gave the Special Forces A-Team commander as he and his 12-man team moved into the Lware District in Afghanistan during the winter of 2003/04.
		The 6th Special Operations Squadron at Hurlburt Field, Fla., is the only unit in the United States military with a wartime mission to assess, train, advise and assist foreign aviation forces.
	www.socom.mil (1984 words)

	Space Command (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		United States Strategic Command Our Mission Establish and provide full-spectrum global strike, coordinated space and information operations...
		Astronauts prepared to dock the shuttle Discovery with the International Space Station on Thursday in what may be the last visit for some time after NASA again grounded its problem-plagued shuttle fleet.
		NASA officials gounded the entire space shuttle fleet Wednesday because of continuing problems with foam insulation breaking loose from the external tank during launch.
	www.simplyspace.info /browse/space-command.html (247 words)

	Earth Operations Central: United States Military Preparedness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The reason this is under the "space" heading is because of their references to Office of Naval Research 's Autonomous Robotics Littoral Research page.
		USEUCOM is a unified combatant command whose mission is to maintain ready forces to conduct the full spectrum of military operations unilaterally or in concert with the coalition partners; to enhance transatlantic security through support of NATO; to promote regional stability; and advance U.S. interests in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
		Their own mission statement: "Deter military attack on the United States and its allies, and should deterrence fail, employ forces so as to achieve national objectives".
	earthops.org /preparedness.htm (2074 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Protecting the Space Shuttle from Meteoroids and Orbital Debris (1997)
		Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
		Information about potential close conjunctions is passed to NASA flight controllers who apply Flight Rule A4.1.3–6 (see Box 5-1), which stipulates that a maneuver be performed “if the maneuver does not compromise either primary payload or mission objectives.” Like all flight rules, this one can be superseded by real-time decisions.
		FIGURE 5–1 The space shuttle alert and maneuver boxes.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309059887/html/37.html (609 words)

	Home
		The Museum's mission is to preserve and portray the rich aviation and space history of Colorado Springs and
		It is located within an 8.3 acre Colorado State Historic District.
		, the Binational (United States and Canadian) North American Aerospace Defense Command, US Air Force and Army Air Defense Commands, and the US Air Force Space Command.
	www.petemuseum.org (211 words)

	USAFPatches.com Joint Organizations Gallery: U-End (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		USSPACEAF is a warfighting component and reports directly to USSTRATCOM (prior to October 2002, USSPACEAF reported to U.S. Space Command (USSPACECOM)).
		Opinions and views expressed are those of the Webmaster (unless otherwise noted) and not necessarily those of the Department of the Air Force.
		Official U.S. Air Force emblems are protected by federal law; reproduction for commercial use or for profit is not permitted without express permission from the individual unit commander.
	www.usafpatches.com /gallery/jntu.shtml (514 words)

	Militarization and Weaponization of Space: United States Space Command Long Range Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Military Use of Space: A Diagnostic Assessment
		Space Militarization Looms as Threat of 21st Century
		This weblog is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
	grant.henninger.name /space/archives/002736.html (155 words)

	U.S. Department of Defense Official Website - 07/28/2005 - Edition 1
		WASHINGTON, July 27, 2005 – Deterring, preventing and defeating attacks against the homeland is an around-the-clock job, the commander of U.S. Northern Command told the Pentagon Channel here July 26.
		HUNTSVILLE, Ala., July 27, 2005 – Fifteen military children got an all-expense paid trip to Space Camp, which uses space and aviation to spike interest in math, science and technology, thanks to the Bernard Brown II Memorial Scholarship Fund.
		WASHINGTON, July 27, 2005 – With the blazing temperature dominating the headlines throughout the United States, troops in Baghdad, where temperatures typically hit 120 to 130 degrees, say they're getting a new perspective on what "hot" really means.
	www.defenselink.mil (407 words)

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