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	Nickel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nickel is a metallic chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
		Nickel is one of the five ferromagnetic elements.
		Kamacite is a naturally occurring alloy of iron and nickel, usually in the proportion of 90:10 to 95:5 although impurities such as cobalt or carbon may be present.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nickel (1377 words)

	MSN Encarta - Nickel
		Nickel is used as a protective and ornamental coating for metals, particularly iron and steel, that are susceptible to corrosion.
		Nickel steel, containing about 2 to 4 percent nickel, is used in automobile parts such as axles, crankshafts, gears, valves, and rods; in machine parts; and in armor plate.
		The nickel coins used for currency are an alloy of 25 percent nickel and 75 percent copper.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761577788 (552 words)

	Nickel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nickel steel is used for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults.
		Naturally occurring nickel is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 58-Ni, 60-Ni, 61-Ni, 62-Ni and 64-Ni with 58-Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance).
		Nickel sulfide fume and dust is believed to be carcinogenic, and various other nickel compounds may be as well.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nickel (1377 words)

	Three-cent piece (U.S. coin) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United States three cent coin was a unit of currency equaling 3/100th of a United States dollar.
		The answer to this issue was reached in 1865 with the introduction of the three cent nickel coin.
		This coin was composed of copper and nickel and was larger than the silver coin of the same denomination.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_States_three_cent_coin (437 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - NICKEL
		Nickel, with a symbol of Ni, is a silvery shiny, metallic element with an atomic number of 28.
		In the United States, large amounts of nickel (42% of consumption in 2001) are used in the specialty steel industry for stainless steel and related alloys.
		The remaining 6% of the annual nickel use is for a variety of purposes including the production of coins, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries; as a catalyst for certain chemical reactions; and, as a colorant, nickel is added to glass to give it a green color.
	www.mii.org /Minerals/photonickl.html (1006 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Urban Mass Transit In The United States
		In the United States mass transit has, for the most part, meant some kind of local bus or rail service, and it is on these modes that this article focuses.
		The history of mass transit on land in the United States begins in the 1830s with the introduction of horse-drawn omnibuses and streetcars in Eastern cities.
		Another breakthrough came with the Highway Act of 1973, which gradually allowed states to abandon planned freeways and use their Trust Fund allocations for the capital costs of mass transit projects, though these would be matched at a less generous rate.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=schrag.mass.transit.us (3264 words)

	United States coinage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Circulating United States currency currently includes six denominations of United States coinage (or specie): $0.01, 0.05, $0.10, $0.25, $0.50 and $1.00.
		All are produced by the United States Mint, which sells them to the United States Federal Reserve Banks, who are responsible for putting coins into circulation and withdrawing them from circulation, as demanded by the economy.
		Non-circulating bullion coins are also produced by the United States Mint.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_States_coinage (318 words)

	Nickel
		Although nickel is one of the most useful metals today, it was virtually unknown until the 1600's and wasn’t isolated as an element until 1751.
		Nickel is traded on the London Metal Exchange, where both a cash and futures market exists for the commodity.
		An increase in demand for nickel alloys used in the aerospace sector and for batteries used in electronics and in hybrid automobiles may also increase nickel demand.
	www.ductile.org /magazine/2001_1/nickel.htm (575 words)

	EPA Ground Water & Drinking Water > breadcrumb? > Consumer Factsheet on: NICKEL
		This means that while many water suppliers continue to monitor nickel levels in their water, there is currently no EPA legal limit on the amount of nickel in drinking water.
		Nickel compounds can be made as a by-product during various industrial processes that use nickel catalysts, such as coal gasification, petroleum refining, and hydrogenation of fats and oils.
		Nickel is one of the most mobile of the heavy metals when released to water, particularly in polluted waters, where organic material will keep nickel soluble.
	www.epa.gov /OGWDW/dwh/c-ioc/nickel.html (934 words)

	The US Nickel - Enchanted Learning
		Nickels are made out of a nickel/copper alloy (a mixture of metals), 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel.
		Nickels have a smooth edge; the nickel is 21.21 mm in diameter and is 1.95 mm thick.
		The front (obverse) of the nickel pictures a left-facing profile of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States of America and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /math/money/coins/nickel (431 words)

	Operation Nickel Grass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		The United States delayed the resupply of Israel to conduct diplomatic negotiations with Moscow to restore peace in the area; however, it became apparent that those talks would succeed only by reestablishing the military balance through a massive resupply of war material to Israel.
		Despite a deteriorating battlefield situation, the United States was still reluctant to commit to a resupply, preferring to analyze the extent of Soviet efforts and determine its effect on détente.
		Before leaving the United States, the C-5s were augmented with extra crewmembers who often remained with their aircraft to Lod and back to the United States, sometimes flying more than 28 hours without relief.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj89/krisinger.html (4287 words)

	Familiar nickel getting a makeover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		Most Americans probably have not seen a nickel different from the current one, whose design was introduced in 1938, and features the image of Thomas Jefferson on the front and his home, Monticello, on the back.
		The back of the nickel that will be released in the spring bears the words “United States of America” around the top of the coin.
		On the second nickel, going into circulation in the fall, the back features an angled view of the keelboat with full sail that the Lewis and Clark expedition used to travel the rivers of the Louisiana territory in search of the northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean.
	www.msnbc.com /news/990055.asp (515 words)

	USGS Minerals Information: Nickel
		Nickel (Ni) is a transition element that exhibits a mixture of ferrous and nonferrous metal properties.
		The ionic radius of divalent nickel is close to that of divalent iron and magnesium, allowing the three elements to substitute for one another in the crystal lattices of some silicates and oxides.
		Nickel sulfide deposits are generally associated with iron- and magnesium-rich rocks called ultramafics and can be found in both volcanic and plutonic settings.
	minerals.er.usgs.gov /minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel (369 words)

	Nickel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		Nickel was used by the Chinese in naturally occuring nickel-copper alloys for over two thousand years, but was not recognized as an element substance until 1751 when Swedish chemist, Baron Alex Frederic Constedt, isolated the metal from niccolite ore. It was not until 150 years later that nickel was first extracted on a commercial scale.
		Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other earthly minerals.
		Nickel is ferromagnetic, that is, it is attracted to a permanent magnet.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /earth/waton/f992.html (1265 words)

	Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		In 1999 the United States contracted the Royal Canadian Mint to produce cupro-nickel planchets for the Jefferson nickel.
		Below is a photo of a Canadian 2000 June - Harmony Millennium Commemorative quarter struck on a type-1 (blank) nickel intended for the United States Jefferson nickel, 5 grams.
		All 1943 Jefferson nickels, as well as other war era nickels, exhibit some doubling of the obverse die due to a doubled master die.
	www.varietynickels.com /education.htm (254 words)

	Nickel Five Cent Pieces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		The term “Nickel” refers to the main component of the alloy used to strike the coin and was meant to differentiate the new coin from another of the same denomination that circulated at the same time -- the Half Dime made of silver.
		Nickel is a very hard metal that created considerable problems for the coiners.
		Key dates in the “Liberty Nickel” series include the 1885, 1886, and 1912-S. A mere five 1913 Liberty Nickels are known, but these are believed to have been produced clandestinely at the Mint.
	www.coinfacts.com /nickels/five_cents.html (550 words)

	United States Coins - Commemorative Jefferson Nickels
		The design, by United States Mint sculptor/engraver Norman E. Nemeth, features two hands clasped in friendship - one with a military uniform cuff, symbolizing the American government, and the other with a silver band adorned with beads and a stylized American eagle, representing the Native American community with whom the United States sought good relations.
		In fall of 2004, the 2004-dated Jefferson nickel will feature an angled, side-view of the keelboat with full sail that transported members of the expedition and their supplies through the rivers of the Louisiana Territory in search of a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean.
		Released in August 2005, the nickel features a scene of the Pacific Ocean and an inscription reflecting an excited entry in the journal of Captain William Clark on November 7, 1805.
	www.centercoin.com /coin_catalog/nickel/united_states_commemorative_nickels.htm (580 words)

	The United States Mint
		In commemoration of the bicentennials of the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition, the President enacted Public Law 108-15 to modify the Jefferson 5-cent coin (nickel) to reflect images evocative of the historic expedition into the Louisiana Territory.
		The United States Mint began the Westward Journey Nickel Series™ in 2004 with the release of the Peace Medal and Keelboat nickels.
		In 2005, a contemporary image of President Jefferson will appear on the nickel, along with two new reverse designs that recognize the American Indians and wildlife encountered by the Lewis and Clark expedition and the progress and culmination of the journey.
	www.usmint.gov /mint_programs/index.cfm?action=nickel_series (406 words)

	Chem4Kids.com: Nickel: Say It
		Nickel was named in 1751 by a chemist named Cronstedt, but was in use for thousands of years before that year.
		When isolated, nickel is a hard, silvery-white metal that is very shiny when polished.
		It is located in the fourth period/row on the table of elements, nickel is a transition metal sandwiched between cobalt and copper.
	www.chem4kids.com /files/elements/028_speak.html (147 words)

	United States War Nickel Set
		These nickels were composed of copper (56%), silver (35%), and manganese (9%) eliminating nickel, a material crucial to the war effort.
		The nickels in these sets are of average circulation and the grades range from Good to Very Fine.
		In the entire Jefferson series, these are the most difficult dates to find in circulation because they contain silver and have a unique green coloration.
	www.rivercitycoins.com /uscoins/warnickelset.html (129 words)

	Nickel in United States - 2000 Import and Export Market - Research and Markets - Market Research Reports
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for United States in particular, is estimated using a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year.
		A “major” market is defined as a country where United States represents a substantially large share of either imports or exports.
		For each major country exporting to United States, one can thus observe how important United States is to that exporting country compared to other countries of the world.
	www.researchandmarkets.com /reports/153137 (798 words)

	The United States Mint
		Take a behind-the-scenes look at how the United States Mint produces uncirculated sets, proof sets, American Eagles, commemoratives and medals.
		The United States Mint has placed a hold on orders deliveralbe to many areas affected by Hurricane Katrina.
		This limited-edition cover - only 50,000 will be produced - is the 33rd in the series and features two Oregon quarter dollars, one each from both the United States Mint at Philadelphia and Denver, from the first day of mintage, May 4, 2005.
	www.usmint.gov (118 words)

	United States Mint
		The United States' first mint — indeed the first structure sanctioned by the United States government — was erected in 1792, just two blocks from the present site.
		On the hallway's other wall is a history of United States Mints and an exhibition featuring the nearly 300 people who have been awarded Congressional gold medals (most of which were minted in Philadelphia).
		The United States Mint reserves the right to deny access to anyone at any time; in addition, members of the general public wishing to tour the facility may be subject to search by the United States Mint Police.
	www.ushistory.org /tour/tour_mint.htm (1200 words)

	1883-1913 NICKEL FIVE CENTS LIBERTY HEAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		The Shield nickel, introduced in 1866, was the first base-metal five-cent piece in U.S. history; up to then, the half dime, a small silver coin, had filled the nation's need for that denomination.
		No Liberty nickels were made that year officially, but years later collectors were stunned to learn that five 1913 examples had surfaced, all of them apparently made on the sly by someone at the Philadelphia Mint.
		Because of their low relief, V nickels are generally well struck and are readily available in very high grades.
	www.coinsite.com /CoinSite-PF/PParticles/05clbrty.htm (1100 words)

	1913-38 NICKEL FIVE CENTS BUFFALO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		Reminded by his son in May, 1911, that a new nickel would be "A permanent souvenir of the most attractive sort," MacVeagh, pointedly bypassing the competent but mediocre Barber, started the process for a new design.
		Type 1 nickels, minted only during the first few months of 1913, had the denomination FIVE CENTS on a raised mound.
		An ever-growing number of numismatists are assembling complete sets of Buffalos by date and mintmark, but demand is also strong from type collectors, all of whom seek this design for their 20th centuryor more comprehensivetype sets.
	www.coinsite.com /CoinSite-PF/PParticles/05cbuflo.htm (1182 words)

	U.S. World War II Silver Nickel Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-16)
		Before the war, the nickel was comprised of 25 percent copper and 75 percent nickel.
		But in 1942, with nickel deemed vital for the war effort, the composition of the U.S. 5¢ piece was changed for the duration to 56 percent copper, 35 percent silver and 9 percent manganese.
		Each nickel bears a conspicuously large mint mark on the reverse, signifying the wartime change in metal composition.
	www.unicover.com /EA7YA0GU.HTM (299 words)

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