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Topic: Universal assembler

	Hello Nanotechnology, Bye, Bye Money!
		Nature's limited assemblers, the ribosomes, are not merely crippled universal assemblers, but assemblers which have evolved specific to their task; the protein engineers are demonstrating the difficulties involved in trying to modify these limited assemblers for other tasks.
		Assemblers can build the raw materials of molecules and compounds from their constituent atoms; and assemblers can be used to indirectly produce all the atomic raw material which may be rare or unavailable.
		Whereas assemblers are geared toward the assembly of objects by the placement of atoms and molecules, a utility fog would create objects in a slightly less permanent manner by interlocking the arms of 100-micron robotic cells ("foglets").
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Shadowlands/6583/project263.html (6119 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Nanotechnology and the Grey Goo Problem
		A nanotech assembler is a device which can physically rearrange matter, atom by atom, according to some program to produce a desired result.
		A simple example of the sort of thing a universal assembler could do would be to turn graphite (from the lead of a pencil) into diamond.
		Not a problem if your assemblers are confined to the lab - but an accidental release of these devices into the global ecosystem could result in a mass extinction unprecedented in its scope, devastating in its speed, and from which the earth would never recover.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A879933 (2137 words)

	Institute of Atomic-Scale Engineering: The Overtool: A Proposed Universal Assembler
		A proposed method of constructing a Drexler Universal Assembler is outlined.
		An aggregate of these devices provides the necessary functionality, variability, and means of transport to form the core of a general assembler, for macroscopic assembly as well as for diamondoid mechanosynthesis.
		This standard active cell is composed of six individual faceplates, which are designed in a manner that permits omitting any one of the faceplates (and its associated "busbar") without seriously compromising the integrity and functionality of the cell.
	www.iase.cc /overtool.htm (1702 words)

	Universal Assembler
		The assembler will be to matter processing what the computer is to data processing: a generic device that will do whatever it has been programmed to do.
		Assemblers will be build with the help of other assemblers, the first assembler being build by a cascade of machines getting smaller each stage.
		There are a few assemblers already existing, which are too slow for practical molecular manufacturing:Biologists have developed a technique called recombinant DNA to performing a crude but effective type of engineering.
	www.itsf.org /resources/factsheet.php?fsID=174 (159 words)

	2.4.2
		During this process, the assembler would provide three-dimensional positional and full orientational control over the molecular component (analogous to the individual amino acid in the ribosome model) that is being added to a growing complex molecular structure (analogous to the growing polypeptide in the ribosomal model).
		In one approach, a molecular assembler may be capable of forming any one of several different kinds of chemical bonds (e.g., by changing tool tips), not just a single kind such as the peptide bond that the ribosome makes.
		In another approach, a molecular assembler might be capable only of noncovalent assembly operations, wherein nanoparts are fabricated by other means and then presented to the assembler, which assembles the nanoparts into working nanomachines.
	www.nanomedicine.com /NMI/2.4.2.htm (3823 words)

	4.9
		During this process, the assembler would provide full three-dimensional positional and orientational control over each new molecular component (analogous to the individual amino acid in the ribosome model) that is being added to a growing complex molecular structure (analogous to the growing polypeptide in the ribosomal model).
		In one simple approach not mentioned by Drexler, a molecular assembler might be capable only of noncovalent assembly operations (Section 4.18), wherein nanoparts are fabricated by other means and then presented to the assembler, which then assembles the nanoparts into working nanomachines.
		In bonding atoms or molecules to one another, the assembler would provide any needed energy through physical force – especially if the reaction happens not to be energetically favored – thus performing machine-phase chemical synthesis or mechanosynthesis as opposed to the traditional means of solution-phase chemical synthesis.
	www.molecularassembler.com /KSRM/4.9.htm (894 words)

	Tiny Science
		His proposed 'assembler' is essentially a sub-microscopic computer-controlled robot arm, able to manipulate and bring together atoms and reactive molecules such that chemical bonds occur at specific sites.
		The assembler itself will be constructed by bootstrapping, starting with an extremely simple tool made of only a few atoms, which will subsequently build a slightly more complex tool, and so on, all this marshalled by nano-computers.
		Although Drexler's assembler sounds far-fetched, funding agencies are already paying researchers to work on computer models of engineering structures such as bearings, hinges and pumps, all made from a few atoms.
	www.cs.man.ac.uk /~toby/writing/PCW/nano.htm (574 words)

	The Self-Assembler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An assembler is now a realistic possibility because single molecule detection methods [18] give us the ability to directly observe the assembly process and thus to adjust the macroscale parameters that affect it, e.g.
		One approach towards the development of an assembler would be to integrate microfluidic devices with single molecule detectors in order to form a lab-on-a-chip [19].
		Such an assembler would be specific only to certain types of assembly, and thus would not be a "universal assembler," allowing us to put any atom wherever we want.
	www.nanoword.net /library/weekly/010309a.php (542 words)

	Q - Ideas - Hello Nanotechnology, Bye, Bye Money! - 1 May 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Assemblers will not be in everyone's possession immediately after they are developed, but it will not take long. The first wave of assemblers will be limited by their newness, the next wave by limitations purposefully placed into their design to restrict their use, the third wave will be limitless and freely available.
		The universal assembler will escape the laboratory in any number of ways; it need not escape under its own power, nor would that be its likely course. It will escape with the help or carelessness of its creators, through the help or carelessness of its users, and/or through modifications of its limited cousin.
		Almost all current proposals for assembler designs include the use of free sources of energy such as solar energy or energy contained in nutrient raw materials. The feasibility of these approaches is suggested by the fact that nature employs these methods.
	quincy.cabell.org /view.php?encid=5631\|JoRkyFryHs2iAdzZkERc (2047 words)

	Hydrocarbon "metabolism"
		Assemblers have been proposed as a means for accomplishing this objective (see, for example, Merkle, 1996a).
		A complete analysis of the reactions by which an assembler converts incoming raw materials into reactive tools used to synthesize molecular structures is greatly simplified if we restrict ourselves to the elements hydrogen and carbon, and further restrict our attention to structures that are relatively stiff (excluding, for example, floppy polymers).
		As the production of hydrogen gas inside the assembler cannot be allowed (for example, it would react with the hydrogen abstraction tool and other reactive structures that assume an inert environment) its production would have to be isolated in some fashion from the rest of the assembler.
	www.zyvex.com /nanotech/hydroCarbonMetabolism.html (7669 words)

	Ray Kurzweil-The Drexler-Smalley Debate on Molecular Assembly
		Von Neumann's Universal Constructor, as applied to atoms and molecular fragments, was now called a "universal assembler." Drexler's assembler was universal because it could essentially make almost anything in the world.
		The products of a universal assembler necessarily have to follow the laws of physics and chemistry, so only atomically stable structures would be viable.
		Furthermore, any specific assembler would be restricted to building products from its sea of parts, although the feasibility of using individual atoms has been repeatedly demonstrated.
	iranscope.ghandchi.com /Anthology/KurzweilDrexler.htm (9625 words)

	Introduction to System Software, Chapter 5
		Before going into the details of how the example assembler can be extended to support the instruction set of some particular machine, it is worth noting that, if macros are available, machine specific extensions to the assembler are not really needed.
		This can lead to a "universal assembler" which can generate assembly code for a number of different machines depending on the op-code file that is used.
		Assemblers parse expressions with the intent of determining their values; thus, they evaluate each term and combine them as indicated by the operator symbols.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jones/syssoft/fall00/notes/05ext.html (4386 words)

	Institute of Atomic-Scale Engineering: A Description of a Universal Assembler
		By incorporating simple manipulators onto the various faces of the polyhedron, a universal assembler, or "Overtool", may be possible, for molecular, mesoscopic, and macroscopic assembly.
		An aggregate of these devices provides the necessary functionality, variability, and means of transport to form the core of a universal assembler, for macroscopic assembly as well as for positionally controlled chemical synthesis.
		The external environment for the universal assembler may be a liquid solution and vacuum-tight vessel, as outlined in [11], or perhaps simply outer space.
	www.iase.cc /universal.htm (4469 words)

	Ray Kurzweil-The Drexler-Smalley Debate on Molecular Assembly
		Nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler and Rice University Professor and Nobelist Richard Smalley have engaged in a crucial debate on the feasibility of molecular assembly.
		Nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler and Rice University Professor and Nobelist Richard Smalley have engaged in a crucial debate on the feasibility of molecular assembly, which is the key to the most revolutionary capabilities of nanotechnology.
		Without going through the history of the controversy surrounding feasibility, it is fair to say that the consensus today is that nano-assembly is indeed feasible, although the most dramatic capabilities are still a couple of decades away.
	www.ghandchi.com /iranscope/Anthology/KurzweilDrexler.htm (9625 words)

	UCAMS: Universal Cross-Assembler for Microprocessors (V00250) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Abstract: This system serves as a universal cross-assembler especially for microprocessors.
		This cross-assembler is created by the command file UCAMS.COM.
		Instruction set descriptions for several processors are available to the Assembler in the library.
	www.decus.org /encompass/libcatalog/description_html/v00250.html (124 words)

	Nanotechnology without Genies - Table of Contents
		Assemblers will be able to make virtually anything from common materials without labor...
		Beyond it, if we survive, lies a world with replicating assemblers, able to make whatever they are told to make, without need for human labor.
		That isn't going to happen in universities, but there is nothing stopping us from making that unification in our own minds.
	www.geniebusters.org /00_contents.htm (1735 words)

	THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2002
		It would be neater, if other "universes" existed, to redefine the whole enlarged ensemble as "the universe", and then introduce some new term — for instance "the metagalaxy" — for the domain that cosmologists and astronomers have access to.
		As in a decelerating universe, there would be galaxies so far away that no signals from them have yet reached us; but if the cosmic expansion is accelerating, we are now receding from these remote galaxies at an ever-increasing rate, so if their light hasn't yet reached us, it never will.
		In the hackneyed analogy where the surface of a balloon represents a two-dimensional universe embedded in our three-dimensional space, these other universes would be represented by the surfaces of other balloons: any bugs confined to one, and with no conception of a third dimension, would be unaware of their counterparts crawling around on another balloon.
	www.edge.org /q2002/question.02_print.html (12492 words)

	Universal Cryogenics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The average universal remote can control the television, VCR, DVD player and the receiver, but the Orange County Register reports Universal Electronics Inc.'s new Nevo remote will be able to control an entire house's computer controlled systems for a mere $800.
		Universal Communication Systems, Inc.: Universal Communication Systems, Inc. Subsidiary Solar Style, Inc. Develops a New Unique PV Solar Powered Charger "Power Pack" for Wide Range Charging of Most Consumer Electronic Devices Operating From 3.5 to 24 Volts
		His secret is secured in a universal theme of success and self-esteem set against...
	www.cryogenicsinfo.com /universalcryogenics (1431 words)

	Intro to System Software, Chapter 5
		Before going into the details of how the example assembler can be extended to support the instruction set of some real machine, it is worth noting that, if macros are available, machine specific extensions to the assembler are not really needed.
		This approach is commonly used when an assembler for one machine is needed and a powerful macro assembler for some other is available.
		New assemblers continue to be written for new machines primarily because macro expansion can be quite slow.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jones/syssoft/notes/05ext.html (4334 words)

	Pocket Programming Language to have it's own assembler! [PocketMatrix >> mobile devices]
		Named PASM, this universal language will be tightly integrated within the PPL language allowing direct call to internal PPL functions and use of PPL variables.
		All values passed within the assembler on the PPC platform, are stored starting at temporary register (r11) and indexed through an extra opcode in a temporary register (r10).
		The PPL assembler will be available in the next release of PPL which should be out hopefully by the end of next week.
	pocketmatrix.com /forums/viewtopic.php?t=21541&... (1332 words)

	Responsible Nanotechnology: C-R-Newsletter #30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A universal assembler likely is not the most practical approach for common production.
		But general-purpose is not the same as universal, and the general-purpose copy machine is certainly not expected to be tiny (as the "universal assembler" is always pictured to be).
		You seem to be using "assembler" in a fairly narrow sense, perhaps meaning the simplest possible device that can add atoms to a workpiece.
	crnano.typepad.com /crnblog/2005/05/crnewsletter_30.html (768 words)

	Self Replicating Systems and Molecular Manufacturing
		The "tip chemistry" is logically similar to the ability of the Von Neumann Universal Constructor to alter the state of a cell at the tip of the arm, but here the change in "state" must correspond to a real world change in molecular structure.
		If the assembler were not able to receive broadcast instructions, then it would be necessary for each assembler to have sufficient on-board memory to remember (a) how to build a second assembler and (b) how to build some useful product.
		Although the assembler can replicate in the controlled environment of an industrial tank, it requires feedstock and fuel that cannot be found in a natural environment.
	www.zyvex.com /nanotech/selfRepJBIS.html (6448 words)

	Nanotechnology Critique - 3 - calibrating assemblers with biology
		For a full calibration of a universal assembler, we have to take one more step: we have to combine all these things into one system.
		Whatever the answer is, designing an assembler will require about the same time, because it amounts to the same thing.
		Nanites may not physically resemble ants, but they will have a genome that will be comparable to the genome of an ant, and their society will be as complex as an ant colony.
	www.geniebusters.org /03_biogenie.htm (691 words)

	Weapons of the World Nanotechnology: apocalyptic development? StrategyPage.com
		Yes, in 1918 Churchill helped to launch a Western invasion of Soviet Russia to stop its subversive appeal to a world proletarian revolution, and today the dictators of China want to annihilate the West in order to stop its subversive appeal to the habeas corpus act and universal suffrage of the bourgeois West.
		The strategically decisive weapon is a molecular nanotech assembler capable of destroying the enemy’s means of nuclear retaliation.
		In the United States, it is never mentioned publicly, and it is not clear whether a single cent has been allocated for it.
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/29-765.asp (3077 words)

	Nano@Home :: View topic - Micro and Macroscale structures?, and other questions
		This is good for precision and design speed, and (the main reason) if a universal assembler can be made, then someday these objects could be compatible with them.
		Nobody has an idea at this moment how an assembler would look like, how it can be build and how it will work, so working on some design that an assembler can use to build some real object is a pipe dream at best.
		But if you are talking about a single assembler arm that can place small molecules or atoms one at a time, then there is a detailed specification for that.
	www.nanoathome.org /forum/viewtopic.php?t=85 (3097 words)

	sci.nanotech Archives: Prof. Smalley at Rice U thinks... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Smalley at Rice, the guy who discovered bucky tubes and spheres, and he says he doesn't think the concept of a universal assembler is possible in our universe.
		As for myself, the idea seems impractical, the example of wet nanotech -- that's us, biological life -- does seem to use a self-replicating and self repairing scheme, but it does so at great cost in terms of potential structural strength and functionality of each cell.
		I don't think this universal assembler concept is the way to go -- certainly not in the near term.
	leitl.org /sci.nano/3133.html (189 words)

	Assembler,simulator,68HC11,8051,PIC16C84,ST62
		UMPS is a universal microcontroller simulator, it runs under Windows 95, Windows 3.11 or Windows NT in a MDI environment.
		but is able to use external assembler and compiler and to show source code and variables.
		It is able to accept an external assembler or compiler.
	margo.student.utwente.nl /el/micros/more/umps/umps.html (546 words)

	HYLE 10-2 (2004): Two Cultures of Nanotechnology?
		While the controversy raised by Drexler focused on the feasibility of universal assemblers, it became increasingly obvious that his opponents questioned the model of manufacture without rejecting the machine metaphor.
		Drexler saw in enzymes the model of universal assemblers, a sort of molecular hands capable of moving parts to the right position for assembly.
		Smalley responded by asking, "So, if the assembler doesn’t use fingers, what does it use?" If there is some kind of enzyme or ribosome in self-replicating nanorobots, he reasoned, then there should be water inside because enzymes and ribosomes can only work in water where they find all the nutrients necessary for living systems.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/10-2/bensaude.htm (7338 words)

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