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Topic: Universal Darwinism

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	Darwinism - Biocrawler
		Darwinism is a term used for various processes related to the ideas of Charles Darwin, particularly concerning evolution and natural selection.
		Also, Darwinism may be used to contrast it with other, discredited mechanisms of evolution that were historically thought possible, such as Lamarckism or mutationism.
		To say that Darwinism is often used by biologists is an understatement that verges on bathos; Darwinian random variation and subsequent selection is occasionally used by mathematicians to describe evolutionary processes that resemble the evolution of life, such as the development of software with genetic algorithms.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Darwinism (612 words)

	Darwinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Darwinism is a term for the underlying theory in those ideas of Charles Darwin concerning evolution and natural selection.
		In the United States, the term "Darwinism" is sometimes used by creationists as a somewhat derogatory term for "evolutionary biology".
		Darwinism may also refer to a specific strand within evolutionary biology, dealing with the mechanism of natural selection, which Darwin studied, as opposed to evolutionary processes that were unknown in Darwin's day, such as genetic drift and gene flow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darwinism (1068 words)

	The Words of the Wells Family
		Darwinism: Why I Went for a Second Ph.D. by Jonathan Wells, Ph.D.-Berkeley, CA At the end of the Washington Monument rally in September, 1976, I was admitted to the second entering class at Unification Theological Seminary.
		But Darwinism was clearly winning the ideological battle in the universities, the public schools, and the mass media, largely because it claimed to be supported by scientific evidence.
		Darwin's theory predicts a "branching tree" pattern in the fossil record, yet that pattern is nowhere to be found.
	www.tparents.org /library/unification/talks/wells/DARWIN.htm (1721 words)

	Evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Darwin was motivated to publish his work on evolution after receiving a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, in which Wallace revealed his own, independent discovery of natural selection.
		Darwin was able to observe variation, and infer natural selection and thereby adaptation, but the basis of heritability wasn't known, so he couldn't explain how variation might arise, or be altered over generations, and Darwin's proposal of a hereditary mechanism (pangenesis) was not compelling to biologists.
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution (9644 words)

	Of Memes, Universal Darwinism, and Humanism
		Part II entitled "A case for a humanistic Universal Darwinism: The humanistic implications of evolutionary psychology, sociobiology and memetics and the co-evolution of genes and memes" was delivered at the ASA meetings this last August.
		The idea presented by Universal Darwinism is that the evolution of replicators by way of natural selection is an algorithm, a mindless process that once put into motion will produce certain outcomes due to nothing else than the internal logic of that process.
		Universal Darwinism for those who are generally informed about evolution is not a terribly hard concept to grasp.
	facstaff.elon.edu /arcaro/titles/partiii.htm (3441 words)

	Beyond Analogy:UD and change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		‘Universal Darwinism’ is a set of principles abstract enough to serve as the framework for the analysis of evolutionary change in all open, complex systems.
		“Universal Darwinism” is a generalization of evolution from biology onto the universe at large, and recognition of the fact that there are types of units/objects other than biological to which evolution also applies.
		The term “Universal Darwinism” was first coined by biologist Richard Dawkins (1983) to convey the idea that Darwin’s principles (that center on variation and selection, animating ‘the tree of life’) are fundamental to life not just on earth but everywhere in the universe.
	faculty.washington.edu /modelski/BAunidarwinism.html (4660 words)

	The Legacy of Darwinism
		Darwinism applies a universal generalization to unseen events and claims in advance of demonstration that natural selection is the mechanism, frequently on the basis of no observations at all.
		Darwin’s theory shows all the characteristics of a defended party line, in the willful promotion of a ‘case for the defense’ often known to be false, weakening severely its status as science.
		Darwinism was always vulnerable to the possibility that ‘facts’ about short-range bursts of high-speed change, as processes unknown, or unknowable, are simply unobserved in speculative generalizations about great intervals of time.
	history-and-evolution.com /2nd/intro1_2.htm (3085 words)

	Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory: The Second Darwinian Revolution
		In the provocative essay "Universal Darwinism" (referred to at the end of chapter 2), Richard Dawkins maintains that if life were to be found elsewhere in the universe, we would have very good reasons to suspect that it had evolved as it did on Earth, that is, by natural selection.
		Darwin recognized the incompleteness of the fossil record, but believed that it was only a matter of time before these intermediate "missing links" would be found to provide hard evidence for the gradual emergence of new species over time.
		To be sure, Darwin knew nothing of the genetic basis of life and so he could hardly have imagined that new organisms could emerge from the incorporation of the genetic material of one genome into the genome of another.
	faculty.ed.uiuc.edu /g-cziko/wm/16.html (8587 words)

	Discussion with Professor Hodgson
		Darwinism as held by biologists today, is a causal theory explaining how the process of biological evolution occurs.
		But Universal Darwinism is a simple framework into which we might fit other theories of culture or economics.
		Universal Darwinism provides a way of identifying the complex system and the development of particular features of it, but it is limited by the extent to which ‘habits’, ‘feelings’ or ‘ideas’ are objective to the individual agent.
	www.psych.lse.ac.uk /complexity/StudyGroups/Discussion_group_notes.htm (3381 words)

	Darwinism's Dilemma (part I: Cave Man) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		His theory is that two universal and permanent tendencies of all species of organisms--the tendancey to increase in numbers up to the limit that the food supply allows, and the tendency to vary in a heritable way--are together sufficient for survival, and therefore universal and permanent natural selection among the competitors.
		Darwinism in its early decades had an urgent need for an able and energetic PR man. Darwin himself had little talent for that kind of work, and even less taste for it.
		Darwin knew that humans were a special case, that the discovery of war is what caused humans to develop intelligence far in excess of what is needed to find food.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/chat/838464/posts (5756 words)

	History and Evolution
		The confusion and collation of the fact of evolution with the theory of its mechanism is in part responsible for this, but the metaphysical character of the discussion is one reason for the deadlocked debate.
		The connection between history and evolution is made the subject of a new kind of model, and the nature of evolutionary theories is challenged by the antinomies of freedom and necessity.
		The Pattern of Universal History This is a self-contained sub-book inside the larger text, and develops the eonic model from scratch by constructing a survey or world history that starts in the present and moves to the Neolithic.
	history-and-evolution.com (713 words)

	Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology
		For these reasons, Darwinism is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
		"Darwinism in Economics: From Analogy to Continuity," Papers on Econonmics and Evolution 2004-15, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Evolutionary Economics Group.
		"Darwinism in economics: from analogy to continuity," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol.
	ideas.repec.org /a/spr/joevec/v12y2002i3p259-281.html (685 words)

	Darwinism Encyclopedia Articles @ CreatedByGod.com (Created by God) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Weismann's neo-Darwinism, on the other hand, argued that all of an organism's hereditary material was kept in its germ plasm, which existed separately from the rest of the organism's development.
		Self-replication/Inheritance: Some number of entities must be capable of producing copies of themselves, and those copies must also be capable of reproduction.
		However, it has other potential spheres, the best known of which is the meme, a concept of inheritance and modification of ideas introduced by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene and further refined by researchers such as Richard Brodie and Susan Blackmore.
	www.createdbygod.com /encyclopedia/Darwinism (869 words)

	Denis Dutton on Literary Darwinism
		A love of fiction is as universal as governance, marriage, jokes, religion, and the incest taboo.
		It should not come as a surprise, therefore, that he is sometimes dubious, or even scathing, about evolutionary explanations of literature that have been offered up by writers whose grasp of psychology exceeds, in his opinion, their command of high literature.
		Some of the mental processes that grow from this ground are universally predictable for individuals, for example such capacities as the acquisition of language and color vocabularies.
	denisdutton.com /carroll_review.htm (4486 words)

	A Glimpse of Evolution The Eonic Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The legacy of modern historical research is an ambiguous one: the conductor’s baton of the Universal Historian taps the podium, in a concert of art, science and philosophy, the theme of evolution rising aggressively to the fore, soon becoming the basis of all further secular generalization about human origins.
		Critics of Darwinism often point to the fossil record, upon which Darwin issued a claim of evidence to come, in favor of his thesis.
		This pattern of historical evolution is not compatible with the claims of Darwinism applied to man, and constitutes smoking-gun evidence of the limitations of Darwin's theory.
	eonix.8m.com /index_old.htm (1647 words)

	Alazanto: Literature: The Catalyst for Cultural Reformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		An interesting phenomenon is that, as is true of memory and the formation of ideas, the rules of universal darwinism still apply on the cultural scale.
		One of the results of the universal darwinist behavior of the meme pool is that every component within a culture is intricately connected with all other aspects of that culture.
		With the application of universal darwinism, the collection of ideas within our mind becomes the environment to which new ideas are introduced.
	www.alazanto.org /literature/essays/000010.php (4494 words)

	Science Tribune - 1993-
		Darwin's theory attempts to replace the theory of Creationism, whose interpretation of the diversity of species is based on the first chapter of Genesis in the Bible (1).
		In spite of its great appeal, it is obvious that Darwin's theory will soon be replaced by a better one, particularly since it leaves many basic questions on evolution unanswered.
		Its selection of the fittest depends on a large number of features while Darwin's theory presumes that it can be accounted for by a small number of attributes.
	www.tribunes.com /tribune/edito/6-4z.htm (809 words)

	Daniel Dennett's Dangerous Idea(The New Criterion): Johnson, Phillip
		Darwin did not set out to overturn the mind-first picture of reality, but to do something much more modest: to explain the origin of biological species, and the wonderful adaptations that enable those species to survive and reproduce in diverse ways.
		Darwin's idea had been born as an answer to questions in biology, but it threatened to leak out, offering answers-- welcome or not--to questions in cosmology (going in one direction) and psychology (going in the other direction).
		Since those universes that happened to have the most fl holes would leave the most "offspring," the basic Darwinian concepts of mutation and differential reproduction could be extended to cosmology.
	www.arn.org /docs/johnson/dennett.htm (2659 words)

	Creationism to Universal Darwinism
		In Darwin's day, editorial cartoonists would depict evolutionists as monkeys; today every time a state such as Kansas or Ohio flirts with anti-evolutionary ideas in their school boards, cartoons with ape-like creationists show up.
		He takes current ideas about a multiplicity of universes, and how the formation of a fl hole might create another universe -- one, perhaps, where the laws of physics are similar to that of the parent but slightly mutated.
		Today, with Darwin's ideas spilling over far beyond biology, the Darwinian challenge to religion is much broader than it once was.
	www2.truman.edu /~edis/writings/articles/darwinday.html (2132 words)

	RFH Lecture
		If the ultimate ambition of a universal Darwinism is to be a science that explains why some things exist and other do not, or do so no longer, then survival becomes an unanswerable argument.
		And, as I said, Darwinism has come to some thinkers to appear as a mechanism which does let God off the hook, and to provide him with, if not an alibi, at any rate a medical report proving that he is not competent to stand trial, damaged as he is by logical necessity.
		He’s in a parallel universe contained in his own coat pocket so in a sense he is the most important creature in it.
	www.darwinwars.com /cuts/oddsnsods/christ_and_a_bicycle.html (4063 words)

	The Robot's Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin by Keith E. Stanovich, an excerpt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We are in a period of history in which the assimilation of the insights of universal Darwinism will have many destabilizing effects on cultural life.
		In his book, Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett (1995) argued that Darwin's idea of evolution by natural selection was the intellectual equivalent of a universal acid: "it eats through just about every traditional concept, and leaves in its wake a revolutionized world-view, with most of the old landscape still recognizable, but transformed in fundamental ways" (63).
		Darwinism is indeed the universal acid—notions of natural selection as an algorithmic process will dissolve every concept of purpose, meaning, and human significance if not trumped by other concepts of equal potency.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /Misc/Chicago/770893.html (3519 words)

	Michael Bradie reviews Genes: A Philosophical Inquiry by Gordon Graham
		Thus, much of the book is spent on a critique of a simplistic version of ‘universal Darwinism’ as espoused by Richard Dawkins in his popular writings.
		Before proceeding to an examination of the explanatory power of modern Darwinism, Graham pauses to consider whether the concept “the survival of the fittest” is circular.
		Well, perhaps they do, but that is hardly surprising since Darwin did not use the principle of natural selection to explain the origin of life, but only used it as one mechanism (among others) to account for the origin of species, the development of diversity and the like.
	human-nature.com /nibbs/03/mbradie.html (2551 words)

	Darwin Machines, Universal Darwinism
		It's not hard to guess that a "Darwin Machine" is something which has to do with evolution (though one could make a case for the tides instead).
		Richard Dawkins has advanced strong arguments that organisms anywhere in the universe must evolve Darwinianly, that Lamarckian mechanisms are simply inadequate for explaining the origins of adaptations, and this was what he meant by "universal Darwinism." (His arguments neglect the possibility of supernatural intervention; this is not a flaw.)
		Richard R. Nelson, "Evolutionary Theories of Cultural Change: An Empirical Perspective" ["the standard articulations of a Universal Darwinism put forth by biologists and philosophers tends to be too narrow, in particular too much linked to the details of evolution in biology, to fit with what is known about cultural evolution." PDF preprint.]
	cscs.umich.edu /~crshalizi/notebooks/darwin-machines.html (698 words)

	Falsifying Darwinism
		The unconscious Darwinization of history enforces a perception of ‘flat history’ where the evidence shows precisely the opposite, giving us a clue to the riddle of evolution, no matter that we seem to confuse biological and cultural evolution.
		Darwin’s theory of natural selection makes a very extreme and ambitious claim, a kind of universal generalization about evolution and about ‘reality’, as seen in its assumption that no purposive evolution can be found anywhere.
		Now a species of vulgar Darwinism in the form of sociobiology is starting to get foisted on data where it won’t fit, producing a hopeless muddle in the dangerous mechanization of ethics.
	history-and-evolution.com /2nd/intro1_3.htm (1931 words)

	But is it Science ? edited by Michael Ruse.
		Michael Ruse was an expert witness in a creation science test case in Arkansas in 1981, wherein a federal judge ruled unconstitutional a state law mandating the reading of creationism alongside evolution in state schools.
		Michael Ruse is professor of history and philosophy at the University of Guelph, Ontario and the author of eight books, including a trilogy on Darwinism: The Darwinian Revolution (1978), Darwinism Defended (1982), and Taking Darwin Seriously (1986).
		Chapter 9 "Challenges to orthodoxy: Alternatives to Darwinism" is an anti-Gould chapter (punctuated equilibria).
	home.wxs.nl /~gkorthof/korthof9.htm (413 words)

	Cancer and Wisdom of the Body: Evolution theory from a new perspective
		The Cancer J. No doubt that Darwin's evolution theory is the most important theory of biology.
		Despite its great appeal, it is obvious that Darwin's theory will soon be replaced by a better one, particularly since leaving many basic questions on evolution, unanswered.
		The oncological dogma maintains that neoplasia is a parasite created during a chance mutation evolving according to Darwin's laws.
	www.what-is-cancer.com /papers/EvolutionNewPerspective.html (811 words)

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