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Topic: Universal Negro Improvement Association

	Marcus Garvey - Picture and Sound Clip - MSN Encarta
		Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914 to promote the improvement of living conditions for Africans and people of African descent in North and South America, the Caribbean, and Europe.
		The text of the quote is: “We of the Universal Negro Improvement Association are raising the cry of ‘Africa for the Africans’—those at home and those abroad.
		There are 400 million Africans in the world who have Negro blood coursing through their veins.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461545194_761567876_-1_1/Marcus_Garvey.html (167 words)

	Universal Negro Improvement Association
		U.N.I.A. In 1914, the UNIA-ACL was founded by Marcus Mosiah Garvey originally in Jamaica after he had gone to London to be with his sister Indiana.
		The UNIA had grown so much that it was a necessity to have a publication through which he could express his views.
		However, the most important and powerful as far as the UNIA future and the “back to Africa” movement was the Black Star Line Steamship Corporation which was launched in 1919.
	www.tcnj.edu /~de8/universal_negro_improvement_asso.htm (402 words)

	Religious Movements Homepage: Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
		This vision led Garvey in August 1914 to establish the Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation Association and African Communities League, whose stated interest was in the unification of the Negro race.
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association asserts that "Negroes are universally oppressed.
		The rituals of the UNIA were of a sufficiently high level of generality so that in assenting to them one could continue to adhere to particular doctrines and practices of the separate Black denominations; and one could still attend those churches on Sunday mornings while participatin in UNIA activities on Sunday evenings.
	religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu /nrms/garvey.html (7215 words)

	title
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association is not seeking to disrupt any organized system of government, but the Association is determined to bring Negroes together for the building up of a nation of their own.
		The difference between the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the other movements of this country, and probably the world, is that the Universal Negro Improvement Association seeks independence of government, while thet other organizations seek to make the Negro a secondary part of existing government.
		Hence, the Universal Negro Improvement Association does not seek to interfere with the social and political systems of France, but by the arrangement of things today the UNIA refuses to recognize any political or social system in Africa except that which we are about to establish for ourselves.
	my.cybersoup.com /bheki/princip.html (3015 words)

	Universal Negro Improvement Association
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was established by Marcus Garvey in Jamaica in 1914.
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association for five years has been proclaiming to the world the readiness of the Negro to carve out a pathway for himself in the course of life.
		Universal Negro Improvement Association is composed chiefly of the most primitive and ignorant element of West Indian and American Negroes.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAunia.htm (1355 words)

	The Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project, UCLA
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities (Imperial) League was founded and organized five days after my arrival, with the program of uniting all the negro peoples of the world into one great body to establish a country and Government absolutely their own.
		When they were told that negroes could not be officers in the British army they started their own propaganda, which supplemented the program of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
		I immediately visited some of the then so-called negro leaders, only to discover, after a close study of them, that they had no program, but were mere opportunists who were living off their so-called leadership while the poor people were groping in the dark.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /africa/mgpp/sample01.asp (5029 words)

	Thomas Jackson -- Africana Library, Cornell University
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association was a manifestation of Pan-African and Black Nationalist antecedents in the African Diaspora.
		The women of the UNIA were a vital aspect of the movement's growth and proliferation.
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association gave these women a consciousness that was committed to the survival and wholeness of peoples of African descent all over the world.
	www.library.cornell.edu /africana/thesis/jackson1999.html (273 words)

	Marcus Mosiah Garvey
		We of the Universal Negro Improvement Association are determined to unite the 400,000,000 Negroes of the world to give expression to their own feeling; we are determined to unite the 400,000,000 Negroes of the world for the purpose of building a civilization of their own.
		The difference between the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the other movements of this country, and probably the world, is that the Universal Negro Improvement Association seeks independence of government, while the other organizations seek to make the Negro a secondary part of existing governments.
		Negroes are divided into two groups, the industrious and adventurous, and the lazy and dependent.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~am325800/esp/garveyresume.html (9307 words)

	Marcus Garvey - UNIA Colonization Program - The Negro World
		The Association has undertaken to develop four colonies in Liberia, the first to be built on the Cavalla River,1 to which the first group of colonists is expected to sail in September of I9Z4 from New York and regularly thereafter.
		Dormitories (2) All those who desire to help the Negro under the auspices of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in developing himself are asked to subscribe to the fund of two million ($2,000,000) dollars now being raised for the promotion of the Cavalla Colony.
		Ritter was the founder of the Congregation Sons of Israel and vice-president of the Jewish Community House of Bensonhurst from 1926 to 1934.
	www.marcusgarvey.com /wmview.php?ArtID=84 (701 words)

	American Series Sample Documents
		There are lots of Negroes to-day in the United States, who are out of work on account of the propaganda of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Improvement Association.
		He called the attention of the members to the fact of my presence there and explained that I was conducting an investigation of the association; that I had been informed that the Association was radical and should not be permitted to exist.
		He explained in very emphatic language that the negro was just as good as any white man and that they would ask for their rights first and if they did not get them they would fight to the death for them.
	www.africawithin.com /garvey/american_series_sample_v4.htm (743 words)

	Say It Plain - American RadioWorks
		One side was a version of the UNIA's mission statement, "Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association," the other, a complaint about federal efforts to deny Garvey a reentry visa after a foreign trip.
		We hear the cry of England for the Englishman, of France for the Frenchman, of Germany for the Germans, of Ireland for the Irish, of Palestine for the Jews, of Japan for the Japanese, of China for the Chinese.
		We of the Universal Negro Improvement Association are raising the cry of Africa for the Africans, those at home and those abroad.
	americanradioworks.publicradio.org /features/sayitplain/mgarvey.html (1202 words)

	Marcus Garvey
		The Negro World was considered by the United States and European governments to be seditious material and banned in colonial countries in Africa and elsewhere.
		The Universal African Black Cross Nurses are being used as a reference for examining the contributions of the Garvey Movement to the global health and social care of Africans.
		This is because the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League was the largest organised mass movement ever to address and seek remedies to the collective challenges confronting the African Continent and the African Diaspora.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/45a/420.html (2384 words)

	American Experience \| Marcus Garvey \| People & Events
		The U.N.I.A. was originally conceived as a benevolent or fraternal reform association dedicated to racial uplift and the establishment of educational and industrial opportunities for fls, taking Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute as a model.
		In addition to the internal problems of the Garvey movement, Garvey and the U.N.I.A. became targets of the Bureau of Investigation (the precursor to the FBI) in a campaign directed by the then up-and-coming J.Edgar Hoover.
		It was distinguished from the rival U.N.I.A., Inc., in New York, headed by Fred A. Toote in 1929, and by Lionel Francis in 1931.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/garvey/peopleevents/e_unia.html (611 words)

	Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association - The Twentieth Century - Divining America: Religion and ...
		Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association
		With this goal he established the headquarters of the UNIA in New York in 1917 and began to spread a message of fl nationalism and the eventual return to Africa of all people of African descent.
		He was elected in 1920 as provisional President of Africa by the members of the UNIA and dressed in a military uniform with a plumed hat.
	nationalhumanitiescenter.org /tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/garvey.htm (3079 words)

	Africana Studies Department @ SUNY Stony Brook
		In addition, the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World as well as the UNIA Assertion on the Condition of the Negro were written in consultation by members of the UNIA at their historic conventions.
		The improvement of the condition of the Black race, with the idea of creating an African republic, developed by Negroes, was the most essential belief behind the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.
		In addition, opposition drew to the UNIA at this time because other, contemporary Negro organizations had been created chiefly for the personal enrichment of their founders." 55 Also, fl self-hatred and pure jealousy over the dynamic success of an foreigner led many to oppose the UNIA.
	www.sunysb.edu /afs/?afsphotos/mgarvey (6761 words)

	GARVEY SPEAKS
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association believes that the white man has as much right to be considered, the yellow man has as much right to be considered, the brown man has as much right to be considered as well as the fl man of Africa.
		We of the Universal Negro Improvement Association are determined to unite 400,000,000 Negroes for their own industrial, political, social and religious emancipation.
		The Universal Negro Improvement Association is not seeking to build up another government within the bounds or borders of the United States of America.
	www.angelfire.com /electronic/negroworld/garvey20.html (675 words)

	Aims and Objects of the Movement for Solution of Negro Problem by Marcus Garvey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Because of this natural attitude, the Universal Negro Improvement Association has been greatly handicapped in its work, causing thereby one of the most liberal and helpful human movements of the twentieth century to be held up to ridicule by those who take pride in poking fun at anything not already successfully established.
		The unfortunate condition of slavery, as imposed upon the Negro, and which caused the mongrelization of the race, should not be legalized and continued now to the harm and detriment of both races.
		The time has really come to give the Negro a chance to develop himself to a moral-standard-man, and it is for such an opportunity that the Universal Negro Improvement Association seeks in the creation of an African nation for Negroes, where the greatest latitude would be given to work out this racial ideal.
	teachingamericanhistory.org /library/index.asp?document=778 (1299 words)

	Harlem 1900-1940: Schomburg Exhibit - Marcus Garvey
		Garvey was born in Jamaica and immigrated to Harlem in 1916 at the age of 28.
		Garvey studied all of the literature he could find on African history and culture and decided to launch the Universal Negro Improvement Association with the goal of unifying "all the Negro peoples of the world into one great body and to establish a country and government absolutely on their own".
		The ranks of the U.N.I.A. were comprised of African "nobility" - knights of the Nile, dukes of the Niger and Uganda; knights of Ethiopia, duchesses, etc. Garvey himself was the "Provisional President of Africa" and he and the members of his empire paraded in elaborate military uniforms.
	www.si.umich.edu /CHICO/Harlem/text/garvey.html (496 words)

	The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Pa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Pa All
		Robert A. Hill is Associate Professor of History and Director of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers Project, the University of California, Los Angeles.
		Tevvy Ball and Erika Blum are Associate Editors of the African volumes of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers Project.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/8546.html (314 words)

	"Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World": The Principles of the Universal Negro Improvement ...
		We declare that Negroes, wheresoever they form a community among themselves should be given the right to elect their own representatives to represent them in Legislatures, courts of law, or such institutions as may exercise control over that particular community.
		We declare it unfair and prejudicial to the rights of Negroes in communities where they exist in considerable numbers to be tried by a judge and jury composed entirely of an alien race, but in all such cases members of our race are entitled to representation on the jury.
		We protest against the practice of drafting Negroes and sending them to war with alien forces without proper training, and demand in all cases that Negro soldiers be given the same training as the aliens.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5122 (2332 words)

	An Appeal to the Conscience of the Black Race to See Itself by Marcus Garvey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Prejudice is conditional on many reasons, and it is apparent that the Negro supplies, consciously or unconsciously, all the reasons by which the world seems to ignore and avoid him.
		Hence, the Universal Negro Improvement Association appeals to each and every Negro to throw in his lot with those of us who, through organization, are working for the universal emancipation of our race and the redemption of our common country, Africa.
		No Negro, let him be American, European, West Indian or African, shall be truly respected until the race as a whole has emancipated itself, through self—achievement and progress, from universal prejudice.
	teachingamericanhistory.org /library/index.asp?document=740 (1633 words)

	"If You Believe the Negro Has a Soul": "Back to Africa" with Marcus Garvey
		You may ask, “what organization is that?” It is for me to inform you that the Universal Negro Improvement Association is an organization that seeks to unite, into one solid body, the four hundred million Negroes in the world.
		To link up the fifty million Negroes in the United States of America, with the twenty million Negroes of the West Indies, the forty million Negroes of South and Central America, with the two hundred and eighty million Negroes of Africa, for the purpose of bettering our industrial, commercial, educational, social, and political conditions.
		There are 400 million Africans in the world who have Negro blood coursing through their veins, and we believe that the time has come to unite these 400 million people toward the one common purpose of bettering their condition.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5124 (870 words)

	GARVEY SPEAKS
		He had as much Negro in Him as Anglo-Saxon, as much European as Ethiopian to be the Son of God- the Father of all mankind, and the Redeemer of all humanity.
		So the Negro has more claim to the belssings and benediction of Jesus Christ than any other race, and that is why the Negro, and the Universal Negro Improvement Association believe that we will triumph because we have accepted this Leader as our Strength and Shield, as our Standard Bearer.
		And now that the Negro is bearing his own cross, seeing his crucifixion we cry out to the same Saviour- the Power Divine- to render unto us the help that we rendered to Him when He was sore in need.
	www.angelfire.com /electronic/negroworld/garvey37.html (593 words)

	The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Pa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Robert A. Hill is director of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers Project in the African Studies Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is also Associate Professor of History.
		Barbara Bair is associate editor of the American series of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers Project and associate editor, with Robert Hill, of Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons, a centennial companion volume to The Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers.
		Visit The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Papers Project at the University of California, Los Angeles, for more information about Garvey and the Project.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/8543.html (149 words)

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