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Topic: Universal characteristic

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Mathesis universalis

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Calculus ratiocinator

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	Characteristica universalis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He favors, and opposes to them, the true "real characteristic," which would express the composition of concepts by the combination of signs representing their simple elements, such that the correspondence between composite ideas and their symbols would be natural and no longer conventional.
		Leibniz said that his goal was an alphabet of human thought, a universal symbolic language (characteristic) for science, mathematics and metaphysics.
		The universal "representation" of knowledge would therefore take place through a combination of lines and points with "a kind of pictures" (pictographs) to be manipulated by means of his calculus ratiocinator.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Characteristica_universalis (3521 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Hazardous Waste Management System; Modification of the Hazardous Waste Program; Hazardous Waste ...
		Universal Waste Destination Facilities The definition of ``destination facility,'' found in 40 CFR 273.6, is ``a facility that treats, disposes of, or recycles a particular category of universal waste, except those management activities described in paragraphs (a) and (c) of Secs.
		Universal waste lamps that are imported from another country must be managed, upon entry into the country, in compliance with the appropriate universal waste requirements for transporters, handlers, or destination facilities, depending on the universal waste management activities conducted within the United States.
		In addition, handlers managing universal waste that is imported from an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country are subject to the requirements of 40 CFR part 262 subpart H. The proposed provisions for exports of spent lamps were equivalent to the proposed provisions for exports of universal waste in the universal waste proposal.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-WASTE/1999/July/Day-06/f16930.htm (17306 words)

	North Dakota Department of Health, Universal Waste Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The universal waste rule does not require the state to operate the waste pesticide collection program in order for the pesticides managed under such a program to be eligible for the universal waste program.
		Formerly characteristic wastes are not excused from compliance with LDR treatment standards merely because the wastes cease to exhibit a characteristic.
		By the same logic, mixtures of universal waste and hazardous wastes exempted under the household hazardous waste provisions are subject to the universal waste provisions rather than the regular hazardous waste provisions.
	www.health.state.nd.us /wm/faq/uniwast1.htm (2642 words)

	Frequent Questions \| Universal Wastes \| US EPA
		A universal waste handler may accumulate universal waste for no longer than one year from the date the universal waste is generated or received from another handler, although there is an exception that allows for longer storage.
		The handler of universal waste may accumulate universal waste for longer than one year from the date the universal waste is generated or received from another handler if such activity is solely for the purpose of accumulation of such quantities of universal waste as necessary to facilitate proper recovery, treatment, or disposal.
		For universal waste handlers that are not subject to the LDR rules, the prohibitions on dilution under the universal waste program provide the same protection as the dilution prohibition under the LDR program.
	www.epa.gov /epaoswer/hazwaste/id/univwast/frequent.htm (3913 words)

	Children's Artistic and Aesthetic Development: The Influence of Pop-Culture in Children's Drawings
		Characteristic and universal patterns, such as representational graphic patterns, spatial patterns (how to create depth/space on two-dimensional surfaces), and so on, seem to emerge with cognitive development and physical growth at an early age (See, for example, Arnheim, 1969, 1974; Cox, 1992; Golomb, 1974; Goodman, 1978; Kellogg, 1969; Matthews, 1984).
		This means that the universal tendency of artistic development is generally limited to the early years from toddler to about five or six years of age before cultural and educational influences strongly appear.
		Since these characteristics appeared in Japanese children’s drawings regardless of the region in 1996, the kinds of socio-cultural influences that could have impacted their drawings were examined in 1997.
	www.csuchico.edu /~mtoku/vc/Articles/toku/Toku_CAD&AD_INSEA02.html (6377 words)

	Use of Universal Symptoms - Homeopathic Archives - Homeopathy 4 Everyone
		Employing such characteristics as piles bleeding, feeling of sticks in the rectum, stool in light-colored lumps, uterine affections, varices, irritable heart, etc; have yielded readily to the drug, just though they depended for their existence upon pelvic stasis.
		In such cases we are not prescribing for a single symptom, we are making use of a universal, characteristic property and whenever in the human body tissue like that under treatment exists, there the medicine can have an effect.
		It is universally present in all tissues that are generally affected by exercise; as in muscles, serous and synovial membranes, and inflamed joints.
	www.hpathy.com /papersold/farrington-universal-symptoms.asp (676 words)

	Universal Characteristics in Buddhism
		There are universal characteristics of existence which you and I and everyone of us are subject to and there is no way of escape.
		Heat is the characteristic of fire, heat of the fire, is always and invariably connected with fire.
		The three characteristics of existence that we have in mind are the characteristics of Impermanence (Anitya), suffering (Dukkha) and no-self (Anatma).
	www.purifymind.com /CharacteristicsBudd.htm (2028 words)

	Call Them `The Baby Doomers,' by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. (Jun. 18, 2000)
		I mean universal characteristic, as Gottfried Leibniz introduced this notion, and as Bernhard Riemann made this notion of characteristic curvature the central feature of the Gauss-Riemann notion of a relativistic physical space-time.
		This approximation isolates the role of the discovery of validatable universal physical principles, and the related role of the generation of technologies directly from experimental validation of such discoveries; this is the combined form of human action, through which man's power in and over our universe is increased.
		The notion of a "traditional" form of economy, is specifically characteristic only of societies in which a ruling oligarchy and its associated lackeys degrade the majority of society to the status of virtual human cattle, that in precisely the spirit of the Code of Diocletian.
	www.larouchepub.com /lar/2000/lar_baby_doomers_2728.html (13904 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It is a universal characteristic of the human species.
		According to transformational (or generative) grammar, introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, the idiosyncratic vocabulary and grammatical conventions of any natural language rest on a foundation of "deep structures," a universal grammar underlying all languages and corresponding to an innate capacity of the human brain.
		This theory implies not only that there are constraints on what may constitute an intelligible human language, but also that, however numerous or striking, the differences between any two languages are less fundamental than their similarities.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/language_ComparativeLinguistics.asp (1350 words)

	The Logic of Leibniz, Chapter 3
		The universal writing he envisioned would, on the contrary, be extremely simple to learn and easy to retain because it would rest on a logical foundation, namely, the complete analysis of concepts and their reduction to simple terms.
		Thus the true universal, or rather philosophical, language presupposed at once this huge, twofold labor: the establishment of a characteristic and the elaboration of an encyclopedia.
		The characteristic, on the other hand, appears indispensable to the establishment of the encyclopedia, for it serves to determine the logical connection of scientific truths and even the hierarchical order of the sciences.
	philosophy2.ucsd.edu /~rutherford/Leibniz/ch3.htm (9454 words)

	Gottfried Leibniz --Great Minds, Great Thinkers
		It was not in the form of an algebra that Leibniz first conceived his characteristic, probably because he was then a novice in mathematics, but in the form of a universal language or script.
		In symbolic logic Leibniz enunciated the principal properties of what we now call logical multiplication, addition, negation, identity, class-inclusion, and the null-class; but the aim of Leibniz's researches was, as he said, to create "a kind of general system of notation in which all the truths of reason should be reduced to a calculus.
		This could be, at the same time, a kind of universal written language, very different from all those which have been projected hitherto; for the characters and even the words would direct the reason, and the errors -- excepting those of fact -- would only be errors of calculation.
	www.edinformatics.com /great_thinkers/leibniz.htm (1165 words)

	Buddhism Today - Dda.o Pha^.t Nga`y Nay, default page-english
		Heat is a characteristic of fire because it is always and invariably connected with fire, whereas whether or not water is hot depends on external factors--an electric stove, the heat of the sun, and so forth.
		If we were to think of the characteristic of heat as connected with water, it would not help us understand the nature of water or use water intelligently because heat is not always connected with water.
		The three characteristics of existence that we have in mind are (1) impermanence, (2) suffering and (3) not-self.
	www.buddhismtoday.com /english/buddha/Teachings/033-three.htm (3209 words)

	Observation of Nature
		The inner, to which falls the universality appearing in the process, and the outer, to which belong the parts of the static structure of the organism, were to constitute the corresponding sides of the law; but they lose, in being kept asunder in this way, their organic significance.
		Since, now, the universal life qua the simple essence of the genus develops from its side the distinctions of the notion, and has to exhibit them in the form of a series of simple determining characteristics, this series is a system of distinctions set up indifferently, or is a numerical series.
		which in the role of universal negativity establishes the distinctions as they exist within itself, — the nature of which, owing to the substance they belong to, is different from the nature of those of the genus, — and makes good these distinctions as against the process of generic systematization.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/hegel/works/ph/phc1aa.htm (10204 words)

	US Army Corps of Engineers HTRW Center of Expertise - Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Universal Treatment Standards (UTS) for metals are significantly revised by this rule.
		For the first time, EPA is requiring certain wastes which exhibit hazardous characteristics for metals to be treated for underlying hazardous constituents.
		Though it may appear that some of these numbers are more stringent and others less stringent, EPA states in the Federal Register (page 28635) that they consider these to be neither more nor less stringent than the existing Federal requirement.
	www.environmental.usace.army.mil /info/technical/comply/complguide/complyfs/98-04/98-04.html (1751 words)

	Quantum Principal Bundles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In the case of general quantum principal bundles (where we are not interested whether or not the bundle admits regular connections) the previous construction does not work, and another approach is necessary.
		This is impossible in classical geometry, where all characteristic classes are expressed via the curvature tensor (this is also impossible in the quantum-regular case).
		Since we have an additional freedom in constructing a differential calculus over the bundle and the group, new cohomology classes (that are not interpretable as characteristic classes in the classical sense) are now included in the framework of quantum characteristic classes.
	www.matem.unam.mx /~micho/qbun4.html (544 words)

	math lessons - Gottfried Leibniz
		As to Leibniz's system on philosophy it will be enough to say that he regarded the ultimate elements of the universe as individual percipient beings whom he called monads.
		According to him the monads are centres of force, and substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal; finally, the existence of God is inferred from the existing harmony among the monads.
		In symbolic logic Leibniz enunciated the principal properties of what we now call conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, set-inclusion, and the empty set; but the aim of Leibniz's researches was, as he said, to create "a kind of general system of notation in which all the truths of reason should be reduced to a calculus.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Gottfried_Leibnitz (2571 words)

	Gottfried Leibniz - Gurupedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Egyptian and Chinese hieroglyphics and the symbols of astronomers and chemists belong to the first category, but Leibniz declared them to be imperfect, and desired the second category of characters for what he called his universal characteristic.
		What is usually understood by the name "symbolic logic", is what Leibniz called a Calculus ratiocinator and is only a part of the Universal Characteristic.
		It is not hard to see that these projects are interconnected, since a perfect universal characteristic would comprise a logical calculus.
	www.gurupedia.com /g/go/gottfried_leibniz.htm (1146 words)

	[No title]
		I would argue rather that he thinks of a characteristic as a mode of representation that one uses to investigate concrete cases in ways that can then be generalized.
		That is, the solution of a concrete problem (like the trajectory of a light beam in water, or the study of the catenary) using a suitable characteristic will yield a general procedure.
		This points to a kind of rationality in mathematics that does not unreflectively assume the uniform aim towards abstraction that twentieth century logicists and structuralists take for granted, and then attribute backwards to Leibniz.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/philos/leibniz/abstracts/grosholz.doc (168 words)

	Universal Design Primer
		The Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University is one example of this philosophy.
		That is, utilizing principles of universal design (practively planning for differences, utilizing technology, and providing users with tools and options), CAST believes that it is possible to design teaching and learning environments with adequate supports to meet the needs of the entire range of learner differences.
		Individually and collectively, the three traditions of universal design (UD in the physical environment, UD in the web environment, and UD in the teaching and learning environment) have emerged to capture the attention and imagination of policy makers, developers, researchers, teachers, and administrators.
	www.uwm.edu /~edyburn/ud.html (1266 words)

	Ling 60 \| Syllabification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It appears to be a universal characteristic of all languages to have syllables.
		We can incorporate the universal, mandatory character of the syllable nucleus into our model by proposing that the first syllabification rule in every language is a Nucleus Rule, which associates a syllable node with each possible nucleus.
		In particular, a consonant between two vowels is universally syllabified as an onset to the second syllable ([a.tu]), not a coda to the first syllable ([at.u]).
	www.unc.edu /~jlsmith/ling60/syllable.html (1901 words)

	Turkish Proverbs
		Repetition of the same or like-sounding words or syllables is another characteristic of proverbs in general.
		Balanced clauses or phrases are still another universal characteristic of proverbs, and while there is only one clause found in our example, balance is found in the meter.
		In summary, Turkish proverbs, English-language proverbs and world proverbs in general are characterized by their shortness, uniform meter/ stress, rhyme (often through alliteration and assonance), balance of clauses/phrases (sometimes repetition of meaning as well as form, including opposites), and use of figurative language (most often metaphor).
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Turkish_Proverbs/Turkish_Proverbs_6.htm (1927 words)

	99:1 Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers - Event Handlers - Levey
		dreamed of a "universal characteristic," a universal language that could aid in clarifying thought, communication, and reasoning in all human endeavors.
		All possible human thoughts were, he believed, ultimately composed out of simple conceptual elements, and the universal characteristic was itself to contain basic terms corresponding to those simple elements—"an alphabet of all human thought"—from which precise statements of thoughts could be produced by proper combination of the elements.
		It was part of Leibniz’s vision that there might be machines which could solve the most pressing difficulties in human thought, whether in esoteric or practical affairs—ranging from problems in mathematics to moral, political, and legal disputes.
	www.apa.udel.edu /apa/publications/newsletters/v99n1/computers/eventhandlers-levey.asp (217 words)

	Academics at Tulane
		Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing both the structure and use of language.
		Theoretical linguists may describe both the universal and specific traits of a language.
		This knowledge may be applied to a broad spectrum of isses from bilingual education to artificial intelligence, from second language learning to conflict management, from marketing to translation.
	www2.tulane.edu /academics_prg_off_profile.cfm?DepartmentID=43 (278 words)

	Hazardous Waste/Universal Waste, Bureau of Remediation and Waste Management, Maine Department of Environmental ...
		A universal waste is a hazardous waste that is widely generated by individuals, businesses, and hospitals…by almost anyone.
		Universal wastes are certain batteries, cathode ray tubes, certain lamps, mercury devices, mercury thermostats, motor vehicle mercury switches and polychlorinated biphenyl ballasts.
		Universal Waste Municipal Collection Sites (MS Excel format) - The green blocks signify that we have gathered the information from those towns.
	www.state.me.us /dep/rwm/hazardouswaste/index.htm (1015 words)

	Técnicas Modernas de Moldeo por Inyección (#0314)
		Moldeo Universal™ tiene como objectivo unificar estilos de moldeo, utilizar definiciones válidas del proceso, utilizar un lenguaje universal y estandarizar procedimientos claros y representativos de todas las etapas del moldeo por inyección.
		The objective of Moldeo Universal™ is to standardize molding styles, utilize valid process definitions and universal language and standardized clear processes representative of every step in the injection molding process.
		This book in not only for novices in the industry, it is also recommended for experienced molders who wish to learn about Moldeo Universal™ (Universal Molding).
	www.4spe.org /training/products/0314.php (261 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A factor of a measure preserving system is characteristic for an average if it "characterizes" the behavior of the average in the sense that the average can be calculated by projecting on that factor.
		We describe the universal characteristic factors of the above averages.
		Our construction is an alternative to the one given by Host & Kra.
	www.math.ucla.edu /~tao/seminar/tamar.txt (81 words)

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