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	Theology Today - Vol 20, No. 3 - October 1963 - BOOK REVIEW - Freedom and Reason
		Universal prescriptivism, as Hare presents it, is an attractive alternative within contemporary ethical theory.
		Universal prescriptivism, further, goes a long way toward reconciling Kant and Mill by accepting the formal requirements of the one together with the humanitarian content of the other.
		And, most striking in an age of stale cynicism and moral deadlock, universal prescriptivism stirs a fresh breeze of hope for the day when even the most intractable moral conflicts among men may be harmlessly isolated, at least, and remaining discord may be worked out by normally reasonable men of average good will.
	theologytoday.ptsem.edu /oct1963/v20-3-bookreview5.htm (812 words)

	Universal Prescriptivism
		Universal Prescriptivism is best seen as an attempt to locate both the faults and the true insights in other current ethical theories, to remedy the faults while preserving the insights, and so to provide a synthesis between them.
		The statement that everyone ought to look after his (or her) mother in her old age is therefore a universal statement, and the statement that a ought to look after his mother (but has no such duty to look after other people's mothers), is universalizable.
		Prescriptivism thus falls within the class of ethical theories known as 'internalist': those which hold that to accept some moral judgement is eo ipso to be motivated in a certain way.
	www.philosophy.uncc.edu /mleldrid/SzCMT/HUP.html (5664 words)

	R. M. Hare
		By the former, moral judgments must identify the situation that they describe by a finite set of universal terms (this excludes proper names, but not definite descriptions[?]).
		To re-enter the moral discourse, you would have to modify your original judgment so that, once universalized, you would still be able to act in the way it would ask you to act.
		By a series of (universal) conjectures and (prescriptive) refutations -akin to Popper's falsificationism (see Freedom and Reason, chapter 4)- you would eventually arrive at the right moral judgment, which would be the one you would prefer in all the possible situations.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ri/Richard_Mervyn_Hare.html (651 words)

	Prescription - 175 diazepam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This was probably originally directed at the pharmacist 175 diazepam to substitute a generic version of the four axioms of Formal Ethics along with Universalizability, Rationality, and Ends-Means.
		When combined with Universalizability prescriptivity becomes Universal Prescriptivism.
		Universal precriptivism 175 diazepam combines these two methods of thinking, combining evaluative 175 diazepam judgments which commit us to think in a very powerful and rational way about ethical and moral issues.
	diazepam.buycheap-valium.us /prescription/175-diazepam.html (835 words)

	Ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Meta-ethical answers to these questions focus on the issues of universal truths, the will of God, the role of reason in ethical judgments, and the meaning of ethical terms themselves.
		The UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights of 1948 and the Global Green Charter of 2001 are two such examples.
		However, as war and the development of weapon technology continues, it seems clear that no non-violent means of dispute resolution is accepted by all.
	erwiki.com /article/Ethics (2567 words)

	Hare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I am willing to acknowledge that if something is right or wrong for one person then it is right or wrong for another person in relevantly similar circumstances, where the circumstances include both one's character and interests and one physical and social situation.
		It is in the endeavour to find lines of conduct which we can prescribe universally in a given situation that we find ourselves bound to give equal weight to the desires of all parties.
		One may acknowledge that s/he is constrained to recognize that his or her moral judgments are applicable to others in like circumstances but, given the fallibility of human judgment, one is reluctant to insist upon this universalization.
	www.philosophy.uncc.edu /mleldrid/SzCMT/hare.html (1310 words)

	CHAPTER XIV
		The preceding observations on the role and status of principles as personal rules of conduct presuppose a critical appreciation of the internal point of view of Confucian ethics as an ethics of virtue that stresses the value of principles in contributing to the cultivation of the virtues of self-discipline and of cooperation.
		or jen in the broad sense, is indeed universal, in that it expresses an ideal of human care and concern for the well-being of all existent things, an ideal of the unity and harmony of humans and all things in the world.
		Although its vision is universal in the sense that it encompasses all things in the universe, its focus on the continuing significance of a living tradition smacks of provincialism or relativism.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series04/IVA-7/chapter_xiv.htm (7865 words)

	Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		And it is largely because they are prescriptions of this sort that they are subject to various consistency constraints, so that accepting one moral judgement carries with it a requirement that one accept other judgements in some respects like it.
		Hare seems to have introduced the term ‘supervenience’ to the philosophical literature (Hare 1952, 145) and he suggested that his own theory, universal prescriptivism, was uniquely placed to explain it.
		Insofar as moral prescriptions were by their nature universal they would prescribe or proscribe any action which was sufficiently similar to the action up for evaluation.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/moral-cognitivism (15420 words)

	Non-Cognitivism in Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Indeed emotivism and prescriptivism are different for two main reasons; for emotivists a normative sentence is basically a sentence which expresses a speaker’s feeling (such as “Gasp!”).
		For Hare overridingness is a feature, not just of evaluative words, properties, or judgments, but of the wider class of judgments which have to have, at least in some minimal sense, reasons or grounds of explanations (Hare, 1989).
		Universal prescriptivism: The logic, which governs moral sentences, is the logic of universal prescriptions.
	www.iep.utm.edu /n/non-cogn.htm (6357 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Freedom and Reason
		The second and third parts expound the beginnings of a theory of moral reasoning grounded in the logic of prescriptivity and universalizability.It is argued that moral judgements are universalizable and prescriptive, and have an element of descriptive meaning.
		The thesis maintained here (universal prescriptivism) retains what is sound in descriptivism (natural and non-natural), improving upon it by revealing the additional, prescriptive element of moral judgement.
		It is argued that the connection between universalizability and descriptive meaning is logically tight: it is impossible to maintain with consistency that moral judgements are descriptive yet not universalizable (descriptivism entails universalizability).
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/philosophy/019881092X/toc.html (473 words)

	Paul Bloomfield - Moral Reality - Reviewed by Peter Simpson, Graduate Center and the College of Staten Island, City ...
		Perhaps Hareâs prescriptivism is intrinsically not as attractive as realism, but anyone who wants to adopt realism needs to have some pretty good answers to Hareâs objections against it.
		Of course Hare went much further and built on this claim his whole anti-realist structure of universal prescriptivism, and here one might well demur.
		Well, maybe such logical puzzles as the universal predicability of good are not as important as Hare and others thought (Bloomfield would at least have the early Rawls on his side on this one).
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1227 (1098 words)

	Peter Singer's ethical theory
		And, Singer also hopes to go beyond R. Hare's linguistic theory of universal prescriptivism, to be able to claim that the ethical life applies to all human beings, not just to those who embrace the moral point of view.
		To accomplish his goals Singer starts by accepting the two level utilitarian position, claiming that such a position is a minimal one that we reach by universalizing self-interested decision-making.
		He then seeks to ground this normative theory in a metaethical argument based on reason understood as cognitive consonance, an a priori structure of human understanding.
	docs.lib.purdue.edu /dissertations/AAI3166618 (359 words)

	Contemporary Ethical Theory - Third Exam
		Discuss the question of the morality of capital punishment from the perspective of a universal prescriptivist.
		Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of universal prescriptivism as an ethical theory.
		Hare believes that he can derive a version of utilitarianism from universal prescriptivism.
	www.uark.edu /campus-resources/rlee/contau03/exam3q.html (3855 words)

	Metaethics Bibliography A-H
		Anderson suggests that the most satisfactory reading is in terms of a notion of relevant implication he goes on to define and explore.
		The argument is backed up by remarks on the epistemology of preferences which is claimed essentially to involve judgements of the relative goodness of their objects.
		Reflection on the structure of moral conflict and weakness show that we should not treat moral principles as universally quantified conditionals since the instantiation of the antecedent does not permit the detachment of the consequent.
	www.lenmanethicsbibliography.group.shef.ac.uk /bib1.htm (15384 words)

	Freedom and Reason
		He remained at Balliol until 1966, when he was elected White's Professor of Moral Philosophy, which necessitated a move to Corpus Christi College.
		In 1983 he retired from his Oxford posts and became Graduate Research Professor at the University of Florida at Gainesville until 1994, travelling regularly between Florida and his home at Ewelme in South Oxfordshire, where he died in 2002....
		Hare is also well known for his defence of a version of utilitarianism that draws upon both act and rule versions, and for his resulting two-level analysis of moral thinking.
	www.ou.edu /cas/psc/bookhare2.htm (922 words)

	Formal Ethics 6 - Universal Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I won't have any questions on Section 6.5 (Universal Prescriptivism), since this gets rather technical.
		The formula of universal law is a generalization of the golden rule; but it also includes ideas from the self-regard and future-regard theorems.
		We might follow GR because we care about others and hence want to treat them in a way that respects their inherent dignity as persons.
	www.jcu.edu /philosophy/Gensler/fe/fe-6--00.htm (446 words)

	Analytic philosophy (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This was at the same time that Heidegger was dominating philosophy in Germany, and becoming influential in France, and his work became the object of frequent derision in English-speaking philosophy departments.
		Members of this school seek to apply the techniques of Analytic philosophy, along with tools of modern Social science such as rational-choice theory to the elucidation of the theories of Karl Marx and his successors.
		The best known member of this school, is Oxford University philosopher G.A. Cohen, whose 1978 work, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence is generally taken as representing the genesis of this school.
	analytic-philosophy.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1958 words)

	bib2
		But this cuts no ice against the Kantian, as Williams is wrong to take it there is a problem here with universal reasons binding on any rational being as such.
		There may or may not be but if there are, there is no problem with their satisfying the internalism requirement.
		For Nagel the detached character of the view we take of ourselves in reflection is such that in valuing myself I thereby accord authority equally to my own reasons and those of others.
	www.lenmanethicsbibliography.group.shef.ac.uk /bib2.htm (8602 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Sorting Out Ethics
		Abstract: This book is divided into three parts: in Part I, R. Hare offers a justification for the use of philosophy of language in the treatment of moral questions, together with an overview of his moral philosophy of ‘universal prescriptivism’.
		Hare argues that all forms of descriptivism tend to lead to Relativism because the truth conditions of moral statements are culturally variant.
		Of the positions discussed, only Hare's own position, a form of Rationalism, which he calls Universal Prescriptivism, meets all of the requirements that an adequate ethical theory should meet.
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/philosophy/0198250320/toc.html (249 words)

	R. M. Hare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Whenever someone asks a friend for a large sum of money, it is wrong for them to refuse the request.
		Now your description must also satisfy the second requirement, that of prescriptivity.
		At first, you might argue that it does not apply to you.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/R._M._Hare (1372 words)

	Prescription - Alprazolam book guest prescription site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Universal precriptivism combines these two alprazolam book guest prescription site methods of thinking, alprazolam book guest prescription site combining evaluative judgments which commit us to making similar judgments about similar cases and precription and condemnation when the judgment is at last alprazolam book guest prescription site made.
		This enables us to think in a very powerful and rational way about ethical and moral issues.
		Adding the weight of the prescribing provider and any other legal requirement to include the age of child on the dispensed medication.
	alprazolam.buycheap-xanax.us /prescription/alprazolam-book-guest-prescription-site.html (620 words)

	Proceedings and Addresses: February 2006 (Volume 79, Issue 4): Abstracts of Colloquium Papers
		Thus, though our universal knowledge of good and evil, or the second kind of knowledge, is vulnerable to being overthrown by the passions, our love of God is not.
		R. Hare developed a much discussed morally irrealist position called “universal prescriptivism.” I argue, however, that Hare’s arguments in favor of universal prescriptivism are unsound.
		I argue that victimized communities can determine whether to forgive their perpetrators on the basis of whether the latter are committed to support the social and political bases of their self-respect and self-esteem.
	www.apa.udel.edu /apa/publications/proceedings/v79n4/public/colqabs.asp (10329 words)

	Review of _Sorting Out Ethics_, by R. M. Hare
		This tack naturally leads Hare into a sketch of the prescriptivity of moral judgments (pp.
		16–17), he sharply distinguishes prescriptivism and emotivism (with which the former is closely linked and sometimes, to its detriment, confused).
		This includes, of course, his own “universal prescriptivism” (p.
	web.ku.edu /~utile/publications/review4.html (1329 words)

	Amazon.com: A Companion to Ethics (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy): Books: Peter Albert David Singer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In this volume, some of today's most distinguished philosophers survey the whole field of ethics, from its origins, through the great ethical traditions, to theories of how we ought to live, arguments about specific ethical issues, and the nature of ethics itself.
		Born in Australia, Singer received his B.A. and M.A. from the University of Melbourne and, in 1971, his B. Phil from University College, Oxford.
		If anything, a better choice of essays would've made this book more useful than it actually is. Indeed, one of the interesting things about the essay on "universal perscriptivism" by R.M. Hare, was that the table of contents actually claims that the article is written by the theory's originator and best spokesman.
	www.amazon.com /Companion-Ethics-Blackwell-Companions-Philosophy/dp/0631187855 (1441 words)

	EconPapers: On Kolm's Use of Epistemic Counterfactuals in Social Choice Theory
		Abstract: Serge Kolm's "epistemic counterfactual principle" says that a social choice only needs to be made from the actual feasible set of alternatives given the actual preference profile, but it must be justified by the choices that would have been made in appropriate counterfactual choice situations.
		This site is part of RePEc and all the data displayed here is part of the RePEc data set.
		Econpapers is hosted by the Department of Business, Economics, Statistics and Informatics at Örebro University.
	econpapers.repec.org /paper/vanwpaper/0518.htm (246 words)

	Cogprints - In Search of an Integrated Logic of Conviction and Intention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Reprinted in: G. Warnock (ed.), The Philosophy of Perception, Oxford University Press, 1967, pp.
		 (1995a): ‘Universal Prescriptivism Revised; or: The Analyticity of the Golden Rule’.
		 (2001): ‘Eine wollenslogische Weiterentwicklung des Universellen Präskriptivismus und die Begründung der Goldenen Regel’ [‘A further development of universal prescriptivism by means of a logic of willing, and a proof of the golden rule’].
	cogprints.org /4756 (1033 words)

	John Locke Bibliography -- Chapter 7, Politics -- 1978
		– University Park, Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.
		Franklin, J. John Locke and the theory of sovereignty : mixed monarchy and the right of resistance in the political thought of the English Revolution / Julian H. Franklin.
		Lessnoff, M. “Justice, social contract and universal prescriptivism” / by M.H. Lessnoff.
	www.libraries.psu.edu /tas/locke/ch7-78.html (1281 words)

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