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	Universality (philosophy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Truth may be said to be universal, as well as rights, for example in natural rights or in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment and its conception of a human nature.
		For instance, the proposition that all dogs are mortal and the proposition that all cows can fly are universal propositions, the former (assumedly) true and the latter false.
		A universal proposition is logically equivalent to the negation of an existential proposition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Universality_(philosophy) (1631 words)

	[No title]
		From the proposition 'it may not be' or 'it is contingent that it should not be' it follows that it is not necessary that it should not be and that it is not impossible that it should not be.
		Now the propositions 'it is impossible that it should be' and 'it is not impossible that it should be' are consequent upon the propositions 'it may be', 'it is contingent', and 'it cannot be', 'it is not contingent', the contradictories upon the contradictories.
		For the proposition 'it is not necessary that it should be' is not the negative of 'it is necessary that it should not be', for both these propositions may be true of the same subject; for when it is necessary that a thing should not be, it is not necessary that it should be.
	graduate.gradsch.uga.edu /archive/Aristotle/interpret.TXT (8152 words)

	PL 120 Symbolic Logic I
		Absorption (Abs.) In propositional logic, absorption is a rule of inference in which a conditional statement is given as a premise; you conclude a conditional statement with the same antecedent, and the consequent is a conjunction of the antecedent and consequent of the given proposition.
		Distribution (Dist.) In propositional logic, distribution is an equivalence falling under the Rule of Replacement that specifies the relationship between a statement conjoined to a disjunction and a conjunction of disjunctions, or a statement conjoined to a disjunction and a disjunction of conjunctions.
		Modus Tollens (M.T.) In propositional logic, modus tollens is a rule of inference in which the first premise is a conditional statement, the second premise is the denial of the consequent of that conditional, and the conclusion is the denial of the antecedent of that conditional.
	cstl-cla.semo.edu /hill/pl120/glossary.htm (10152 words)

	DIPT:- Qaf
		Such a proposition simply affirms or denies a certain relation between subject and predicate as it is to be found in our experience of matters of fact without referring to the necessity or impossibility of that relation, for example the statements: "Ruminants are cloven-footed" and "Horses are not blue".
		the proposition in which, as opposed to al-qadiyat al-dururiyah (q.v.), the predicate or the subject is universally and necessarily in the negative and the affirmative is impossible to be considered like the predication of circularity to triangles.
		universal affirmative (al-mujibat al-kulliyah, q.v.), particular affirmative (al-mujibah al-juz’iyah, q.v.), universal negative (al-salibat al-kulliyah, q.v.) and particular negative (al-salibat al-juz’iyah, q.v.); more particularly it is the only form in which the conclusion is available in the form of a universal affirmative or general proposition which is needed for scientific purposes.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /pd/d-19.htm (4430 words)

	universal information.
		universal compass a compass with legs that may be extended for large circles.
		universal proposition Logic a proposition in which the predicate is affirmed or denied of all members of a class (opp.
		universal suffrage a suffrage extending to all adults with minor exceptions.
	www.uplink.ru /u/universal.html (153 words)

	Sophia on the web: Informal Logic Page ~ Categorical Props + Classes/ Square of Opposition
		For example the proposition that "All humans are mortal" is a categorical proposition, and asserts (roughly) that all members of the class of humans are members of the class of mortals.
		A particular affirmative proposition says that at least one member of the class represented by the subject term S is also a member of the class represented by the predicate term P.
		A particular negative proposition says that at least one member of the class represented by the subject term S is excluded from the whole of the class represented by the predicate term P.
	members.aol.com /moresophia/topic8.html (723 words)

	The Philosophy Resource Center: Mini-Course - Logic
		Since we have mentioned four types of propositions on the basis of quantity or extension (universal, particular, indefinite, and singular) and since what is called the quality of a proposition is twofold (affirmative, negative), it seems that the types of categorical and absolute propositions should number twice four or eight.
		Thus, in the singular proposition "John is ill," the subject John is in full extension, and the proposition is equivalent to a universal proposition, since having the subject in full extension is the definition of a universal proposition.
		And the indefinite propositions, "Man is mortal," "Men are musical" are readily interpreted by the mind to mean, "All men are mortal" (which is a universal proposition) and "Some men are musical" (which is a particular proposition).
	radicalacademy.com /prcminicourselogic3.htm (2125 words)

	Categorical Propositions
		Some S are P. A proposition of this form asserts that there is at least one thing which is a member both of the class designated by the subject term and of the class designated by the predicate term.
		Propositions that appear diagonally across from each other in this diagram (A and O on the one hand and E and I on the other) are contradictories.
		Finally, the universal and particular propositions on either side of the square of opposition (A and I on the one left and E and O on the right) exhibit a relationship known as subalternation.
	www.philosophypages.com /lg/e07a.htm (1504 words)

	FROM THE FINITE TO THE UNIVERSAL
		But the proposition is universal: it refers to all metals, not just this bit or that bit, nor this kind or that kind.
		Of course, if we revert to thinking that the universal propositions are inferred from the evidence, forgetting all that we have said about clues and structures and the way some structures are described, the gap between the finite and the infinite reappears.
		Because the proposition 'All metals expand when heated'; is one of the universal propositions with which we describe a structure, it can be supported by finite evidence.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~tlai/AndOtherEssays/FromFinite.html (4223 words)

	Square of Opposition [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		An A proposition, e.g., "all giraffes have long necks" cannot be true at the same time as the corresponding E proposition: "no giraffes have long necks." Note, however, that corresponding A and E propositions, while contrary, are not contradictory.
		Lastly, two propositions are said to stand in the relation of subalternation when the truth of the first ("the superaltern") implies the truth of the second ("the subaltern"), but not conversely.
		Consequently, the falsity of an I or O proposition implies the falsity of the corresponding A or E proposition, respectively.
	www.iep.utm.edu /s/sqr-opp.htm (691 words)

	SOL Book 3, Chapter 23, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic
		Propositions in the form, Most A are B, are of a very different degree of importance in science, and in the practice of life.
		The proposition, carrying the hypothesis or proviso with it, may then be dealt with no longer as an approximate, but as an universal proposition; and to whatever number of steps the reasoning may reach, the hypothesis, being carried forward to the conclusion, will exactly indicate how far that conclusion is from being applicable universally.
		Secondly: There is a case in which approximate propositions, even without our taking note of the conditions under which they are not true of individual cases, are yet, for the purposes of science, universal ones; namely, in the inquiries which relate to the properties not of individuals, but of multitudes.
	www.la.utexas.edu /vmill/sol/sol.b03.c23.html (2898 words)

	DOLHENTY ARCHIVE: The Opposition of Propositions
		Propositions are said to be logically opposed to each other when they have the same subject and predicate but with a change in quality or quantity or both.
		Beginning with the truth of one of the subaltern propositions (A--I, E--O), the first rule states: The truth of the universal involves the truth of the particular (A to I, E to O); but the truth of the particular does not involve the truth of the universal (I to A, O to E).
		In an affirmative universal (A) proposition, it is asserted that the predicate is affirmed of each and every individual belonging to the subject, as in, for example "All men are mortal." If this is true, then it must be false to deny this statement of some of the individuals.
	www.radicalacademy.com /logicoppofprop.htm (2622 words)

	Ampliative Logic - Finite Evidence and Universal Propositions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		But the proposition is universal: it refers to al metals, not just this bit or that bit, nor this kind or that kind.
		Of course, if we revert to thinking that the universal propositions are infered from the evidence, forgeting al that we have said about clues and structures and the way some structures are described, the gap between the finite and the infinite reappears.
		Because the proposition '‘Al metals expand when heated’ is one of the universal propositions with which we describe a structure, it can be supported by finite evidence.
	www.123helpme.com /view.asp?id=33434 (4531 words)

	International Catholic University: Readings 32.6
		The first class of simple propositions is the simple affirmation, the next, the simple denial; all others are only one by conjunction.
		proposition is a statement, with meaning, as to the presence of something in a subject or its absence, in the present, past, or future, according to the divisions of time.
		proposition is not made as of universal character; for the word 'every' does not make the subject a universal, but rather gives the proposition a universal character.
	home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c032_06.htm (1160 words)

	[No title]
		Given some favored universal property A and a chosen function f, what the argument demands is a property B 'that is a subproperty of A such that a thing x has B if and only if it does not have f(x).' But there is no such property.
		First, a Cantorian argument for the conclusion that no propositions are about all propositions or properties (that no propositions are genuinely universal) will typically involve a diagonal property or proposition; I propose that in every case it will be less unlovely, intuitively speaking, to deny the relevant diagonal premise than to accede in the conclusion.
		And of course that is itself (the necessitation of) a universal proposition.
	www.sunysb.edu /philosophy/faculty/pgrim/exchange.html (14138 words)

	Existential proposition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An existential proposition is one that affirms the existence of a member of a collection that possesses a specified property.
		For instance, the proposition that some dog is mortal and the proposition that there is a pig that can fly are existential propositions, the former true and the latter false.
		Thus, claiming that there is a pig that can fly is equivalent to denying that every pig cannot fly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Existential_proposition (114 words)

	SqofOpp
		is the truth of the universal proposition guarantees the truth of the particular statement.
		only in their degree of generality, the truth of the universal proposition logically implies the truth of the particular proposition.
		That is the falsity of the particular proposition guarantees the falsity of the universal statement.
	webpages.charter.net /Phil106/SqofOpp.html (547 words)

	[No title]
		The predicate term is distributed in > every negative proposition but undistributed in all affirmative > propositions.
		Thus, the subject term is > distributed in all universal propositions but undistributed in every > particular propositions." So my examples above are both universal, in that the class designated by the subject has in each case only one member which is univerally included in the class designated by the predicate.
		I guess my problem is that these are the quality and quantity of the proposition, and you're marking the proposition's terms.
	www.lasatha.org /vald/list/0316.txt (819 words)

	Aristotelian Syllogisms
		The predicate of an affirmative proposition is regarded as having particular quantification, the predicate of a negative proposition, universal.
		The vowels in the names for the moods give the types of propositions in the major premise, the minor premise, and then the conclusion, respectively.
		p: means that the subject and predicate of the preceding proposition should be exchanged, while changing the quantity of the proposition.
	www.friesian.com /aristotl.htm (531 words)

	universal proposition from FOLDOC
		a statement whose propositional quantity is determined by its assertion that all members of one class of things are either included or excluded from membership in some other class.
		Although it is often difficult in practice to establish the truth of universal propositions, those that are accepted have extensive deductive consequences.
		Nearby terms: universal generalization « universal instantiation « universalisability « universal proposition » universal quantifier » universal set »; universals problem of
	lgxserve.ciseca.uniba.it /lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?universal+proposition (91 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Q.E.D.-Quine
		a negative proposition (E or O) states a relation of exclusion between members of the classes designated by its terms.
		The formal system of logic (also known as the predicate calculus) that incorporates the entire propositional calculus and adds a set of quantification rules.
		Logical symbols used in the predicate calculus (or quantification theory) to indicate the extent of the application of a propositional function.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/q.htm (510 words)

	Transparency is a costly proposition - El Universal Online - Miami Herald
		Among the nations of the world that boast a federal agency regulating access to public information, Mexico has the second highest budget.
		Mexico´s federal public information agency (IFAI) has an annual budget of over 215 million pesos, while England spends the equivalent of 226 million pesos.
		The report also criticized the high salaries for IFAI officials as compared to other countries.
	www.eluniversal.com.mx /miami/17813.html (182 words)

	universal - yourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary
		Of, relating to, extending to, or affecting the entire world or all within the world; worldwide:
		Including, relating to, or affecting all members of the class or group under consideration:
		Of or relating to the universe or cosmos; cosmic.
	www.yourdictionary.com /ahd/u/u0087800.html (141 words)

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