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| | History of Formal Education |
 | | The University of Salerno was founded, the Arabs perfected the Astrolabe (used to determine the position of planets); and the Arabian goatherd, Kaldi, discovered coffee. |
 | | In 1150, the University of Paris was founded, the oldest Welsh manuscript is dated, a medical facility was established at Bologna University, and the Arabs manufactured paper in Spain. |
 | | The University College at Oxford was founded in 1249, followed by the establishment of 4 national colleges at Paris University, in 1250. |
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