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Topic: Unmanned spacecraft

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	Unmanned space mission - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unmanned space missions are those using remote-controlled spacecraft.
		Since the early 1970s, most unmanned space missions have been based on space probes with built-in mission computers, and as such may be classified as embedded systems.
		Unmanned space missions may be divided into two classes: artificial satellites, which orbit the Earth, and space probes, which leave Earth's orbit to explore other worlds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unmanned_spacecraft (252 words)

	spacecraft -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Unmanned spacecraft are called satellites when they operate in Earth orbit and space probes when launched on a trajectory away from the Earth toward other bodies or into deep space.
		Spacecraft is a general term that includes sounding rockets, unmanned artificial satellites and space probes, space stations, and vehicles for carrying humans to and from space.
		With the exceptions of the sounding rocket and the space shuttle, spacecraft are considered separately from the rocket-powered vehicle that launches the spacecraft into orbit or boosts it away...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9068971 (744 words)

	Sandia Labs Internet Science Adventure
		A spacecraft in orbit has been said to be in a state of weightlessness -- but the preferred term today is microgravity.
		A spacecraft on a long voyage between planets is actually in orbit around the sun, where its forward velocity counters the Sun's gravity in the same manner that a satellite orbits the Earth.
		Spacecraft or other payloads that must operate at higher altitudes have rocket motors attached.
	www.sandia.gov /ciim/ISA/1hsf_gn.html (523 words)

	Galileo Spacecraft Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the planet Jupiter and its moons.
		The spacecraft was controlled by a RCA 1802 Cosmac microprocessor CPU, clocked at about 1.6 MHz, and fabricated on sapphire (Silicon on Sapphire) which is a radiation- and static-hardened version, ideal for spacecraft operation.
		The sixteen instruments, weighing 118 kg altogether, included magnetometer sensors, mounted on an 11 m boom to minimize interference from the spacecraft; a plasma instrument detecting low energy charged particles and a plasma wave detector to study waves generated by the particles; a high energy particle detector; and a detector of cosmic and Jovian dust.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Galileo_spacecraft (4545 words)

	SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PAYLOADS
		Spacecraft data may be transmitted directly to the ground when the spacecraft is in the orbiter payload bay with the payload bay doors open or during IUS and spacecraft free flight.
		Verification that the spacecraft is on IUS internal power and that all IUS and spacecraft predeployment operations have been successfully completed will be ascertained by evaluating data contained in the IUS and spacecraft telemetry.
		The IUS and spacecraft are deployed in the shadow of the orbiter or in Earth eclipse.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/carriers.html (4802 words)

	Part2-intro
		Manned spacecraft usually carry large auxiliary power units based on fuel cell technology, as power requirements for life support, experiments, and computers are high.
		Spacecraft in earth orbit are often dependent on solar cell arrays, which are by nature low-power generators.
		Of the two types of unmanned spacecraft, one is designed for earth orbit operations and the other flies to the moon, planets, or deep space.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /pao/History/computers/Part2-intro.html (553 words)

	Unmanned space mission -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Some missions are more suitable for unmanned missions rather than (Click link for more info and facts about manned space mission) manned space missions, due to lower cost and lower risk factors.
		Since the early 1970s, most unmanned space missions have been based on space probes with built-in mission computers, and as such may be classified as (Click link for more info and facts about embedded system) embedded systems.
		ESA has, however, launched various spacecraft to carry out astronomy, and is a collaborator with NASA on the (Click link for more info and facts about Hubble Space Telescope) Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/un/unmanned_space_mission.htm (1713 words)

	Spacecraft exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Venus was the first planet to be observed by a passing spacecraft.
		The unmanned U.S. spacecraft Mariner 2 passed within 21,600 miles (34,760 kilometers) of Venus on Dec. 14, 1962, after traveling through space for more than 3 1/2 months.
		On Oct. 22, 1975, the unmanned Soviet spacecraft Venera 9 landed on Venus and provided the first close-up photograph on the planet's surface.
	www.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/spacecraft.html (507 words)

	China Launches 4th Unmanned Spacecraft
		Zhao Jun, commander and chief designer of the landing system, said a number of land and marine emergency rescue zones had been set up, and rescue workers had conducted some trial rescue operations in line with requirements set for manned flights.
		The orbiting spacecraft is expected to return to Earth after completing its preset experiments in space during an unspecified period.
		China launched the "Shenzhou I", "Shenzhou II" and "Shenzhou III" spacecraft in November 1999, January 2001 and March 2002 respectively.
	www.rense.com /general33/4th.htm (203 words)

	China Launches Second Unmanned Spacecraft
		Compared with its predecessor, the new spacecraft has been improved in structure and technological qualities, whose functions are basically identical to a manned space aircraft.
		The spacecraft was developed and manufactured mainly by the Chinese Research Institute of Space Technology under the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, and Shanghai Research Institute of Astronomical Technology.
		With the successful launch of the unmanned spacecraft "Shenzhou II" early Wednesday morning, a control center in Beijing plays the role of headquarters to monitor and control the flight.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/china/2001/prc-010110.htm (774 words)

	China ready for second unmanned spacecraft launch
		HONG KONG (AP) -- China is nearly ready for an unmanned test of its second spacecraft designed to carry astronauts, a government-backed newspaper reported Monday.
		The new spacecraft is designed to carry three astronauts and is far more technologically advanced than Shenzhou, the first Chinese spacecraft made for manned space missions, the Chinese-language daily said.
		Advances in wiring makes the spacecraft nearly 220 pounds lighter than its predecessor and less vulnerable to damage because the wires are not exposed, said the Hong Kong-based Wen Wei Po, quoting unidentified Chinese aerospace officials.
	www.chron.com /cgi-bin/auth/story.mpl/content/interactive/space/news/2000/20000703a.html (217 words)

	Curious About Astronomy: When unmanned spacecraft accelerate in space, what causes them to slow down?
		The speeds of spacecraft are affected most strongly by the gravity of the planets and the Sun.
		Once the spacecraft is free of the Earth's gravity, you have to give it enough speed to get it out to Jupiter.
		Spacecraft in special situations can also be slowed down (or sped up or turned) by other effects, such as light pressure from the Sun, by drag from an atmosphere if they're close to a planet.
	curious.astro.cornell.edu /question.php?number=212 (356 words)

	National Park Service: Man in Space (Unmanned Spacecraft Test Facilities)
		The Spacecraft Magnetic Test facility is the only facility in NASA's inventory that makes it possible to determine and to minimize the magnetic movement of even the largest unmanned spacecraft and observatories and thereby reduce unwanted torques due to the interaction of magnetic movement with magnetic vector.
		Without the use of the Spacecraft Magnetic Test facility and information it provides in the testing of large satellites, the United States would be unable to successfully orbit and maintain the large variety of satellites that have provided information on weather, communications, earth resources and many other fields.
		The Spacecraft Magnetic Test facility is unique and is not replicated anywhere else in the United States.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky4/space19.htm (581 words)

	World: China launches first unmanned spacecraft successfully
		The Chinese-made spacecraft Shenzhou was launched early Saturday at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China's Gansu province.
		Xinhua announced more unmanned flights were expected before China sends up a craft carrying astronauts _ or ``taikonauts'' as they are known here, from the Chinese word for space.
		The Chinese-made craft was a standard spacecraft similar to what the Americans and Russians built in the 1960s, said James Oberg, a 22-year veteran of the U.S. space shuttle program now working as an independent consultant.
	www.seacoastonline.com /1999news/11_21_w2.htm (523 words)

	Spacecraft may carry earthly germs to other planets
		Decontamination requirements aren't as stringent for unmanned spacecraft that orbit earth or other planets, or for manned missions that won't be landing anywhere, such as the International Space Station.
		The amount of surviving bacteria was surprising, he said, adding that NASA was working on technology to further reduce what he called the "biological burden" inside a spacecraft.
		Until NASA can further decontaminate spacecraft, manned landings on other planets will be ruled out, he said.
	www.danhosp.org /HealthNews/reuters/NewsStory0520200333.htm (369 words)

	China launches fourth unmanned spacecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The official Xinhua news agency said the spacecraft was sent into a preset orbit by a "Long MarchII F" carrier rocket, which blasted off at 00:40 am (1640 GMT Sunday).
		Gu Yidong, commander and chief designer of the space application system, said a number of scientific experiments would be conducted while the spacecraft remained in space, including some involving the astronaut flight system, control of the spacecraft environment and life support sub-system.
		Compared with the previous three unmanned space capsules launched between 1999 and March this year, Shenzhou IV "represents China's most sophisticated and fullest preparations to finalizing its goal of manned space flights," official media quoted Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. president Zhang Qingwei as saying last month.
	www.spacedaily.com /2002/021229180858.528yjdcc.html (298 words)

	ipedia.com: Unmanned space mission Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Unmanned missions are often more effective in carrying...
		Unmanned missions are often more effective in carrying out scientific and observational missions than manned space missions, due to lower cost and lower risk factors.
		The majority American unmanned missions have been coordinated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and European missions by ESOC, part of ESA (the European Space Agency).
	www.ipedia.com /unmanned_space_mission.html (463 words)

	Stardust Equations
		According to the critics, with the spacecraft moving so fast (42,000 miles per hour), the 720 mile separation from the atmosphere is far too small, and a tiny error in computing the orbit or a sudden malfunction on the spacecraft could send it hurting toward Earth, with catastrophic consequences.
		Provided the spacecraft is traveling through space in the same direction as the planet (say, counterclockwise around the sun), the spacecraft will emerge from the gravity assist maneuver moving faster than before.
		In the case where one of the three bodies is a tiny spacecraft and the other two are large planets, the planets' gravitational forces will dominate that of the spacecraft, of course, and hence the movement of the spacecraft relative to the two planets can be very unstable.
	www.maa.org /devlin/devlin_2_99.html (5158 words)

	Russia's unmanned missions to Venus
		3MV-4 #4 spacecraft was officially announced as Venera-2, 3MV-3 #1 as Venera-3.
		The Venera spacecraft with the radar antenna during pre-launch assembly.
		The payload of the atmospheric baloon deployed by Vega spacecraft during the descent can seen on the right.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /spacecraft_planetary_venus.html (107 words)

	Second unmanned Chinese spacecraft returns to Earth
		BEIJING (AP) -- An unmanned Chinese spacecraft landed in the nation's northern grasslands late Tuesday after a week in which it orbited the earth 108 times, state television reported.
		Previous reports by the official Xinhua News Agency said the spacecraft was conducting experiments in physics, voice transmission, astronomy and the environment of space.
		Chinese scientists quoted by state media have said three or four more unmanned test flights will be needed.
	www.chron.com /cgi-bin/auth/story.mpl/content/interactive/space/news/2001/20010116.html (265 words)

	Unmanned Spacecraft Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The following table is a list of all unmanned spacecraft to explore beyond Earth orbit (along with the first few Soviet and American spacecraft to go into orbit).
		Many of the spacecraft are hyperlinked to individual pages which go into detail about their missions.
		The ACE spacecraft is sampling low-energy particles of solar origin and high-energy galactic particles.
	www.ugcs.caltech.edu /~marcsulf/unmanned.html (1342 words)

	News & Views - China to Launch Third Unmanned Spacecraft Soon (7/23/2001) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		China is to launch its third unmanned spaceship soon to pave the way for sending the first Chinese astronaut into space next year, it was reported Monday.
		A manned space flight could happen as early as the latter half of next year, depending on the successful unmanned test flights of Shenzhou III and Shenzhou IV.
		Shenzhou IV is expected to be launched before the end of this year, the report said.
	www.chinahouston.org /news/2001723070640.html (183 words)

	NASA - NASA spacecraft moves one step closer to fall launch - Marshall Center Space News Release 04-243 (09-30-04)
		A demonstration of unmanned spacecraft rendezvous in space — something that has never been done in the history of U.S. spaceflight — is planned later this month.
		The tests were performed using mock-ups of the DART spacecraft and target satellite, demonstrating successful proximity operations with video guidance sensors for target location.
		A number of maneuvers were demonstrated in the simulated ground tests, including a collision avoidance maneuver, horizontal approaches toward the target satellite, transition to docking guidance, and docking-hold maneuvers to within five meters of the target.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2004/04-243.html (661 words)

	ABC News: Russian Sub Launches Solar Sail Spacecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A Volna booster rocket launched the unmanned spacecraft from a submerged Russian submarine in the northern Barents Sea at 11:46 p.m.
		The spacecraft was not detected by another station in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific.
		Solar sails are seen as a means for achieving interstellar flight by using the gentle push from the continuous stream of light particles known as photons.
	abcnews.go.com /Technology/wireStory?id=869248 (442 words)

	Open Directory - Science:Technology:Space:Missions:Unmanned:Asteroids and Comets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Unmanned spacecraft sent primarily to observe asteroids and comets.
		The main spacecraft will fly by the nucleus of Tempel 1, while an impactor, released from the main spacecraft about 24 hours prior, will impact the comet nucleus at about 10 kilometers per second.
		NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Shoemaker spacecraft was launched in 1996 and conducted the first long-term, close-up study of an asteroid (Asteroid 433 Eros).
	dmoz.org /Science/Technology/Space/Missions/Unmanned/Asteroids_and_Comets/desc.html (213 words)

	China space shot has military implications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Data recorded by the unmanned spacecraft during its 21-hour flight is to be analyzed by scientists in Beijing before further test flights.
		Xinhua said the dome-shaped Shenzhou spacecraft, modeled after the Russian Soyuz capsule, orbited Earth 14 times and touched down safely in the Chinese province of Inner Mongolia, 21 hours after launch.
		The same low-power propulsion technology used to adjust a spacecraft’s orbit could also be used to alter the path of offensive missiles, helping them evade proposed U.S. anti-missile defense systems, military expert Song Yichang told the state-run China Business Times.
	www.msnbc.com /news/211770.asp (1106 words)

	SPACE.com -- Report: Unmanned Chinese Spacecraft Returns to Earth
		China launches its fourth unmanned spaceship, Shenzhou IV, Monday morning, Dec. 30, 2002, at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China's Gansu Province.
		BEIJING (AP) _ An unmanned Chinese space capsule landed Sunday after orbiting the Earth for a week in what officials said was a step toward a manned flight later this year, state media reported
		BEIJING (AP) -- An unmanned Chinese space capsule landed Sunday after orbiting the Earth for a week in what officials said was a step toward a manned flight later this year, state media reported.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/shenzhou_return_030105.html (742 words)

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