Unrestricted grammar

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Topic: Unrestricted grammar

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	A Hierarchy of Formal Languages and Automata
		Context-sensitive grammars are similar to unrestricted grammars yet have one additional constraint.
		Unrestricted grammars, also called Type 0 grammars, represent the most powerful and vast of the sets of grammars.
		This tells us that there is only one restriction on the form that productions of unrestricted grammars can take: the left side of the production cannot be l.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~paulac/theory (1253 words)

	The Natural Language Processing Dictionary
		The process is similar with context-sensitive grammarsand unrestricted grammars, except that instead of picking a non-terminal X in the current string, we find a substring of the current string that matches the left-hand side of some context-sensitive or unrestricted grammar rule, and replace it with the right-hand side of that grammar rule.
		The process is as follows with context free grammars: pick a non-terminal X in the current string (or sentential form) and a grammar rule whose left-hand side is that non-terminal X. Replace X in the current string by the right-hand side of the grammar rule, to obtain a new current string.
		A grammar is a formalism for describing the syntax of a language.
	www.cse.unsw.edu.au /~billw/nlpdict.html (13953 words)

	grammar
		To operate an unrestricted generative grammar, you have to recognise patterns in the grammar in order to decide which generative rule to apply at each iteration.
		To the extent that an analytic grammar is the mirror image of a generative grammar, anything that can be said or proved about generative grammars should have a direct equivalent that can be applied to analytic grammars.
		So the received wisdom is that to think about language, you think in terms of regular grammars for low-level lexical analysis, with context-free grammars as a basis for the construction of parsers, where the object of parsing is to produce a tree structure.
	languagemachine.sourceforge.net /grammar.html (761 words)

	Definitions of Computable
		An Unrestricted grammar G = (V, T, P, S) has a finite set of Variables, a finite set of Terminals, a finite set of Productions and a Starting or goal Variable.
		This is a mathematically unprovable belief that a reasonable intuitive definition of "computable" is equivalent to the list provably equivalent formal models of computation: Turing machines Lambda Calculus Post Formal Systems Partial Recursive Functions Unrestricted Grammars Recursively Enumerable Languages and intuitively what is computable by a computer program written in any reasonable programming language.
		This is somewhat similar to formal grammars yet is has an easier conversion to Turing machines and uses the concept of axioms.
	www.csee.umbc.edu /~squire/reference/computable.shtml (761 words)

	Stochastic Dependency Grammars for Natural Language Parsing
		The language technology perspective: How can stochastic dependency grammars be used in practical parsing systems for natural language, in particular in parsing unrestricted Swedish text.
		Deterministic dependency parsing of unrestricted English text: The project consists in evaluating a family of deterministic parsing algorithms by parsing the Wall Street Journal section of the Penn Treebank.
		The third step is to apply the parsing algorithms to the converted treebank using the English grammar and evaluate the results in relation to previously published results for English dependency parsing.
	www.msi.vxu.se /~nivre/research/sdg.html (761 words)

	Publications of Fred Karlsson 1969-2006
		Voutilainen, J. Heikkilä and A. Anttila, Constraint Grammar: A Language-Independent Framework for Parsing Unrestricted Text.
		Constraint Grammar: A Language-Independent Framework for Parsing Unrestricted Text.
		[Finnish Grammar translated into Chinese by Paulos Huang].
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /~fkarlsso/publfk2.html (1757 words)

	Information and Control -- 1975
		On the syntactic structures of unrestricted grammars I. generative grammars and phrase structure grammars.
		On the syntactic structures of unrestricted grammars II.
		The characterization by automata of certain classes of languages in the context sensititve area.
	theory.lcs.mit.edu /~iandc/ic75.html (340 words)

	UNRESTRICTED - Definition
		[adj] (grammar) not restricted or modified in meaning; "unrestricted verbs are usually stronger than those qualified by adverbs"
		[adj] free of restrictions on conduct; "I had unrestricted access"
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/unrestricted (47 words)

	Dotted Grammars - Generalized Deterministic Parsing
		Dotted grammars trivially modify (and restrict) unrestricted phrase structure grammars in such a way that both properties metioned above are met, while preserving the ability to generate non context free languages.
		These grammars can be shown to be equal in expressive prower with Turing machines and as such are said to generate the set of recursively enumerable languages.
		Regular grammars are known to many as "regular expressions".
	www.gits.nl /grammar.html (1091 words)

	Learn more about Computability theory in the online encyclopedia.
		If the memory is an infinite tape, then it has the full power of a Turing machine, and can accept exactly those languages that are generated by unrestricted grammars.
		The languages that are accepted by a Turing machine are exactly those that are generated by formal grammars.
		If it is given no additional memory at all then it can accept exactly those languages generated by regular grammars.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/co/computability_theory.html (840 words)

	Grammars and Parsing
		Unrestricted grammars are not widely used: their extreme power makes them difficult to use.
		The four types of grammar differ in the type of rewriting rule α → β that is allowed.
		Regular grammar rules are not powerful enough to conveniently describe natural languages (or even programming languages).
	www.cse.unsw.edu.au /~billw/cs9414/notes/nlp/grampars-2005.html (2103 words)

	TMs can be made into "language recognition machines":
		To Type 3 grammars, there corresponds the notion of "a finite state automata"…sometimes called Markov machines (which is a particular way of conceptualizing them).
		It was proved in the 1970 time frame that the Chomskean transformational grammars of the time could generate any RE set of strings, and therefore were equivalent to TMs.
		Therefore there is a sense in which the Type 0 grammars are "stronger" than the Type 1 grammars, which are "stronger" than the Type 2 grammars, which in turn are "stronger" than the Type 3 grammars.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~jeffp/phil417/FormalSystems3.html (2103 words)

	The Ba Construction Part I
		Lexical-Functional Grammar, henceforth LFG, and the Lexical Mapping theory articulated within it, advance the general principles and constraints needed for the mapping between semantic structure and the structure of thematic roles and the linking of thematic roles and grammatical functions respectively.
		Semantically unrestricted functions may be paired with any of the arguments, for example, the subject or the object function can be paired with either an agent, a theme, or a goal.
		While grammatical functions are on the syntactic end in the function-argument association, the lexical predicate arguments are on the semantic end.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~whu/China/baziju1.htm (4213 words)

	Questions about Semantics. Lambda the Ultimate
		Of course, this also means unrestricted two level grammars are too powerful, but there are more tractable variations(which is what I'm trying to study).
		Two level grammars caught my attention since they can very elegantly deal with context in languages(which as I near as I understand captures of a lot of "semantic" information), and show the promise of being tractable for both formal proofs and for the automatic construction of tools such as compilers(like Paul was mentioning).
		In that respect, I suppose it would be near to impossible to use van Wijngaarden grammars to define a language from concrete syntax upto peephole optimizations on the generated code.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/265 (4213 words)

	Grammar - Lmwiki
		It also turns out that it is much easier to think about language from the standpoint of an analytic grammar, and that there is a diagram, the lm-diagram that shows exactly what happens when you apply unrestricted rewriting rules to the symbols in an input stream.
		Chomsky saw the grammar as generating the sentences of the language: the language was defined as the possibly infinite set of sentences that could be generated by applying the rules to the preferred symbol at first, and then to patterns generated by preceding rule applications.
		As class 3 grammars are not really useful for anything more extensive than lexical analysis, this left the context-free grammars in class 2.
	languagemachine.sourceforge.net /lmwiki/index.php/Special:Randompage (4213 words)

	Mathenomicon.net : Reference : phrase structure grammar
		Also: semi-Thue grammar, type 0 grammar, unrestricted grammar.
		The languages defined by phrase-structure grammars are precisely the recursively enumerable languages.
	www.cenius.net /refer/display.php?ArticleID=phrasestructuregrammar (4213 words)

	Dotted Grammars - Generalized Deterministic Parsing
		Dotted grammars trivially modify (and restrict) unrestricted phrase structure grammars in such a way that both properties metioned above are met, while preserving the ability to generate non context free languages.
		These grammars can be shown to be equal in expressive prower with Turing machines and as such are said to generate the set of recursively enumerable languages.
		This example considers a way to define a grammar for the language containing strings of an equal number of a's, b's and c's in that order.
	www.gittens.nl /grammar.html (1053 words)

	Mathenomicon.net : Reference : phrase structure grammar
		Also: semi-Thue grammar, type 0 grammar, unrestricted grammar.
		The languages defined by phrase-structure grammars are precisely the recursively enumerable languages.
	www.cenius.net /refer/display.php?ArticleID=phrasestructuregrammar (1053 words)

	DSpace at Waseda University: Item 2065/569
		Scaling wide-coverage, constraint-based grammars such as Lexical-Functional Grammars (LFG) (Kaplan and Bresnan, 1982; Bresnan, 2001) or Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammars (HPSG) (Pollard and Sag, 1994) from fragments to naturally occurring unrestricted text is knowledge-intensive, time-consuming and (often prohibitively) expensive.
		A number of researchers have recently presented methods to automatically acquire wide-coverage, probabilistic constraint-based grammatical resources from treebanks (Cahill et al., 2002, Cahill et al., 2003; Cahill et al., 2004; Miyao et al., 2003; Miyao et al., 2004; Hockenmaier and Steedman, 2002; Hockenmaier, 2003), addressing the knowledge acquisition bottleneck in constraint-based grammar development.
		In this paper we report on an experiment to induce wide-coverage, probabilistic LFG grammatical and lexical resources for Chinese from the Penn Chinese Treebank (CTB) (Xue et al., 2002) based on an...
	hdl.handle.net /2065/569 (168 words)

	foundations-syllabus.txt
		Types 0 to 3 languages and left-linear grammars, context-free grammars, context-sensitive grammars, and unrestricted grammars.
		The relationship between context-free grammars and (nondeterministic) pushdown automata.
		Characterization: regular expressions, regular grammars, and deterministic and nondeterministic finite automata.
	www.cs.uml.edu /~stu/grad/syllabi/foundations-syllabus.txt (227 words)

	Ea-Em
		A compiler compiler that uses the Extended Affix Grammar (EAG) formalism which describes both the context free and context sensitive syntax of language.
		The full source code is freely available for unrestricted use, and a very complete manual is available.
		The Exploiting Lazy Evaluation for the Grammar Attributes of Non-Terminals is a programming language that started out as a compiler generator based on attributed grammars.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/linuxlist/linuxlist/node15.html (227 words)

	The Natural Language Processing Dictionary
		The process is similar with context-sensitive grammarsand unrestricted grammars, except that instead of picking a non-terminal X in the current string, we find a substring of the current string that matches the left-hand side of some context-sensitive or unrestricted grammar rule, and replace it with the right-hand side of that grammar rule.
		The process is as follows with context free grammars: pick a non-terminal X in the current string (or sentential form) and a grammar rule whose left-hand side is that non-terminal X. Replace X in the current string by the right-hand side of the grammar rule, to obtain a new current string.
		The language generated by a grammar is the set of all sentences that can be derived from the start symbol S of the grammar using the grammar rules.
	www.cse.unsw.edu.au /~billw/nlpdict.html (13953 words)

	The Natural Language Processing Dictionary
		The process is similar with context-sensitive grammarsand unrestricted grammars, except that instead of picking a non-terminal X in the current string, we find a substring of the current string that matches the left-hand side of some context-sensitive or unrestricted grammar rule, and replace it with the right-hand side of that grammar rule.
		The process is as follows with context free grammars: pick a non-terminal X in the current string (or sentential form) and a grammar rule whose left-hand side is that non-terminal X. Replace X in the current string by the right-hand side of the grammar rule, to obtain a new current string.
		The language generated by a grammar is the set of all sentences that can be derived from the start symbol S of the grammar using the grammar rules.
	www.cse.unsw.edu.au /~billw/nlpdict.html (13953 words)

	Three studies of grammar-based surface parsing of unrestricted English text
		Morphological disambiguation documents a grammar for morphological (or part-of-speech) disambiguation of English, done within the Constraint Grammar framework proposed by Fred Karlsson.
		The reductionistic grammar-based style of analysis at a structurally motivated level of description is found to be viable.
		The negative criticisms mainly concern the sequentiality/modularity of the framework and the relative unexpressiveness of the parsing scheme used in the English Constraint Grammar description.
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /~avoutila/cg/doc/phd/phd.html (556 words)

	Citations: The Core Language Engine - Alshawi (ResearchIndex)
		Examples of unrestricted language can be found in such places as requirement documents, newspaper reports, or software manuals.
		For example, the NLP system will need, if it is to process naturally occurring language successfully, a grammar capable of generating all of the grammatical sentences that the system is expected to deal with.
		That is, there has been little work in developing systems capable of dealing with unrestricted, naturally occurring language.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/18576/0 (556 words)

	The Natural Language Processing Dictionary
		The process is similar with context-sensitive grammars and unrestricted grammars, except that instead of picking a non-terminal X in the current string, we find a substring of the current string that matches the left-hand side of some context-sensitive or unrestricted grammar rule, and replace it with the right-hand side of that grammar rule.
		is used to separated the type from the list of found constituents, and a dot is used to separate the list of found constituents from the list of types of constituents not yet found.
		The term trigram is used in statistical NLP in connection with the conditional probability that a word will belong to L3 given that the preceding words were in L1 and L2.
	www.cse.unsw.edu.au /~billw/nlpdict.html (556 words)

	Eckhard Bick: Portuguese Linguistics
		For an introduction to Constraint Grammar see "Fred Karlsson et.al., Constraint Grammar: a language-independent system for parsing unrestricted text, Berlin 1995".
		The system uses a morphological tagger based on a lexicon of 50.000 base forms (lexicographically described in my M.A. thesis) and Constraint Grammar based rules for morphological and syntactical disambiguation (to be described in my Ph.D. thesis).
		However, it takes a few seconds to start the programs, and the internet mechanisms can take some time, too.
	visl.hum.ou.dk /Linguistics.html (556 words)

	Sussex NLCL: Parsing
		Carroll uses a shallow unification-based `phrasal' grammar with high coverage of unrestricted text to parse large amounts of material, returning analyses in the form of grammatical relations (such as `subject', `clausal complement') between heads and dependents.
		Weir's team have developed a large-scale lexicalised tree grammar of English and have investigated the various ways in which frequency information derived from corpora can be integrated into the grammar for use in disambiguation.
		Robust, accurate parsing would be of great benefit for many language processing tasks.
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /lab/nlp/parsing.html (556 words)

	27.txt
		Context-sensitive language is constructed from context-sensitive grammar and is implemented on linear-bounded automaton machines while recursively enumerable language is constructed from unrestricted grammar and is implemented on Turing machines.
		Context-free language is constructed from context-free grammar and is implemented on nondeterministic pushdown automaton machines.
		Whereas with finite state machines the transition from one state to the next generates some sort of output this is not the case with finite state automaton.
	jewel.morgan.edu /~ltyson/281/27.txt (409 words)

	Proxem
		This is a preliminary report on a system for word sense disambiguation (WSD) for unrestricted vocabulary, which requires no training on tagged text.
		The “disambiguating power” of the system comes from three sources: (A) Parsing by English Slot Grammar (ESG), (B) the WordNet relation system, and (C) the WordNet sense frequency data.
		OpenCCG, the OpenNLP CCG Library, is an open source natural language processing library written in Java, which provides parsing and realization services based on Mark Steedman's Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) formalism.
	www.proxem.com (409 words)

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In the News (Fri 25 Dec 09)