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Topic: Unrestricted submarine warfare

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	::Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The use of unrestricted submarine warfare was announced by Germany on January 9th, 1917.
		The use of unrestricted submarine warfare was to have a major impact on World War One as it was one of the main reasons why America joined the war.
		Unrestricted submarine warfare was a result of desperation and the belief that the ferocity of such a tactic might just keep America out of the war if the results were spectacular and shocking enough.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /unrestricted_submarine_warfare.htm (1971 words)

	Unrestricted submarine warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships without warning.
		During the post war Nuremberg Trials, in evidence presented at the trial of Karl Dönitz on his orders to the U-boat fleet to breach the London Rules, Admiral Chester Nimitz stated that unrestricted submarine warfare was carried on in the Pacific Ocean by the United States from the first day that nation entered the war.
		It is indicative that despite the rules being used in the indictment of Dönitz, and although he was found guilty of breaching the 1936 Naval Protocol, his sentence was not assessed on the ground of his breaches of the international law of submarine warfare at the Nuremberg Trials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare (531 words)

	The Avalon Project : Judgment : Doenitz
		Submarine warfare which began immediately upon the outbreak of war, was fully co-ordinated with the other branches of the Wehrmacht.
		Doenitz is charged with waging unrestricted submarine warfare contrary to the Naval Protocol of 1936 to which Germany acceded, and which reaffirmed the rules of submarine warfare laid down in the London Naval Agreement of 1930.
		He testified that when the war began, the guide to submarine warfare was the German Prize Ordinance taken almost literally from the Protocol, that pursuant to the German view, he ordered submarines to attack all merchant ships in convoy, and all that refused to stop or used their radio upon sighting a submarine.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/juddoeni.htm (1813 words)

	World War II US Submarine warfare operations in the Pacific 1941 1945
		The United States, by calling for unrestricted submarine warfare, officially renounced article 22 of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 which formally spelled out the guidelines and procedures that a submarine was required to follow when attacking an enemy non combatant vessel.
		To be in compliance with the agreement, the submarine would have to leave the relative safety of the ocean's depths by surfacing, rendering her highly vulnerable to an air attack or a counterattack by the an enemy warship.
		Historians have stated that a major factor contributing to Japan's surrender was this island nation's recognition of the fact that she was unable to sustain the war effort due to the severe shortages of raw materials and basic essentials.
	www.valoratsea.com /subwar.htm (4107 words)

	SUBMARINE WARFARE IN THE PACIFIC
		But, a submarine is a very small ship and every available inch of space is used for machinery, stores, pipe lines, etc. When fifty-eight extra people are thrown in with the normal complement of eighty men, it makes for a pretty crowded ship.
		To serve in this operation, the submarine Apogon, Searaven, Sunfish, and Skipjack were placed in the arc of a circle with a thirty mile radius from Mt. Tapotchau, Saipan, on bearings from that peak of 312, 291, 270, and 250 degrees.
		Submarines performed special missions and supported the fleet, but their main task remained to search out and destroy the enemy fleet and their shipping.
	www.subvetpaul.com /SAGA_2_00.htm (2161 words)

	Submarine History 1914-1945: A Timeline of Development
		However, if the submarine came to the surface to give fair warning, she herself became vulnerable to attack (by ramming, by concealed guns, by warships rushing to the rescue).
		Submarines themselves employed more natural schemes of camouflage, typically to blend in with operating conditions: white for arctic waters, different shades of gray for different parts of the world.
		Submarine pioneer Admiral Chester Nimitz assumed command of the U. Pacific Fleet on December 31, 1941 — on board the only available undamaged warship, the submarine "Grayling." The aircraft carriers were at sea.
	www.submarine-history.com /NOVAthree.htm (5062 words)

	[1.0] The First Battle Of The Atlantic
		[1.4] U-BOATS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN / THE MERCANTILE SUBMARINES
		In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare" as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes (47,900 tons) of shipping had been sunk by U-boats.
		A large blue-ocean minelaying submarine, the type "UE", was built as well, evolving through two classes of increasing size; as were coastal patrol submarines, the type "UB", with three classes; and small minelayers derived from the UB, the type "UC", also with three classes.
	www.vectorsite.net /twsub2_1.html (9168 words)

	Submarine Force History (Full Version)
		This 64-ton submarine, commissioned as USS Holland, or SS-1, on 12 October of the same year, was equipped with an Otto-type gasoline engine for surface running and electric motors for submerged operations.
		Submarines of the E, H, K, L, M, N, O, and R classes ranged in displacement from 287 to 510 tons, with the fastest boats displaying a top surface speed of barely 14 knots on diesel power.
		While the German commercial warfare strategy and independent patrol tactics had great effect on the war effort of the Entente and its allies, incidents like the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania painted this style of warfare with a dark brush, suggesting immorality when submersibles operated without restriction.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/history/fullhist.html (2396 words)

	American submarine torpedoes in World War II
		With the older, straight-running torpedoes, it had been necessary to aim the submarine at the target—or, really, at where the target would be by the time the torpedo reached it.
		When the war started, the submarine force was immediately sent into action, with the order to wage "unrestricted submarine warfare" against Japan.
		The Mark-27 was a submarine version of the air-dropped Mark-24 "Fido" anti-submarine torpedo—referred to as a "mine" for security reasons—adapted for use against surface ships.
	www.fleetsubmarine.com /torpedoes.html (2532 words)

	WWI
		They believed that the submarine was only a plaything, something for the younger officers to sharpen their teeth on, but otherwise diverting time and money from other more useful and dependable branches of the service.
		Nevertheless, U.S. submarines contributed to the war effort performing and carrying out a variety of special operations for which 58 submarine officers and 3 enlisted men would be awarded the Navy Cross for meritorious action beyond the call of duty involving great risk.
		These eight submarines of the O-class, however, arrived to late to the war zone. This division of submarines, with the submarine tender SAVANNAH, had left Newport, Rhode Island, on 2 November 1918, and before reaching the Azores, the Armistice was signed.
	www.submarinehistory.com /WWI.html (847 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Armory: U-boats
		On 4-Feb-1915 the Germans began their first campaign of submarine warfare aimed at allied and neutral merchant vessels in the waters surrounding the UK.
		Among these means is unrestricted submarine warfare which must cut off food supplies to Britain without consid- eration for the trade, etc., of neutrals.
		The Imperial Chancellor's and the Foreign Office's apprehensions that by waging ruthless submarine warfare we would cause America, the Nordic States and also Rumania to declare war against us and their belief that this must be avoided still provide opposition to the plans of the Navy.
	www.worldwar1.com /arm012.htm (2203 words)

	Sub history
		Thus the era of American Submarine warfare was born.
		On the American side, the submarines in the Pacific Theater were the critical factor in the American's campaign.
		Submarines such as Wahoo, Parche, Barb, Trepang, and men like Sam Dealey, Howard W. Gilmore, Eugene Fluckey, "Mush" Morton and "Red" Ramage forged the proud tradition of aggressiveness and excellence in the submarine force.
	www.usna.edu /Submarines/history.html (636 words)

	Anti-Submarine Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Germans announced unrestricted submarine warfare on the 4th of February 1915.
		The submarine stayed in communication with the trawler by means of a telephone cable.
		C29 (Lt Schofield) was lost with all hands on the 29th of August when she was towed into a minefield by the trawler Ariadne off the mouth of the Humber.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /rnsubmarines/ops/asw.html (374 words)

	Grossadmiral Karl Doenitz
		At the end of the war the Nazi submarine fleet was by far the most advanced in the world, and late war examples such as the Type XXI served as models for Soviet and American construction after the war.
		As one of the witnesses in his defense, Doenitz produced an affidavit from Admiral Chester Nimitz who testified that the United States had used unrestricted warfare as a tactic in the Pacific and that American submarines did not rescue survivors in situations where their own safety was in question.
		Submarine warfare which began immediately upon the outbreak of war, was fully coordinated with the other branches of the Wehrmacht.
	www.adolfhitler.ws /lib/nsdap/Donitz.html (2567 words)

	U-Boat (submarine) warfare at the Atlantic during World War 1
		One of the U-boats was sunk in a minefield.
		In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare" as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes of shipping had been sunk by U-boats.
		After the cessation of unrestricted submarine warfare in September 1915, the German government waffled on what to do with their U-boats.
	www.germannotes.com /hist_ww1_uboat.shtml (2401 words)

	Unrestricted Warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unrestricted Warfare is the English title of a book on military strategy written in 1999 by two Colonels in the People's Liberation Army, Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui.
		Network Warfare was most famously used against the United States in the 2002 game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, when Georgian President Kombayn Nikoladze uses network warfare to attack the United States and disable its infrastructure.
		This should be a "grand warfare method" which combines all of the dimensions and methods in the two major areas of military and non-military affairs so as to carry out warfare.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare (898 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-14/tgmwc-14-134.09
		Consequently, we had the impression that Russian submarines were already occupying positions outside German ports, either to lay mines or to attack merchant or warships.
		For this reason, this officer was sent there for discussions, and these resulted in the submarine memorandum, which shows, from beginning to end, that we were trying to adhere to the existing law as far as possible.
		Even then, where he says, "unrestricted submarine warfare might be imminent" - we only ordered very restricted measures, which always were based on the fact that the British had ordered something on their part.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/ftp.py?imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-14/tgmwc-14-134.09 (2295 words)

	von Holtzendorff's Memo
		The decision for the implementation of unrestricted U-boat warfare on the basis of Holtzendorff's memorandum was finally taken during a conference at Pless on 9 January 1917.
		By contrast, a submarine campaign according to cruiser rules, even assuming the possibility of indiscriminate attacks on armed merchantmen, would only yield a reduction of the tonnage sailing for England by 5 x 400,000 tons--about 18%--or less than half of what could be achieved by unrestricted submarine warfare.
		A further precondition [for success] is that the beginning and the declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare should coincide in a manner that leaves no room for negotiations, particularly between England and the neutrals.
	www.gwpda.org /naval/holtzendorffmemo.htm (3130 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		On the eastern front the dominating influence on the fighting during 1917 was the outbreak in March of the Russian popular uprising against the imperial government, which resulted in turn in the establishment of a provisional government and the abdication, in March, of Czar Nicholas II.
		In March 1916, however, the German sinking in the English Channel by submarine of the French steamer Sussex, with the loss of American lives, led to another controversy between Germany and the U.S., a virtual U.S. ultimatum compelling Germany temporarily to cease its unrestricted submarine warfare.
		All of the fleet with the exception of the submarines was interned at Scapa Flow in November 1918, with German captains and crews aboard.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/us_history/worldwar12.html (3944 words)

	Note Taken!
		These events were the resumption of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the discovery of the Zimmermann Telegram and its contents.
		Unrestricted submarine warfare meant that any ships, whether enemy mobilization carriers or neutral merchant ships, caught within the area Germany defined as "blockade zones" was to be stopped "with every available weapon and without further notice." <
		This dependency was apparent in the period following the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans.
	www.loyno.edu /history/journal/1990-1/guichet.htm (2711 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Unrestricted
		As secretary for the navy (1916-18) he reinstituted (1917) unrestricted submarine warfare in World War I. Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich, Graf von BERNSTORFF, JOHANN HEINRICH, GRAF VON [Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich, Graf von], 1862-1939, German diplomat.
		He was brought up at the court of his uncle King Richard I of England, who secured his election (1198) as antiking to Philip of Swabia after the death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI.
		TWA cuts unrestricted, int'l fares to most cities by more than 50%.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Unrestricted (686 words)

	Total Rhetoric, Limited War: Germany's U-Boat Campaign 1917-1918
		The suffering caused was not by unrestricted submarine warfare, but rather by a surface blockade that, in the eyes of Jay Winter, did not fall short of being a war crime.
		The fact remains that, in the final analysis, the battle over unrestricted submarine warfare was fought on the ground chosen by the navy: the plethora of expert Denkschriften that guaranteed victory by slide-rule calculations of British bottoms, coal, and food supplies.
		In order to assess unrestricted submarine warfare as part of the "process of totalization" that is the theme of this volume, it is necessary not to "deconstruct" Holtzendorff's calculations, but rather on the basis of hard evidence to compare and to contrast the admiral's theoretical calculations against actual battlefront effectiveness.
	www.jmss.org /1998/article2.html (6079 words)

	opennotes
		America’s incredible devotion to trade with the Allies and the overall interests vested in the Allied cause, Germany’s utilization of unrestricted submarine warfare, and Wilson’s idealism involving America as the sponsor of democracy, liberty, and justice on a global level all contributed to the United States declaring war on Germany.
		Submarines were extremely vulnerable on the surface, and they had to attack without warning at the slightest suspicion.
		America entered the Great War based on its economic interest in an Allied victory, a response to a ruthless and unrestricted submarine warfare waged by the German government, and a growing need to establish democracy as the unrivaled institution of equality on a global level.
	nths.newtrier.k12.il.us /academics/social/opennotes/art905.htm (2514 words)

	USS Liberty Inquiry - Law: Doenitz Verdict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In 1935 he took command of the first U-Boat flotilla commissioned since 1918, became in 1936 commander of the submarine arm, was made Vice-Admiral in 1940, Admiral in 1942, and on 30 January 1943 Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy.
		Five days later a further order was given to U-Boats "to make immediately unrestricted use of weapons against all ships" in an area of the North Sea, the limits of which were defined.
		The argument of the Defense is that the security of the submarine is, as the first rule of the sea, paramount to rescue and that the development of aircraft made rescue impossible.
	www.usslibertyinquiry.com /law/doenitz.html (1863 words)

	Submarine Warfare in the Pacific
		In contrast, when the Japanese submarine I-19 fired five torpedoes, three struck the USS Wasp, which sunk; the USS North Carolina was hit several miles away; and the USS O'Brien foundered after a single hit.
		Not only could they not replace their losses, the unrestricted submarine warfare meant that even the fishing fleets were targets.
		Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy by Dorr Carpenter and Norman Polmar
	www.worldwar2database.com /html/sub.htm (539 words)

	Diplomatic Ramifications of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 1939-1941 — www.greenwood.com
		Diplomatic Ramifications of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 1939-1941 — www.greenwood.com
		Seven chapters range chronologically from Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare during World War I to the American decision to adopt that policy in 1941.
		Implications and Consequences of the Decisions for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/MGC/.aspx (311 words)

	U-boat Attack, 1916
		Submarines, filled with exposed piping and crammed with machinery, had no space to take prisoners aboard.
		Therefore, the submarine was considered a useless weapon against civilian shipping.
		In February 1917, with U-boats available in quantity, the Germans again declared their policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
	www.eyewitnesstohistory.com /sub.htm (857 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Germany's Policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 31 January 1917
		In the note the Bernstorff announced a re-opened German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare (initially introduced and then rapidly abandoned in 1916 owing to U.S. protests), to take effect the day following the date of the note (i.e.
		The instructions given to the commanders of German submarines provide for a sufficiently long period during which the safety of passengers on unarmed enemy passenger ships is guaranteed.
		Both British and German fleets had around 45 submarines available at the time of the Battle of Jutland, but none were put to use.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/uboat_bernstorff.htm (1422 words)

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