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Topic: Unsolved problems in biology

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	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Biology
		At the level of the cell, it is studied in cell biology and at multicellular scales, it is examined in physiology, anatomy, and histology.
		While biology is unlike physics in that it does not usually describe biological systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics, it is nevertheless characterized by several major principles and concepts which include: universality, evolution, diversity, continuity, homeostasis and interactions.
		Cell biology studies the physiological properties of cells, as well as their behaviors, interactions, and environment; this is done both on a microscopic and molecular level.
	www.fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Biology (2517 words)

	ScienceDaily: Biology
		Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of life.
		At the organism level, biology has partially explained phenomena such as birth, growth, aging, death and decay of living organisms, similarities between offspring and their parents (heredity) and flowering of plants which have puzzled humanity throughout history.
		Biology -- Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of life.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/biology (1457 words)

	Biology - Psychology Wiki
		At the next level of the cell, it is studied in cell biology, and at multicellular scales, it is examined in physiology, anatomy, and histology.
		Evolutionary biology is concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, and includes scientists from many taxonomically-oriented disciplines.
		Evolutionary biology is mainly based on paleontology, which uses the fossil record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution, as well as the developments in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary theory.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Biology (2942 words)

	About Biology - Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		All concepts in biology are subject to the same laws that other branches of science obey, such as the laws of thermodynamics and conservation of energy.
		At the organism level, biology has partially explained interesting phenomena such as birth, growth, aging, death and decay of living organisms, similarities between offspring and their parents (heredity) and flowering of plants which have puzzled humanity throughout history.
		Ethology and comparative psychology extend biology to the analysis of animal behavior and mental characteristics, whilst Evolutionary psychology proposes that the field of psychology, including in regard to humans, is a branch of biology.
	www.about-biology.com (3033 words)

	Life
		In biology, a lifeform has traditionally been considered to be a member of a population whose members can exhibit all the following phenomena at least once during their existence:
		This could also be remedied by adding the requirement of locality, where there is an obvious structure that delineates the spatial extension of the living being, such as a cell membrane.
		A conceptual problem with saying that fire is life is that it collapses the distinction between "growth" and "reproduction." It is possible to think of a spreading flame as either growing or reproducing, but what would it mean to say that the same act is both growth and reproduction?
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Biology/Life.php (1392 words)

	Unsolved problems in biology - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Answers to all questions about biology can start with what is already known and then move on to what remains to be discovered, what remains unsolved.
		The goal of this textbook is to serve as an unorthodox introduction to biology.
		The first chapter is called "What is sex?" It starts with some of the history of biology and gives a version of the "textbook answer" that might typically be found in an introductory biology textbook.
	www.wikibooks.org /wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_biology (519 words)

	Chemical Biology
		The goal of the Chemical Biology Program is biological discovery, and its approach is the seamless integration of principles and experimental techniques drawn from both chemistry and biology.
		The focus of chemical biology is on biology, which distinguishes it from traditional chemistry, and it uses chemical tools, which distinguishes it from traditional biology.
		The objective of the Chemical Biology Program is to prepare investigators with diverse background for independent research careers in which the concepts and methods of chemistry are applied to biological problems.
	www.gsas.harvard.edu /hils/chemical_biology.html (1310 words)

	Open Questions: Biology
		Generations of high school and college students came to think of biology as all about ickiness and sliminess (as in the dissection of frogs), or else as a routine, boring activity involving the collection and cataloging of endless cabinets of "specimens" of butterflies and moths in the dusty backrooms of natural history museums.
		The emphasis is on biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, cell biology, and immunology.
		The papers, by leading biologists and physicists consider possible developments in the next 50 years for such problems of biology as the origins of life, the operation of the human brain, and the essential nature of life itself.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-bio.htm (3014 words)

	Category:Unsolved problems in biology - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Unsolved problems in : Note: Use the unsolved tag: {{unsolvedFX}}, where "F" is any field in the sciences: and "X" is a concise "explanation" with or without links.
		For more information, see the main article about Unsolved problems in biology.
		This page was last modified 20:34, 28 May 2005.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Category:Unsolved_problems_in_biology (66 words)

	CTL: Publications
		Problem solving is a learning strategy that encourages students to analyze and think critically by integrating and synthesizing the facts and ideas they have learned in order to solve or propose possible solutions to an authentic problem, or one for which a solution does not already exist.
		The problems are specifically related to the previous lectures and text readings and frequently require the practical application of theories and ideas.
		The problems - there are eleven of them during the semester - are described in the syllabus so students can prepare and come to their groups with some kind of individual solution which also might include an area of difficulty or a point they need to discuss.
	ctl.unc.edu /fyc14.html (2796 words)

	directopedia : Directory : Science : Biology
		Biology is the study, or science, of life.
		At the organism level biology has explained phenomena like: birth, growth and decay or death of living organisms, similarities between the offsprings and parents (heredity) and flowering of plants have puzzled humanity ever since antiquity.
		Evolutionary biology also makes use of paleontologists, who use the fossil record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution, as well as theoreticians in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary theory.
	www.directopedia.org /directory/Science-Biology.shtml (3123 words)

	[No title]
		Today, however, an increasing amount of biology is being done on the computer instead of in the test tube, as biologists have become inundated with data: protein structures, gene sequences from humans and dozens of other organisms, and much more.
		Although ray tracing and protein folding are quite different problems, they make similar demands on a computer, and, as Denneau realized, the computer design he had developed was flexible enough to be turned easily from one to the other.
		In a protein-folding problem, the computer must calculate the movements of the thousands of atoms that make up the hundreds of amino acid molecules in the long chain that is the protein.
	domino.research.ibm.com /comm/wwwr_thinkresearch.nsf/pages/bluegene499.html (3128 words)

	Unsolved Problems In Biology Encyclopedia Information @ Karr.net (Karr Network) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		We talk about biological problems and apply mathematical principles, says Martin, who believes the development of the Systems Biology Institute in Camden,...
		Looking For unsolved problems in biology - Find unsolved problems in biology and more at Lycos Search.
		Looking for unsolved problems in biology - Find unsolved problems in biology and much more at trafficblast.com.
	216.92.85.60 /encyclopedia/Unsolved_problems_in_biology (596 words)

	Education Resources » Biology
		This misconception was challenged by William Harvey’s diction that “all life [is] from [an] egg” (from the Latin “Omne vivum ex ovo”), a foundational concept of modern biology.
		Biology has become such a vast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a single discipline, but as a number of clustered sub-disciplines.
		The theme of “structure to function” is central to biology.
	www.thecatalyst.org /resource/2006/04/21/Biology (2841 words)

	Systems Biology
		The goal of the Systems Biology Program at Harvard University is to prepare investigators with diverse backgrounds for independent research careers in which combined theoretical and experimental approaches are used to address biological problems.
		The Systems Biology program will engage graduate students in creating a new approach to biology, with the aim of explaining how the higher-level properties of complex systems appear from the interactions among their parts.
		Students should leave the program better able to identify important unsolved problems in biology, and with an appreciation of how to select problems for which quantitative and theoretical approaches will be productive.
	www.gsas.harvard.edu /hils/systems_biology.html (1576 words)

	Biology
		Current research in biology will be discussed, on the basis of reading assigned in advance of the discussions, with members of the divisional faculty.
		Emphasis on the use of these approaches to study problems in areas such as cell differentiation, cell cycle control, cell compartmentation, and membrane physiology and assembly.
		This course is required of all trainees supported on the NIH training grants in cellular and molecular biology and neuroscience, and is recommended for other graduate students in biology division labs.
	pr.caltech.edu /catalog/courses/listing/bi.html (3006 words)

	Unsolved problems in biology - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Unsolved problems in biology - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Unsolved problems in biology contains research on
		Unsolved problems in biology, External links, Articles lacking sources, Lists of unsolved problems, Unsolved problems in biology and Biology lists.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Unsolved_problems_in_biology (298 words)

	Links to open problems in mathematics, physics and financial econometrics
		Problems: construct a quantum theory of gravity from some basic principles assuming noncommutative geometry (John Madore,...) or express some sector or limit of an underlying theory in terms of the language of noncommutative geometry
		Unnaturalness problem: original calculation in which the introduction of the Higgs boson in the standard model gives it and the Z and two W infinite mass
		Flavour problem: why are they three and only three generations of fermions and why do the particles in each generation have the masses that they do?
	www.geocities.com /ednitou (536 words)

	www.xuzo.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		--> Cell biology Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, "container") is an academic discipline that studies cells.
		This includes their physiological properties such as their structure and the organelles they contain, their environment and interactions, their life cycle, division and function (physiology) and eventual death.
		This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level, and cell biology researches both single-celled organisms like bacter...
	www.xuzo.com /alphacontent/biology.html (544 words)

	Johns Hopkins Gazette \| October 9, 2006
		The Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine has formally established eight research centers to collectively tackle such complicated questions in biology as the genetic roots of obesity and the relationships among the five senses.
		An unsolved mystery in biology is how brief exposure to certain stimuli — like drugs of abuse — can generate long-lasting, sometimes lifelong, changes in behaviors such as learning and memory.
		The study of transport biology focuses on the movement of water and salts into and out of cells.
	www.jhu.edu /~gazette/2006/09oct06/09collab.html (1139 words)

	Mystery of Matter, Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Sheldrake had shared the view of most biologists that "living organisms are nothing but complex machines governed only by the known laws of physics and chemistry." (1) But pondering unsolved problems in biology led him to give up this mechanistic viewpoint.
		Sheldrake then goes on to apply this hypothesis to a wealth of biological problems ranging from inheritance, to the evolution of biological forms, the movement of plants and animals, instinct, and behavior.
		Another problem with Aristotle's conception is that "the forms of all kinds of organisms arise from non-material organizing principles inherent in the organisms themselves." (19) This, as we remember, gave rise to the dualism that Sheldrake objected to in Driesch's work.
	www.innerexplorations.com /catchmeta/mys2.htm (3007 words)

	Bioinformatics at Stanford
		Algorithms for structure and function in biology (CS273) covers algorithms for modeling and motion in molecular biology.
		Post-docs with a signficant gap in biology or computer science need basic coursework and training in these areas, and are often not able to get up and going in a research project right away.
		Biology easily has 500 years of exciting problems to work on, it's at that level.
	www-helix.stanford.edu /people/altman/bioinformatics.html (2294 words)

	Systems Biology
		Systems biology aims to explain how higher level properties of complex biological systems arise from the interactions among their parts.
		The Program aims to introduce students to the tools that are now available, and to help them select important unsolved problems in biology that may now be possible to address using quantitative and theoretical approaches.
		Students will formulate a question related to any problem in biology (on any scale) and develop a simple set of equations and/or a computer program designed to address the question in a quantitative way.
	sysbiophd.med.harvard.edu /introduction.php (1178 words)

	The Microbial World :: They rule
		The simplest aspect of protein folding is termed its secondary structure, which refers to the geometry of the local polypeptide chain with respect to their immediate neighbors.
		How a protein folds is dictated by the primary sequence of amino acids, but predicting the overall structure from the primary sequence remains one of the most important unsolved problems in biology.
		Nevertheless, it is clear that the major determinants of this final structure are hydrophobic interactions.
	www.microbiologytext.com /index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=41 (487 words)

	ipedia.com: Biology Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		at the atomic and molecular scale, through molecular biology, biochemistry, and to some extent genetics
		at the level of interdependent populations and their habitats through ecology and evolutionary biology
		Famous biologists -- History of biology -- Nobel prize in physiology or medicine -- Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
	www.ipedia.com /biology.html (791 words)

	The Greatest Unsolved Problems in Science
		The great problem is to determine what all the proteins do and how one can reproduce life from this knowledge.
		This increases the importance of the cosmological constant problem.
		There is strong evidence that neutrinos have mass and that electron neutrinos emitted in the core of the Sun transform into other neutrinos via oscillations on their way to the Earth.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/gusp.html (1318 words)

	SFI \| Event Abstract
		In contrast, asexual lines occasionally arise from sexual populations and may initially thrive but almost invariably are short-lived on an evolutionary time scale.
		Although there are numerous hypotheses, what drives the early extinction of asexual lines and why sex can prevent it are fundamental unsolved problems of biology.
		Apparently also tracing continuously back to the origin of sexually-reproducing organisms are parasitic retrotransposons — mobile genetic elements that insert themselves into chromosomes and are present in virtually all eukaryotes.
	www.santafe.edu /events/abstract/370 (358 words)

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