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Topic: Upper Oka Principalities

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	VLBORG - LoveToKnow Article on VLBORG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The principal crops are rye, oats, wheat, barley and potatoes.
		The principal ports are Murom on the Volga and Kovrov a'nd Vyazniki on the Klyazma.
		In the loth century it was the capital of the principality of Volhynia.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /V/VL/VLBORG.htm (1470 words)

	Oka River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oka (Russian: Ока́) is a great river in Russia, the biggest right confluent of the Volga.
		The name of Oka is cognate to aqua, the Latin word for water, and to the name of the Aa River in Switzerland.
		Historically, the river gave its name to the Upper Oka Principalities, situated upstream from Tarusa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oka_River (145 words)

	Russia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In this area, descending northward from the principal chain of the Caucasus Mts.
		Fur trapping and hunting are the chief activities in the taiga and tundra regions.
		The principality of Yaroslavl was annexed in 1463 and Rostov-Suzdal in 1474; Novgorod was conquered in 1478, Tver in 1485, Pskov in 1510, and Ryazan in 1521.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ru/Russia.html (6604 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Russia
		The principal natural gas deposits, of which Russia holds about 40 percent of the world’s reserves, are along Siberia’s Arctic coast, in the North Caucasus region, and in northwestern Russia.
		This is the principal moisture-bearing air mass to reach inland, and it brings summer rainfall important to croplands.
		The principal civilian seaports in Russia include Novorossiysk on the Black Sea; Saint Petersburg and Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea; Nakhodka, Vostochnyy, Vladivostok, and Vanino on the Pacific coast; and Murmansk and Arkhangel’sk on the Arctic coast.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761569000__1/Russia.html (19235 words)

	RAMBAUD ON THE KIEVAN RUS' IN THE APPANAGE PERIOD--UNITY IN DIVISION
		The principality of Tchernigof, which reached towards the Upper Oka, had therefore one foot in the basin of the Volga; her princes, the Olgovitches, were the most formidable rivals of Kief.
		The double principalities of Souzdal, with their towns of Souzdal, Rostof, Iourief-PoIski on the Kolocha, Vladimir on the Kliazma, Iaroslavl, and Peréiaslavl-Zaliesski, were situated on the Volga and the Oka amongst the thickest of northern forests, and in the middle of the Finnish tribes of Mouromians, Merians, Vesses, and Tcheremisses.
		The principalities of Smolensk, Tchernigof, and Riazan have never possessed as definite an historic existence as the duchy of Bretagne or the county of Toulouse in France, or the duchies of Saxony, Suabia, and Bavaria in Germany.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Ramapp1.html (4624 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search View - Russia
		Because this is the principal moisture-bearing air mass to reach Russia, most of the territory receives a fairly pronounced summer maximum of precipitation.
		The principal natural-gas deposits are in the Tyumen oblast of western Siberia, on the border with Kazakhstan; in the Orenburg oblast of south-western Russia; in the Komi republic of north-eastern European Russia; and the Yakutia (Sakha) republic in the Siberian north-east.
		The principal civilian seaports in Russia include Novorossiysk on the Black Sea; St Petersburg and Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea; Nakhodka, Vostochnyy, Vladivostok, and Vanino on the Pacific coast; and Murmansk and Arkhangelsk (Archangel) on the Arctic coast.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761569000__1/Russia.html (20864 words)

	A Brief History of Medieval Russia
		A time came when there were four or five times as many princes as principalities to be filled, a condition which was not without its influence probably in prompting the more adventurous and aggressive of the unprovided princes to found new principalities of their own by acquiring land at the expense of the Finns.
		They were thus confined roughly to the principalities of the upper Volga with its tributaries and to the large regions in the north claimed by the city republic of Novgorod.
		The upper valley of the Dnieper, including Kiev, the center of old Russia, passed into the hands of Lithuania, and the Russian population, belonging to the Greek Church, passed under the y oke of Catholic Lithuanian masters.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/MorRus.html (4221 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Russia
		The Jews are a scattered population, principally in the Governments of Western and Southern Russia.
		The principal establishments for the cleaning of cotton are in Turkestan and the Government of Erivan.
		Under Basil Ivanovitch (1505-33), Muscovite Russia grew by the annexation of the Republic of Pskof, the Principalities of Ryazan and Novgorod-Seversk, and the Territory of Smolensk.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13231c.htm (19233 words)

	[Russia1: history]
		In August it reached the Don and was to proceed to the upper reaches of the Oka for a rendezvous with Jagailo's troops which were moving down the Ugra River and with the men of the Riazan prince Oleg.
		The Russian army crossed the Oka near the mouth of the Lopasnia and began to move southward, towards the upper reaches of the Don.
		The rout of Mamai's army clearly showed that by united action the Russian principalities were able to free themselves completely from the dependence on the Golden Horde whose strength proved to be not equal to that of the Russian lands.
	russia-hc.ru /eng/history/mapo/mapo1.cfm (1739 words)

	RUSSIA - LoveToKnow Article on RUSSIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In this basin, as in W. Europe generally, the principal coal seams occur in the Upper Carboniferous, while the Lower Carboniferous is mainly composed of marine deposits, with, however, the first bed of coal near its summit.
		The ordinary revenue, obtained principally from the sale of spirits (28%), which is a state monopoly, from state railways (233/4%) and customs (io3/4 %), steadily rose from a total of 132,750,000 in 1895 to a total of f214,360,000 in 1905.
		The principal ecclesiastical authority is the Holy Synod, the head of which, the Procurator, is one of the council of ministers and exercises very wide powers in ecclesiastical matters.
	84.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RU/RUSSIA.htm (18870 words)

	The Mongols in the West
		Yet this was the first and principal cause of the shifting towards the east, and towards Moscow, of the center of gravity of Russian life, a move which was to have a decisive influence not only on Russian but also on world history.
		Berke's principal preoccupation lay with the south: the il-khans, the Mamluks and, to a lesser degree, Byzantium.
		Their principal preoccupation was with the collection of taxes which, at the beginning of their rule, was in the hands of their own officials (the basqaq) but, little by little in the 14th century, was entrusted to the Russian administrations.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/sinor1.htm (13704 words)

	Kozelsk @ HockeyLiving.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Kozelsk (Козельск in Russian, also spelt Kozielsk in English) is a town in the Kaluga Oblast in Russia, located on the Zhizdra River (Oka's tributary) 72 km southwest of Kaluga.
		The town of Kozelsk was first mentioned in a chronicle under the year of 1146 as a part of Principality of Chernigov.
		Kozelsk became famous in the spring of 1238, when its 7-year-old prince had to defend the town against the army of Batu Khan.
	www.hockeyliving.com /info/Kozelsk (307 words)

	Iconoscope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Murom, one of the oldest cities in Russia, is located on a bend of the Oka River, a tributary of the Volga—about 175 miles west of Moscow (Fig.
		Its marvelous location on the Oka River, he is convinced, was its attraction as a settlement site since in those centuries rivers were the only practical means of transportation and the land was so vast.
		Because the Oka River was so wide and swift swimming in it was always dangerous, particularly when we grew up and tried to swim across, or dive under passing boats and barges.
	www.davidsarnoff.org /vkz-chapter01.htm (7268 words)

	MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva) - Online Information article about MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)
		VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)
		principal manufacturing city in the empire, employing about 100,000 operatives in her mill§ and factories.
		Kolomna, situated at the confluence of the Moskva with the Oka.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MOL_MOS/MOSCOW_Russian_Moskva_.html (5058 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Muscovy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century.
		The Great Princedom of Moscow, as the state is known in Russian records, was the predecessor of the Russian Empire and the successor of Kievan Rus' in its northern lands.
		In 1327 the Orthodox metropolitan transferred his residency from Vladimir to Moscow, further enhancing the prestige of the new principality.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Muscovy (3804 words)

	Eastern Poland
		In consequence of this excessive division of the Ruthenian States the Duchy of Suzdal in the north-east, which was to become the nucleus of that of Moscow, began to overshadow its southern neighbours.
		It must be pointed out that the two principal centres of that production in Volhynia (Klesow and Janow) did not develop in Russian times but afterwards provided work for some thousands of workers, recruited mostly from the local population, whose aggregate earnings amounted yearly to about 6,000,000 zloty (240,000 bps).
		The principal breweries in the east were at Lwow and in Volhynia, the principal yeast factories in the south-eastern provinces.
	felsztyn.tripod.com /id17.html (13440 words)

	Russia
		Vladimir also subjugated the Radimichi (east of the upper Dnieper river), and in 985 attacked the Volga Bulgars; the agreement he subsequently reached with the latter was the basis for peaceful relations that lasted for a century.
		As a result, throughout the twelfth century the dynasty was embroiled in numerous controversies, often triggered by attempts of members of younger generations to bypass their elders and to reduce the number of princely lines eligible for the succession.
		The strife revealed the divergence between the southern and western principalities (which were deeply enmeshed in the conflicts) and those of the north and east (which were indifferent).
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/f/freeze-russia.html (3973 words)

	ZBSB.org - Мiжнароднае грамадскае аб'яднанне "Згуртаванне беларусаў ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Polatsk principality was the first Belarusian state with all necessary symbols of statehood, such as the sovereign rule of prince’s dynasty and vecha (a kind of a meeting of citizens to make decisions about the most important questions), administration, the army, and monetary system.
		The Polatsk principality was at the peak of its strength in the second half of the XIth century at the time of Usiaslau Charadzei.
		The principal idea of the previous official concent was that the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, stretching ‘from the sea to the sea’, was founded by the Balts only, so can be considered as a great Baltic state.
	www.zbsb.org /bibl/2_2.shtml (7919 words)

	EUROPEAN - Encyclopedia Britannica - EUROPEAN - JCSM's Study Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ordinary revenue, obtained principally from the sale of spirits (28%), which is a state monopoly, from state railways (231%) and customs 001 %), steadily rose from a total of 132,750,000 in 1895 to a total of 214,360,000 in 1905.
		The principal consumer of this iron and steel is the government, for, its railways, locomotives, wagons, arsenals, artillery, &c.
		Here again cotton is the principal product; and the remarkable growth of the industry is illustrated by the fact that, whereas in 1843 there were only 350,000 spindles at work, fifty years later there were 4,332,000 so employed, and in 1900, 6,554, 600.
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Encyclopedia_Britannica/EUD_FAT/EUROPEAN.html (18799 words)

	Search Results for Principalities - Encyclopædia Britannica
		medieval principality that, under the leadership of a branch of the Rurik dynasty, was transformed from a small settlement in the Rostov-Suzdal principality into the dominant political unit in...
		medieval principality that occupied the area between the Oka River and the Upper Volga in northeastern Russia.
		Overview of the reign of this 31st hereditary ruler of the principality of Monaco.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Principalities&ct= (402 words)

	Z. Rorlich - The Bulgar State
		Despite tension and frequent clashes, the relationship between the Bulgar state and the Russian principalities was not solely one of hostilities.
		Trade and commercial ties were as important for the Bulgars as they were for the Russian principalities, and the economic life of the Bulgar state, although disrupted by hostilities, never came to a halt because of them.
		Wood was the principal building material, although bricks and stone were also used for public edifices and homes of the well-to-do.
	groznijat.tripod.com /fadlan/rorlich2.html (3563 words)

	Search Results for Smolensk - Encyclopædia Britannica
		It is a left-bank tributary of the Oka River in the Volga basin.
		During this period, much of the territory of the principalities of Smolensk, Polotsk, Turov, and Pinsk was controlled by the grand principality of Lithuania, which was essentially an international or...
		It lies along the upper Volga River at the crossing of the Moscow-Riga and St. Petersburg–Bryansk trunk railways.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Smolensk&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (266 words)

	Russia, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Chernobyl, Novosibirsk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Jekaterinburg , Samara, Omsk, ...
		The principal natural-gas deposits, of which Russia holds about 40 percent of the world's reserves, are along the Arctic coast of Siberia, in the northern Caucasus region, and in the republic of Komi in northwestern Russia.
		Muslims live principally in the ethnic republics of Chuvashia and Bashkortostan in the middle Volga region and the republics of Chechnya, Ingushetia, Alania (North Ossetia), Kabardino-Balkaria, and Dagestan in the north Caucasus.
		The town of Moscow, in the principality of Vladimir, occupied an exceedingly favorable geographical position in the center of Russia and on the principal trade routes.
	www.italysoft.com /bandiere/en/russia (20951 words)

	The Russians
		At first the Tartars had the upper hand but, at the critical moment, when the main Russian force was precipitated into a disorderly retreat, the fortunes of war were suddenly reversed by an unexpected attack of Russian reserves, and a crushing blow was inflicted upon the Mongols.
		The striking transformation of the small Moscow principality into one of the largest States of the world was the result of the deep-rooted belief of her people that they were called to defend Eastern Orthodoxy, left without protection since the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
		The main target for his attack was the upper classes, especially the old landed families, which had retained a good deal of independence from the time when Russia was still divided into many self-governing principalities.
	www.holytrinitymission.org /books/english/russians_and_church_n_zernov.htm (21786 words)

	Russians In Exile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Principality was a real family business, in which however the veche (urban assembly) could pull a string or two.
		The upper layer of the society was however still formed by the boyars, who held all the high positions in the administration.
		Usually he was not capable of paying the principal and he had to stay on the estate until he himself or his master died.
	www.joebattsarm.com /lexicografie/dias2.html (11340 words)

	The History of Moscow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1471 Yaroslavl principality was joint to Moscow.
		Tatar and Russian troops met on banks of the Oka but nobody dared to cross the river and to start the battle.
		As a result of Russian-Lithuanian wars of late 14-th - early 15-th centuries the territories of Smolensk principality, Severskaya land and Verkhovskie principalities (of the Upper Oka-river) passed to Russia.
	kursy.rsuh.ru /istoria/moseng/moskva.asp?meniu=174&razdel=184 (1247 words)

	The History
		Unhappily all this time was lost in internal feuds between the southern and the northern principalities, and the virtuous metropolitan Cyrill went twice to Vladimir to reconcile the Great Prince with the masters of Kiev, and with the princes of Koursk.
		Extraordinary favor, and new Letters of privilege and exemption to the clergy, were a proof of the gratitude of the khan; but very soon after this, the troubles which broke out in the Horde on occasion of the murder of Khanibek by his son, obliged the metropolitan to go again to the Mongols.
		There in the presence of the ferocious Berdibek, he undauntedly maintained the rights of the principality of Moscow; and through the intercession of the mother of the khan, whom he had recovered from her sickness, he was again dismissed with honor.
	www.holytrinitymission.org /books/english/history_russian_church_mouravieff.htm (11767 words)

	Foreign Historical Maps
		Black and white; Keith Johnston's original showing Russia from the Gulf of Riga east to the Oka and Don Rivers, south to Galicia, Bessarabia and the Black Sea; shows military colonies in Kherson, as well as towns, villages, rivers, canals and railroads; 18" x 24".
		Black and white; reproduced from "Bowles's European Navigator's Vade-Mecum or New Pocket Chart of the Sea Coast of Europe, and the Straits;" identifies coastal ports and settlements from Morocco to Greenland and the Arctic Sea north of Scandinavia; 18" x 24".
		Black and white; drawn by F. Gussefeld and published by Homann's Heirs; identifies principalities, small states and districts on both banks of the river; 23" x 29".
	www.familyhistoryland.com /mapsfor.htm (2024 words)

	Indonesia Substates
		Djeniloe is a principality in the N.-part of Belu-area, which is an area in the middle of the island of Timor, bordering East-Timor.
		Her title means ruler of the upper parts, and she was daughter of Uloli (1427-1450) and succeeded her brother, Polamalo I (1481-1490) and was later succeeded by his son.
		This principality was quite powerfull with influence over parts of the islands of Lembata (Lomblem), Adonara, Solor, Flores,etc. and also with ruling pretensions over the principalities of Sikka, Nita, KanagaE (area), Lio-area and sometimes even claiming influence over the whole island of Flores until maybe Manggarai.
	guide2womenleaders.com /indonesia_substates.htm (4903 words)

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