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Topic: Upper Palaeolithic

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Levallois

Mousterian

	Stone Age - MSN Encarta
		The stone tools of the Upper Palaeolithic comprise a wide variety of often very specialized forms (awls, burins, end-scrapers, etc), mostly made from blades and bladelets (long, flat, narrow flakes with parallel sides that were accurately struck from a core with a hammer and a punch, rather than directly with a hammer).
		In the Lower Palaeolithic, simple windbreaks or crude huts (as in the sand dunes at Terra Amata in Nice, southern France) were erected, but by the Upper Palaeolithic there is evidence for light tents, and—in central and eastern Europe—for sophisticated huts made of hundreds of mammoth bones.
		It is in the Upper Palaeolithic that burial becomes more elaborate (the world's oldest known cremation, at Lake Mungo, Australia, dates back to 26,000 years ago), with red ochre, grave goods, and in some cases hundreds of beads which were probably attached to clothing, as well as other forms of ornamentation, and tools.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555928/Stone_Age.html (1756 words)

	2 - The Lower, Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic periods
		Four Ice Ages have been recognised, the last occurring during the Upper Palaeolithic period, so that three occurred during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic periods and were separated by periods of warmer conditions known as interglacials.
		Increasingly, the Late Upper Palaeolithic period is being being seen as a continuum with the succeeding Mesolithic period and the time of the greatest glaciation as a dividing line between archaeological periods.
		The Late Upper Palaeolithic period is now sometimes being referred to as the Epi-Palaeolithic (the 'Epi' meaning 'in addition to') and the climatic period after the Ice Age as Neo-thermal.
	www.btinternet.com /~ron.wilcox/onlinetexts/onlinetexts-chap2.htm (1713 words)

	EFCHED Bibliography
		Kostenki in the context of the Palaeolithic of Eurasia.
		The palaeoecology of the late Palaeolithic of the Upper Don according to the mollusc fauna from Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora) (in Russian).
		Kostienki in the context of the Palaeolithic of Eurasia.
	www.gla.ac.uk /efched/Bibliography.htm (3780 words)

	Transformations of Upper Palaeolithic Implements in the Dabba industry from Haua Fteah (Libya)
		Different models of stoneworking technology in the Upper Palaeolithic are tested by examining an assemblage from Haua Fteah, on the Libyan coast of north Africa.
		Since the demonstration by Dibble (1984, 1987) that a significant portion of assemblage variability in the Middle Palaeolithic is explicable as morphological transformations of one implement "type" into another as reduction proceeds, many analysts have used this as a key contrast to the inferred technological structure of Upper Palaeolithic assemblages.
		Upper Palaeolithic formal implement types have often been seen as being unambiguously defined, functionally specific, and representing the end product of a sequence of reduction.
	arts.anu.edu.au /arcworld/resources/papers/ph/hauantiq.htm (3884 words)

	Duhard, Upper Palaeolithic figures as a reflection of human morphology and social organization
		Abstract: An analysis of Upper Palaeolithic figures indicated a sexual social differentiation in the hunter-gatherer society and showed the priviledged role accorded to women in the primitive community.
		This was exemplified by the depiction of women in a majority of the Palaeolithic figures and apparent underrepresentation of men and children.
		In Palaeolithic art it is a mistake to retain the common picture of representation exclusively of obese women, mothers or nurses, for they are not the general rule.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/Art/Duhard_93.html (3539 words)

	Civilization.ca - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In particular, evidence from the Upper Palaeolithic period indicated that artistic skill and symbolic representation were highly developed among the hunter-gatherers of the time.
		The Palaeolithic age is divided into three main periods -- the most recent being the Upper Palaeolithic, which dates back to between 35,000 and 10,000 years ago.
		During the first half of the Upper Palaeolithic period, between 28,000 and 22,000 years ago, the northern hemisphere began to feel the effects of a climatic cooling, which eventually led to the peak of the last great ice age, about 20,000 years ago.
	www.civilization.ca /archeo/paleofig/pal01eng.html (665 words)

	11 July 2001
		A large number of the artifacts were assigned to the Palaeolithic, specifically to the Middle Palaeolithic (MP), and are broadly similar to the artifacts found elsewhere in Albania, for instance at Xara near Butrint (Korkuti 1983).
		This non-Levallois Middle Palaeolithic is reminiscent of the Pontinian in Italy (Kuhn 1990).
		The reason or reasons for the lack of human use of Mallakastra in the periods before the Middle Palaeolithic, between the MP and the Mesolithic, and after the Mesolithic period are at this stage of our research entirely unknown, and will be the principal object of our continuing study of the lithics from the region.
	river.blg.uc.edu /mrap/lithics01.html (3926 words)

	Untitled Document
		The project focuses on the excavation and dating of eight Upper—Middle Palaeolithic layers as part of a long-term project geared toward the dating and documentation of the Middle—Upper Palaeolithic occupation of Georgia.
		Discontinuities at the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic Boundary in the Southern Caucasus.
		Repopulating the Palaeolithic Landscape: Landscape Archaeology and Middle Palaeolithic Settlement in the Rhineland.
	www.anth.uconn.edu /faculty/adler/AdlerCV.htm (3225 words)

	Balkan Transition to the Upper Palaeolithic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Palaeolithic period or literally the “Old Stone Age” is an ancient cultural level of human development, characterized by the use of unpolished chipped stone tools.
		The notion of the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution that has been developed for core European regions is not applicable to the Balkans.
		In this regard the absence of the Upper Palaeolithic cave art in the Balkans does not seem to be surprising.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Balkan_Transition_to_the_Upper_Palaeolithic (552 words)

	Zinken: [02] Upper Palaeolithic [02] Upper Paleolithic
		Aurignacian is the name of a culture of the Upper Palaeolithic present in Europe and south west Asia.
		Although left- and right-handers have co-existed since at least the upper palaeolithic, 40,000 years ago, the former are a minority in every human civilisation.
		Palaeolithic Glaston, UK During a relatively routine excavation of an early medieval site at Glaston in Rutland, a ULAS team uncovered much earlier remains which will have national, if not international significance.
	zinken.typepad.com /palaeo/02_upper_palaeolithic_02_upper_paleolithic/index.html (4767 words)

	Paleolithic period - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By far the most outstanding feature of the Paleolithic period was the evolution of the human species from an apelike creature, or near human, to true Homo sapiens (see human evolution).
		In the Upper Paleolithic period Neanderthal man disappears and is replaced by a variety of Homo sapiens such as Cro-Magnon man and Grimaldi man. This, the flowering of the Paleolithic period, saw an astonishing number of human cultures, such as the Aurignacian, Gravettian, Perigordian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian, rise and develop in the Old World.
		The hunters of the Solutrean phase of the Upper Paleolithic entered Europe from the east and ousted many of their Aurignacian predecessors.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-paleolit.html (916 words)

	Beads and the origins of symbolism, Robert G. Bednarik
		Upper Palaeolithic traditions first appear between 50 and 40 ka ago in southern Siberia, at sites such as Makarovo 4/6 and Kara Bom, and seem to be a technological response to relatively cold environments.
		The Châtelperronian of France, clearly an Upper Palaeolithic culture, was a cultural tradition of Neanderthals, and it included the production of complex symbolic artefacts, such as beads and pendants (Figure 1).
		The Neanderthals used dwellings similar to those of later Upper Palaeolithic peoples in Russia and the Ukraine (such as the mammoth bone huts), and there is ample evidence, in eastern as well as central Europe, for a continuous technological as well as phylogenetic evolution of humans from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic times (Bednarik 1995a).
	www.semioticon.com /frontline/bednarik.htm (10566 words)

	Week8
		Tools of the Upper Palaeolithic are highly specialized and some are designed for use on non-lithic material.
		This shows that Upper Palaeolithic peoples were re-visiting and re-using the same places on a more regular basis.
		With Upper Palaeolithic art, it is safe to say that we are dealing with a very elaborate cultural base.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~jerwin/Week8.html (3719 words)

	Antiquity, Reviews: Footprints of the horse-people: new research on Upper Palaeolithic France
		Sculpture is rare in Upper Palaeolithic parietal art, and, given the relative paucity of Solutrean parietal art in general, Roc de Sers is doubly important, as, in Tymula's view, it serves as a benchmark for defining Solutrean artistic form and technique.
		Seventeen engraved stone plaquettes reflect the typical bison-horse-cervid theme of Upper Palaeolithic art, and were, like the other symbolic items, recovered under the line of the sculpted wall, reinforcing the notion that this area of the site at least functioned as a 'sanctuary'.
		Examples of engraved stone blocks and plaquettes are known in the Western European Upper Palaeolithic from the Aurignacian, but they are rare before the fourteenth millennium (14C) BP and their number increased significantly during the Magdalenian.
	antiquity.ac.uk /reviews/pettitt.html (3068 words)

	The Lagar Velho child and the Middle
		The Middle Palaeolithic or Mode 3 represents an evolutionary phase within the technological development of the human groups, mainly characterised by the generalized exploitation of nuclei geared to the morphological pre-determination of the pieces (Levallois technology).
		This means that the earliest Upper Palaeolithic industries of the south are advanced, without the existence of any of the transitional industries (e.g.
		We have to bear in mind that, even accepting the detailed and well-dated archaeological sequence at Gorham’s Cave in Gibraltar, the oldest presence of modern humans in the south of the peninsula continues to be poorly understood due to the scarcity of well contrasted data.
	www.gib.gi /museum/p304.htm (2208 words)

	Adler, Bar-Oz, Belfer-Cohen and Bar-Yosef (2006) Ahead of the Game: Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Hunting Practices in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Here new archaeological data from Ortvale Klde, a late Middle—early Upper Palaeolithic rockshelter in the Georgian Republic, are considered, and zooarchaeological methods are applied to the study of faunal acquisition patterns to test whether they changed significantly from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic.
		The analyses demonstrate that Neanderthals and modern humans practiced largely identical hunting tactics and that the two populations were equally and independently capable of acquiring and exploiting critical biogeographical information pertaining to resource availability and animal behavior.
		The proposition is advanced that developments in the social realm of Upper Palaeolithic societies allowed the replacement of Neanderthals in the Caucasus with little temporal or spatial overlap and that this process was widespread beyond traditional topographic and biogeographical barriers to Neanderthal mobility.
	www.getcited.org /pub/103424156 (255 words)

	Kostienki/Kostenki on the Don River, Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the upper cultural layer a round hut-pit with a diameter of 5.2 to 5.6 metres and 500 to 700 millimetres deep was found.
		The upper layer contained several quartz, slate, and mammoth ivory flakes, and typical burins and bifacial stone tools which were all totally absent in the lower layer.
		The background for the division of lower and upper humic beds is the horizon of the sterile loam containing lenses of volcanic ash.
	donsmaps.com /lioncamp.html (6983 words)

	Bednarik, The Coa petroglyphs: an obituary to the stylistic dating of Palaeolithic rock-art
		It is clear from Bednarik's study that all the stylistically Palaeolithic figures belong to the dominant, most recent tradition of the petroglyphs.
		The various grand stylistic schemes of Palaeolithic art chronology are all contradictory, and none can be reconciled with the evidence as it currently stands.
		The dating of the Coa petroglyphs has serious implications beyond the realization that sub-phases or individual art traditions of the Upper Palaeolithic cannot be identified by subjective decision, nor correlated on that basis with the agreed technological taxonomy of that period.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /comm/steen/cogweb/ep/Art/Bednarik_95a.html (4033 words)

	Universitaire Pers Leuven :: Catalogus
		This book is an edited publication of several excavation campaigns in Egypt, oriented towards the understanding of the chert extraction techniques employed by Middle and early Upper Palaeolithic humans in the lower desert of the Egyptian Nile Valley between Tahta and Qena.
		The chert extraction structures of several Middle Palaeolithic sites and the related lithic assemblages from the sites of Nazlet Khater 1,2 and 3 but also from Beit Allam and Nazlet Safaha 1-5 are studied and illustrated by numerous profiles and artefact drawings by P.M. Vermeersch, P. Van Peer, E. Paulissen and M. Otte.
		The Upper Palaeolithic site Nazlet Khater 4 (by P.M.Vermeersch, E. Paulissen and T. Vanderbeken) is a real mine that was exploited by a system of bell pits and trenches, creating underground galleries from where chert cobbles were extracted.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /upers/catalogue/book_detail.php?Id=28 (541 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Tushabramishvili et al
		The Upper Palaeolithic assemblages are dominated by small backed bladelets, endscrapers and several bone points, but they cannot be characterized as Aurignacian.
		The abrupt shift from the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic at Ortvale Klde cannot be characterized as an in situ cultural transition.
		LIUBIN, V.P. Paleolit Kavkaza (Paleolithic of the Caucasus), in P. Boriskovsky (ed.), Paleolit Kavkaza i Severnoi Azii (The Palaeolithic of the Caucasus and Northern Asia): 9-142.
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/Adler/adler.html (824 words)

	A sacred mountain to homo sapiens from the very beginning
		The reconstruction of the surface's evolution has led to the conclusion that in the late Pleistocene, during the early Upper Palaeolithic, the climate was more humid than at present and a level of humus may have covered the area, both conditions favouring a richer vegetation.
		If we can refer to this Palaeolithic site as a "sanctuary," it may well be the oldest sanctuary known, in which case Har Karkom may be considered a holy mountain since it was visited by homo sapiens for the first time, a sacred mountain to our species from the very beginning.
		Then a sharp decrease in human presence is evident as the area was virtually abandoned in the later phases of the Upper Palaeolithic and then from the Epi-Palaeolithic to the Neolithic Age.
	www.harkarkom.com /Sanctuaries.phtml?more=all (4097 words)

	UPPER PALAEOLITHIC
		The discovery of cembran pine’s charcoals in the upper palaeolithic levels of Tagliente shelter, is another piece of data which confirms the presence of this species at low altitudes during the Late-glacial.
		These covering sediments nearly totally buried the rockshelter, and only a fissure remained between the ceiling of the rockshelter and the deposits; this was however sufficient for the rockshelter to be discovered during the Mediaeval period and a room was dug which mainly cut into the Epigravettian deposits and part of the Mousterian ones.
		The upper stratigraphic unit is separated from one below by a river erosion surface and by a bank of gravel.
	web.unife.it /progetti/notes/epsup.htm (1532 words)

	Pelobates - Issue 69 - Cave Sites and Human Occupation of Britain during the Upper Palaeolithic Period - Croydon Caving ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Upper Palaeolithic in Britain covers the period 38,000-10,000BP.
		The Upper Palaeolithic is therefore split into two human occupation periods, the Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP) 38-27,000BP and the Late Upper Palaeolithic (LUP) 12- 10,000BP.
		In conclusion, it can be seen that there is ample evidence for human occupation in Britain in both the earlier and later parts of the Upper Palaeolithic.
	www.croydoncavingclub.org.uk /Archive/Pelobates/069/S07.htm (1747 words)

	NSF Grant
		This project investigates undisturbed combustion features from Middle Palaeolithic and some Upper Palaeolithic deposits from caves in Israel (Kebara, Hayonim) and France (Pech de l’Azé IV) as a means to obtain high resolution temporal behavioral data through the analysis of individual burning events.
		Since fire is an expression of the basic facets of human activity, behavior, and culture (e.g., heating, cooking, protection against predators, the spatial distribution of hearths in relation to social organization), detailed understanding of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic burning features and pyrotechnology should provide fundamental keys to understanding behavioral differences between Neanderthals and modern humans.
		The strategy will enable detailed comparisons of individual events and short-term activities among throughout the Palaeolithic where evidence of fires is preserved, thus permitting the monitoring of hominid behavior over significant portions of human history.
	people.bu.edu /paulberg/nsf.html (520 words)

	[No title]
		Upper Palaeolithic art is probably the most extensively studied and best known area of archaeology, from both a public and an academic standpoint.
		It is thought that these paintings span a long period, beginning in the Upper Palaeolithic.
		The initial aim of this chapter was to represent the many images found in Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic contexts which conform to Lewis-Williams and Dowson's (1988) six entoptic forms.
	www.oubliette.zetnet.co.uk /Six.html (1439 words)

	Prehistory Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Locally, the Mousterian is followed by an Upper Palaeolithic flint industry called the Baradostian.
		Radiocarbon dates suggest that this is one of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic complexes; it may have begun as early as 36,000 BC.
		Possibly, after some cultural and typological discontinuity, perhaps caused by the maximum cold of the last phase of the Würm glaciation, the Baradostian was replaced by a local Upper Palaeolithic industry called the Zarzian.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/prehistory/prehistory.htm (1678 words)

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