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Topic: Upper Saxon Circle

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	Imperial Circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A map of the Imperial Circles as at the beginning of the 16th century.
		An Imperial Circle (in German Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Reichstag (Imperial Diet).
		These ten circles remained largely unchanged until the early 1790s, when the Wars of the French Revolution brought about significant changes to the political map of the Empire.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imperial_Circle_Estates (271 words)

	THIRTY YEARS' WAR - LoveToKnow Article on THIRTY YEARS' WAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Thereupon the Lower Saxon Circle, which, like the Bohemians, had ordered collectively taxes and levies of troops that the members individually furnished either not at all or unwillingly, disbanded their army to prevent brigandage.
		The raw Saxons, who were commanded by Arnim, once Wallenstein's lieutenant, were routed by Tilly's men without the least difficulty, and the balance of numbers returned again to the imperialist side.
		Saxons did no more than defend their own country, but easfera the imperialists and Bavarians uniting under General Qermaay, Geleen manoeuvred Baner out of his strongholds on the Elbe.
	80.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TH/THIRTY_YEARS_WAR.htm (10802 words)

	Ernestine duchies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ernestine duchies, also called the Saxon duchies, were a changing number of small states in the present German state of Thuringia, governed by dukes of the Ernestine line of the house of Wettin.
		The Saxon duchy began fragmenting in the 15th Century as a result of the old German succession law that divided inheritances among all sons.
		Membership in the Circle gave the ruler of a state a vote in the Reichstag.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saxon_Duchies (1148 words)

	Sussex Saxon Churches - Ford - Article 1900
		Six skeletons placed in a circle, the heads innermost and radiating from a centre, were found at about five feet below the present level of the churchyard.
		A room on the upper floor is panelled entirely in cedar, and presents once of the best examples of the use of that wood to be seen anywhere.
		Besides the saltine cross, a small incised circle appears on the north pier ; and on the east face of the south pier is a (cross) of ordinary shape, wheel may have been made at the consecration of the Forman chancel; it has all tile appearance of that date.
	saxon.sussexchurches.co.uk /ford_sac_1900.htm (8014 words)

	Medieval Costume (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Saxon tribes invaded from the coast of Denmark and Germany, and thus have point in common with Germanic and Frankish tribes in terms of costume and culture.
		Generally, Saxon men seem to have worn a knee-length tunic, slit from the hips downwards for freedom of movement; the sleeves were long, not too full, often longer than the arm and worn pushed up into folds for warmth (you can see the wrinkles in the picture above).
		For Saxon women, the effect was layered, a full-length tunic with long sleeves (the kirtle) worn under a shorter tunic (just over knee-length) with shorter sleeves (identified by Truman as the gunna, or by other sources simply as the super-tunic).
	users.iafrica.com /m/me/melisant/costume/saxon.htm (897 words)

	Sirmon Family DNA Project--dnahist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Probably during the thirteenth century, the church was considerably enlarged; the present chancel was erected, the nave lengthened, and the massive lower part of the tower constructed.
		The upper part of the tower and buttresses are in early Decorated style, whilst the west window, the tracery in the head of which is cut out of a single piece of stone, is Perpendicular.
		It is extremely thick, and has upon it two crosses, one in a rough circle at the breast, and the other, a plain Latin cross, deeply but irregularly cut at the feet.
	www2.netdoor.com /~sirmon/dna/dnadoc/eldersfield.html (1911 words)

	SWEDEN - LoveToKnow Article on SWEDEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In their upper Rh rs of parts they drain great lakes which have resulted from h e the formation of morainic dams, and in some cases e~ 0 perhaps from the incidence of erratic upheaval of the land.
		As to the seas, the formation of ice on the west and south coasts is rare, but in the central and northern parts of the Baltic drift-ice and a fringe of solid ice along the coast arrests navigation from the end of December to the beginning of April.
		A large local traffic is carried on by steam latinches on the lakes during the season of open navigation; and vessels have even been introduced on some of the lakes and rivers of the far north, principally in connection with the timber trade.
	25.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SW/SWEDEN.htm (21978 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Reformation
		The great applause which Luther received on his first appearance, both in humanistic circles and among some theologians and some of the earnest-minded laity, was due to the dissatisfaction with the existing abuses.
		In some circles rationalistic and anti-trinitarian tendencies showed themselves, and Italy was the birthplace of the two heresiarchs, Laelius Socinus and his nephew Faustus Socinus, the founders of Socinianism.
		At the Diet of Klausenburg in 1556 general religious freedom was granted and the ecclesiastical property confiscated for the defence of the country and the erection of Lutheran schools.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12700b.htm (10530 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Imperial Circle Estates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This act was part of the Reichsreform (additional info and facts about Reichsreform) (Imperial Reform) concluded at the Reichstag (additional info and facts about Reichstag) at Worms (Any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae).
		Austrian (A native or inhabitant of Austria) Circle
		Upper Saxon (A member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman conquest) Circle
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/im/imperial_circle_estates.htm (1668 words)

	[No title]
		The Upper Left is described in `I' language; the Lower Left is described in `we' language; and the two Right Hand quadrants, since they are both objective, are described in `it' language.
		It is true that the Upper Left quadrant is the locus of consciousness as it appears in an individual, but that's the point: as it appears in an individual.
		So in an integral theory of consciousness, we would certainly include the Upper Right hierarchy and those aspects of the emergent/connectionist models that legitimately reflect that territory; but where those theories overstep their epistemic warrant (and are thus reduced to reductionism), we should perhaps move on.
	www.imprint.co.uk /Wilber.htm (9456 words)

	[No title]
		They are found on all the Earth's lands except for Antarctica, most of Greenland, and some remote islands.
		Owls have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and usually a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disc.
		Although owls have binocular vision, their large eyes are fixed in their sockets, and they must turn their entire head to change views.
	www.kisanji.org /default.aspx?modulo=wikipedia&arg=Owl (901 words)

	List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (Reichskreis) that the state belonged to.
		Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform.
		to Upper Lusatia in 1378; to Bohemia in 1446; to Saxony in 1635
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire (1181 words)

	Dresden Treasures. The Special Collections of the Saxon State and University Library.
		It is possible to research the library’s maps and views of pre-1945 Saxon and German cities via an Access-Database.
		The Artic Circle is emphasized by a red line that cuts through the middle of the island of Iceland.
		In the side margins are portrayals of traditional costumes, and city maps and views of the most important cities in Europe are to be found in the upper margin.
	www.mdpls.org /german/MiamiExhibit/map.htm (1111 words)

	Imperial Circle Estates: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Imperial Circle Estates
		In 1495, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into Imperial Circles (in German: Reichskreise).
		Each circle was organized so that the states in a different region of the Empire would be able to organize a common defense.
		As of 1792, the Empire was divided into ten circles - Austrian, Bavarian, Burgundian, Franconian, Electoral Rhenish, Lower Rhenish-Westphalian, Lower Saxon, Upper Rhenish, Upper Saxon, and Swabian.
	www.encyclopedian.com /im/Imperial-Circle-Estates.html (263 words)

	[No title]
		Be that as it may, the writer of the copy printed by Gale bears ample testimony to the "Saxon Chronicle", and says expressly, that he compiled his history partly from the records of the Scots and Saxons (8).
		It is remarkable, that this taste for the marvelous, which does not seem to be adapted to the sober sense of Englishmen, was afterwards revived in all its glory by Geoffrey of Monmouth in the Norman age of credulity and romance.
		Despairing of the reputation of classical learning, if he had followed the simplicity of the Saxon original, he fell into a sort of measured and inverted prose, peculiar to himself; which, being at first sufficiently obscure, is sometimes rendered almost unintelligible by the incorrect manner in which it has been printed.
	www.cumorah.com /etexts/angsx10.txt (20168 words)

	VILLAGE COMMUNITIES - Online Information article about VILLAGE COMMUNITIES
		Although there are no rearrangements or redivision within the tribe as a whole, inside every gavell, representing more narrow circles of kinsmen, usually the descendants of one great-grandfather, i.e.
		Now the Saxon or Ditmarschen portion of this region gives us an opportunity of observing the effects of an extended and highly systematized tribal organization on Germanic soil.
		The joining of small tenants for the purpose of coaration, for the formation of the big, heavy ploughs, drawn by eight oxen, also produced sometimes the shifting in the possession of strips between the coparceners of the undertaking.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /VAN_VIR/VILLAGE_COMMUNITIES.html (6720 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Thirty Years War
		Christian, who belonged to the estates of the empire as Count of Holstein, was elected commander of their forces by the oppressed and aroused estates of the lower Saxon circle, and on 9 December, 1625, he came to an agreement with England and Holland and marched into the empire.
		He left the Saxons to occupy the Austrians by an attack on Prague, and without moving against Pappenheim he went straight towards the dioceses on the Main and the middle course of the Rhine in order first to defeat them, and then their chief, Maximilian, before striking a decisive blow against the emperor.
		The fantastic plan of the Spaniards to revenge the defeat, by a combined attack of their fleet and the imperial and Saxon land forces on Livonia so as to strike the Swedes in the rear, failed because the fleet, while on its way, was defeated (1639) by the Dutch in the English Channel.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14648b.htm (10052 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Danish War
		When this news reached Lüneberg, where the diet (Kreistag) of the Lower Saxon Circle was then in session, the diet promptly elected Christian director (Kreisoberst) of the Circle.
		Even as the Hague meeting prepared for war, the Emperor and the League on the one hand and Christian and the member of the Lower Saxon Circle on the other were engaged in desultory peace negotiations at Brunswick.
		Wallenstein, on the Elbe, was in position to support Tilly’s attacks against the main Danish forces in the Lower Saxon Circle.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Danish_Phase.htm (1651 words)

	About the Jeweled Brooches of the Anglo-Saxons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The upper surface is divided into seven compartments, subdivided into cells of various forms.
		Those of the first and fifth are semicircles, with a peculiar graduated figure, somewhat resembling the steps, or base, of a cross, which also occurs in all the compartments, and in four circles, placed cross-wise with triangles.
		The cells within this step-like figure and the triangular are filled with turquoises, the remaining cells of the various compartments with garnets, laid upon gold-foil, except the sixth, which forms an umbo, and bosses in the circle, which are composed apparently of mother-of-pearl.
	www.jjkent.com /articles/brooches-anglo-saxons.htm (224 words)

	Herbal Encyclopedia - R
		The upper lip of the corolla is very convex and ordinarily has a purple spot upon it; the lower lip is divided into three segments, the middle one being the largest.
		The upper portions of the shoots are taken, with the leaves on and the leaves are stripped off the portions of the shoots that are very wooden.
		At the wedding feast of the princess Nour-Djihan with the Emperor Djihanguyr, son of Akbar, a canal circling the whole gardens was dug and filled with rose-water.
	www.fortunecity.com /roswell/chaney/191/id118.htm (16847 words)

	Bath & Stonehenge
		Avesbury Stone Circle- The stone circle here consists of an outer and inner circle, with the outer circle spanning a circumfrence of 1 mile.
		The stones found here were used for the outer circle at Stonehenge, transported via land and river.
		The stones from the outer circle were obtained from Avesbury.
	home.comcast.net /~skyfly127/E_UK_bath-stonehenge.htm (732 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ferdinand II
		Entrusted with the execution of the ban against the Elector Palatine, Maximilian assisted by the Spaniards took possession of the electoral lands, and in 1632 was himself raised to the electoral dignity.
		Uneasy at the rapidly increasing power of the emperor, the estates of the Lower Saxon circle (Kreis) had meanwhile formed a confederation, and resolved under the leadership of their head, King Christian IV of Denmark to oppose the emperor (1625).
		On 24 September, the combined imperial and Saxon armies were defeated at Wittstock by the Swedes under Baner.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06040a.htm (1601 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Circles were fixed at no less a sum than 2,500,000 dollars ; and before the Convention separated it resolved on the restoration of the Palatinate to Frederick's heir, Charles Lewis.
		Feuquières, who had been intriguing to secure the Saxon army for France, began to fear that Wallenstein intended to attack Bavaria; and Richelieu as well as Oxenstierna came to the conclusion that any agreement with Wallenstein must be conditional upon his open abandonment of the Emperor.
		He now refused to join the Saxons and Brandenburgers, unless their common action were directed against the Swedes-or, if Duke Francis Albert of Lauenburg's report of a passionate altercation between him and Wallenstein is authentic, against the enemies of the Empire, the Swedes and the Bavarians (October).
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh407.html (13430 words)

	THIRTY - Online Information article about THIRTY
		threat of a visitation from his army induced the princes of the Lower Saxon Circle to join him.
		Christian was himself a member of the Circle, and although he resigned his bishopric, he was taken, with many of his men, into the service of his See also:
		Thereupon the Lower Saxon Circle, which, like the Bohemians, had ordered collectively taxes and levies of troops that the members individually furnished either not at all or unwillingly, disbanded their army to prevent See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /THE_TOO/THIRTY.html (4937 words)

	Chapter Semiring <i>to</i> Senna of S by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One of the incomplete rings of the upper part of the bronchial tubes of most birds.
		Half Saxon; — specifically applied to the language intermediate between Saxon and English, belonging to the period 1150-1250.
		An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or thirty degrees.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1210/24027/1.html (254 words)

	Limp-Asparagus Lad #53
		Even on the upper terraces those menhirs were veiled by at least some vague tendrils of mist, while at the same time all of them were also marked by the flickering of small fires near them or at their base.
		It was the type of creature that gave conservatives a bad name, and Wendle tasted bile rising at the back of his throat from the sense of personal insult.
		The jackal thing shifted its head one way and then the other, squinting with its three eyes as it tried to decide on which target to attack, when suddenly the decision was taken away from it as Harris came at it on a horizontal trajectory straight for the face.
	www.eyrie.org /~thad/blip/limpasparaguslad/lal53.html (5237 words)

	The History of the Thirty Years' War - BOOK IV
		With dictatorial power, and with the whole influence of the crown which he was to represent, must this important magistrate be invested, in order to maintain its dignity, to enforce united and combined operations, to give effect to his orders, and to supply the place of the monarch whom he succeeded.
		Oxenstiern was on his way to Upper Germany, in order to assemble the four Upper Circles, when the news of the king's death reached him at Hanau.
		The united army again divided: the Saxons marched towards Lusatia and Silesia, to act in conjunction with Count Thurn against the Austrians in that quarter; a part of the Swedish army was led by the Duke of Weimar into Franconia, and the other by George, Duke of Brunswick, into Westphalia and Lower Saxony.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/european/thehistoryofthethirtyyearswar/chap21.html (3966 words)

	Suggested Reading for The Circle of Ceridwen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It provides a general outline of the life, mores, and institutions of Anglo-Saxons of all classes, and through Professor Whitelock's extensive work with Anglo-Saxon wills and bequests, presents a relatively empowered female upper class of women who owned property in their own right both before and after marriage.
		Pattern-welding was the technique of laminating several layers of iron together, creating a sword of outstanding flexibility and strength.
		The Warrior Kings of Saxon England, by Ralph Whitlock (Dorset Press, New York 1991), A.V. Norman's The Medieval Soldier (Barnes and Noble Books, New York 1993) and A. Norman's and Don Pottinger's English Weapons and Warfare, 449-1660 (Barnes and Noble Books, New York 1992) provide detailed information on leadership, weaponry, and tactics.
	www.octavia.net /books/circle/SuggestedReadingforCircle.htm (844 words)

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